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1 Moustafa, A. T. A.; Tinsley, R.L. 1984. Influence of soil properties on irrigation management in Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. vii, 66p. (EWUP technical report no.64)
Vertisols ; Clay minerals ; Subsurface drainage ; Seepage ; Soil water movement ; Water table ; Sandy soils / Egypt
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.2 G232 MOU Record No: H0034)
On three of the four distributary canals studied by EWUP, the soils were mostly alluvial clay soil (vertisols) or a vertic subgroup of the entisols. The remaining distributary canal was all sandy Entisols. Vertisols are as oil order composed of heavy, clay soils containing large quantities of clay minerals which expand when wet and contract when dry. Irrigating these soils requires recognizing that the root penetration and measurable soil water changes are restricted to the top 40 cm. This limits the operational available water to 5 to 7 cm. The water infiltration rate during an irrigation can have a hundred fold decline during a 2 hour irrigation, ending with almost sealed conditions. This allows highly uniform application over a large area almost independent of available flow rate. Soil sealing requires a potential for surface drainage to prevent crop suffocation. After an irrigation, redistribution tends to be very slow, with the possibility in winter of it requiring 15 days for a wetting fringe to drain 30 cm. The high infiltration rates in the sandy soils make them basically unsuited for surface irrigation. It is therefore difficult to surface irrigate them efficiently. High water tables occur with large volumes of subsurface water flow. A de facto sub-irrigation system results in which farmers applying water to their field sub-irrigate their neighbors and vise-versa. Some farmers, far from the water source, actually receive more water than their crops required.
2 Litwiller, K. E.; Tinsley, R. L.; Deweeb, H. H.; Ley, T. W. 1984. Infiltration studies on Egyptian vertisols. Cairo: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. ix, 66p. (EWUP technical report no.57)
Infiltration ; Soil water ; Water table ; Surface drainage ; Water distribution ; Water management / Egypt
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.2 G232 LIT Record No: H037)
Twenty-one cylinder infiltration tests were conducted during irrigation of wheat on the shrinking/swelling vertisol soils of Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. Infiltration rates decreased rapidly from 720 mm/ hr for the first minute to 7.2 mm/hr at 2 hours elapsed time, with 1/3 of the tests showing soil sealing. In the majority of tests a well-defined two phase cumulative infiltration curve was determined. Significant correlations of antecedent soil moisture content in the 0-100 mm and 0-200 mm soil depth at the phase change, and average infiltration rate during the first phase were found. The first phase of infiltration was considered to represent flow of water through the soil macropores in the drier upper layer and water through the soil macropores. The second phase represented vertical flow into the wetter lower soil layers and filling of the finite storage space above the high water table. The analysis indicated a design application depth for wheat of not less than 120 mm for the first irrigation and 55 mm for subsequent irrigations under prevailing Abu Raya irrigation practices. Good water distribution across the field was facilitated by low long-term infiltration rates and high water table conditions. With the low second phase infiltration rates, water ponded in field depressions for prolonged periods could be detrimental to crops and requires provision for surface drainage. Precision land levelling would reduce this hazard.
3 Bennett, G. D.; Ata-Ur-Rehman; Sheik, A,; Ali, S. 1967. Analysis of aquifer test in the Punjab region of West Pakistan. Washington, DC, USA: US. Government Printing Office. iv, 56p. (Geological Survey Water-Supply paper 1608-G)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.6.3 G730 BEN Record No: H0625)
4 Greenman, D. W.; Swarzenski, W. V.; Bennett, G. D. 1967. Groundwater hydrology of the Punjab, West Pakistan with emphasis on problems caused by canal irrigation: Contributions to the hydrology of Asia and Oceania. Washington, DC, USA: US. Government Printing Office. iv, 66p. (Geological Survey Water-Supply paper 1608-H)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.6.3 G730 GRE Record No: H0622)
5 Pearce, G. R. 1982. Zawia Reclamation Project III - Results of initial stages. Wallingford, UK: Hydraulics Research Station. 61p. (Hydraulics Research Station report no.OD/48)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 551.4609 G232 PEA Record No: H0368)
This interim report describes the difficulties that have arisen in reclaiming salt affected soil at Zawia in the northern periphery of the Nile Delta. Mainly these are natural ones: - a high water table, very saline groundwater, high evaporation rates, all of which combine to create the salinity problem; the consequent low permeability of the clay soil that makes it difficult to get leaching water to infiltrate; and the low-lying, flat nature of the land that makes it difficult to drain. Furthermore there are man made problems such as the difficulty in providing water in a controlled schedule, and the absence of chemical amendment. Described too are the results of Stages 1 and 2 of this project in which the local reclamation practice and then modifications to it were investigated. The broad conclusion of this is that these leaching operations were not successful because the field drainage was inadequate and hindered the flow through the soil profile of from the rather deficient supply in the canal network.
6 Pearce, G. R. 1984. Zawia saline soil reclamation project, Egypt: IV filed drainage trials. Wallingford, UK: Hydraulics Research Station. 104p. (Hydraulics Research Station report no.OD/60)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 551.4609 G232 PEA Record No: H0253)
The reclamation of salt-affected lands in the northern Nile Delta has been less than successful. Previous reports in this series have reported earlier work to identify the cause of the failure and have described the present experiment aimed at finding a solution to the insufficient leaching by improving the drainage. This report describes the last stage of the project, the trials of 5 different field-drainage methods and comparison with the existing open-ditch system of drainage. The methods were Tile-pipe drains, Fabric- wrapped gravel-tube drains (FWGT-drains), Shallow ditches, Well-points and Mole-drains. Of these, Tile-pipe drains were found to be the most effective with the FWGT-drains performing almost as well. The existing method of open ditches was found to make no improvement at all to the salt distribution in the soil profile. The other major finding of this study was that even the most effective drainage method (viz. tiles) did not sufficiently improve potential gradients in the soil so that the required rate of leaching could be provided.
7 Harun-Ur-Rashid, M. 1985. Groundwater conditions in Bangladesh. Paper presented at third session of a short awareness course on Pump Irrigation in Bangladesh, 23-29 March 1985, held at RARS, Jessore. 18p.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 641 Record No: H0847)
8 Warner, J. W.; Gates, T. K.; Fahim, W.; Ibrahim, M.; Awad, M.; Ley, T. W. 1984. Hydraulic conductivity and vertical leakage in the clay-silt layer of the Nile alluvium in Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. ix, 88p. (EWUP technical report no.60)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.2 G232 WAR Record No: H0878)
Data were collected from three sites in Egypt's Nile Valley and Delta to determine saturated hydraulic conductivity in the clay-silt water table aquifer and vertical leakage to the underlying Nile River sands. Auger hole test results gave saturated horizontal hydraulic conductivities of 1103 mm/day for Abyuha in the Middle Nile Valley, 197 mm/day for Beni Magdul near Cairo, and 103 mm/day for Abu Raya in the northern Delta. Auger hole, permeameter, and consolidation tests resulted in saturated vertical hydraulic conductivities of 0.03 to 4.9 mm/day for Abyuha, 0.03 to 0.87 mm/day for Beni Magdul, and 0.03 to 0.45 mm/day for Abu Raya. Several methods were used to determine vertical leakage: Darcy's law, water table decline, water budget, pumping test, and analytical solution. Average vertical leakage rates were very low for each site: 0.59 mm/day in Abyuha, 0.64 mm/day in Beni Magdul and 0.47 mm/day in Abu Raya. These results indicate poor natural drainage characteristics in the clay-silt layer which contribute to the high water table conditions observed throughout Egypt.
9 USAID. 1984. Drainage manual. Denver, CO, USA: US. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Reclamation. xvi, 286 p.
Drainage ; Permeability ; Maintenance ; Design ; Construction technology ; Irrigation operation ; Water table
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G000 USD Record No: H0916)
A guide to integrating plant, soil, and water relationships for drainage of irrigated lands. This manual contains the engineering tools and concepts that have proven useful in planning, constructing, and maintaining drainage systems for successful long-term irrigation projects.
10 Nandakumar, V. 1983. Natural environment and groundwater in the Jaffna peninsular, Sri Lanka. In M. M. Yoshina, I. Kayane and C. M. Madduma Bandara, Eds., Climate, water and agriculture (pp. 155-164). Ibaraki, Japan: Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 551 G744 YOS Record No: H01170)
11 Ahmad, C. N. 1975. Plant uptake of water from a water table. Fort Collins, CO, USA: Colorado State University. xi, 88p. (Water management technical report no.41)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.2 G730 AHM Record No: H01214)
12 Arif, A. H. 1985. Maintenance, operation and construction of SCARP-tubewells with special reference to SCARP-II. In Pakistan Engineering Congress, Symposium on Rural Development, Lahore, 1985 (pp. 215-238). Lahore, Pakistan: The Congress.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 338.9 G730 PAK Record No: H01271)
13 Corey, A. T.; Jayawardane, P. H. 1982. Groundwater hydrology in the Mahaweli System H. 43p.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 661 Record No: H01653)
A groundwater hydrology study of a watershed in the Mahaweli System H was undertaken to (1) Determine the principle source of water producing high water tables and interfering with the production of upland crops on Red Brown Earth (RBE) soils, (2) Assess the danger of the spread of areas with persistent high water tables (swamps) with continued irrigation, and (3) Assess the feasibility of using artificial drains to control high water tables in the area. It was found that the principal recharge to the groundwater comes from infiltration from flooded basins and irrigation ditches. Water- table elevations are affected by rainfall mainly when rains occur on fully saturated soils. Because the aquifer underlying RBE soils has a substantial transmissibility and the slope is favourable in most places, there is little danger of the high water tables becoming permanent (or spreading indefinitely) if reasonable care is taken in the use of irrigation water. There are localized spots, however, where the natural drainage conditions are such that high water tables can be expected to persist with any type of irrigation procedures. Most of the high water tables on the RBE soils could be avoided by lining the irrigation channels and avoiding cultivation employing flooded basins on RBE soils. Although artificial drains would be physically effective, it would be much less expensive and probably more economical to solve the high water-table problem by preventing the excessive infiltration from channels and growing only upland crops on the RBE soils. Artificial drains of the interceptor type might be practical to use near the boundary of RBE and LHG soils to protect the upland crops on the RBE soils from lateral seepage originating from flooded basins on the LHG soils. In such a case, the interceptor drain should be located parallel to the boundary at perhaps 30 m from the nearest flooded basins. The appropriate distance for a particular site would be determined by simple tests performed at the site. The interceptor drain should be placed at a depth as near as practical to the surface of any restrictive layer underlying the main water conducting stratum.
14 El-Kady, M.; Clyma, W.; Abu-Zeid, M. 1980. On-farm irrigation practices in Mansouria District, Egypt. In Egypt Water Use and Management Project, Mid project report - Vol. II. Cairo, Egypt: The Project. 56 p. (EWUP technical report no. 4)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7 G232 EGY Record No: H02731)
15 Russell, G. M.; Stewart, M.; Higer, A. L. 1987. Examples of landfill-generated plumes in low-relief areas, southeast Florida. Water Resources Bulletin, 23(5):863-866.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H02820)
16 Ochs, W. J.; Willardson, L. S.; Camp, R. Jr.; Donnan, W.; Winger, R. J. Jr.; Johnston, W. R. 1983. Drainage requirements and systems. In Jensen, M. E. (Ed.), Design and operation of farm irrigation systems. St. Joseph, MI, USA: ASAE. pp.235-277. (ASAE monograph no. 3)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G000 JEN Record No: H03204)
17 Martin, T. C.; Younes, H. A.; Flack, T. E.; Abdel Rahman, M. A. 1988. Soil salinity and water assessment in the Serry Command Area. Cairo, Egypt: Ministry of Public Works; Water Resources Regional Irrigation Improvement Project. 83p. (CID/CSU technical report no.6)
Soil salinity ; Mapping ; Groundwater ; Soil water relations ; Water quality ; Drainage ; Soil management ; Water table / Egypt
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.5 G232 MAR Record No: H01444)
18 Lou, P.; Hou, L.; Cai, L. 1987. Irrigation management of the People's Victory Irrigation System. In Framji, K. K. (Ed.), Improvement in irrigation management with special reference to developing countries. New Delhi, India: ICID. pp.141-154. (State-of-the-art no.4 Irrigation drainage and flood control)
Irrigation management ; Irrigation programs ; Drainage ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; Economic analysis ; Conjunctive use ; Water table ; Policy / China
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.8 G000 FRA Record No: H03443)
19 Nour el-din, M. M.; King, I. P.; Tanji, K. K. 1987. Salinity management model: I - Development; II - 1 and 2-D: Applications. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 113(4):440-453; 454-468.
Models ; Salinity control ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigated soils ; Evapotranspiration ; Flow discharge ; Irrigation scheduling ; Soil-water-plant relationships ; Cotton ; Water table
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H03678)
20 Maurya, P. R. 1981. Effect of water table depth and tillage on plant water status and yield of rice. Plant and Soil, 59:17-22.
Rice ; Tillage ; Soil-water-plant relationships ; Evapotranspiration ; Drought ; Water stress ; Drainage ; Water table
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 1196 Record No: H03914)
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