Your search found 106 records
1 Lundqvist, J.; Falkenmark, M.; Berntell, A.; Bergkamp, G.; Molden, David; Rosegrant, M. 2005. Let it reign: the new water paradigm for global food security: final report to CSD-13. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI); Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 40p.
Food production ; Water requirements ; Water governance ; Capacity building ; Financing ; Food consumption ; Food policy ; Food security ; Irrigated farming ; Water use ; Water productivity ; Water footprint ; Climate change ; Rivers ; Fisheries ; Poverty ; Public health ; Groundwater ; Coastal waters ; Environmental effects ; Land management
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 338.19 G000 LUN Record No: H038129)
http://www.siwi.org/documents/Resources/Policy_Briefs/CSD_Let_it_Reign_2005.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H038129.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H038129.pdf
(3.14 MB)
For the 13th meeting of the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD-13), the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) commissioned the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) to produce “Let it Reign: The New Water Paradigm for Global Food Security”. The report presents recommendations for policy and decision makers with regard to sustainable food production, sustainable food consumption and ecological sustainability. The topic addressed in this report is an issue identified as being of very high priority for Sida. The views put forward in this report, on the other hand, are expressed solely on behalf of the authors. Collaborating partners for the report have been the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), IUCN – The World Conservation Union and International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
2 Hails, C.; Humphrey, S.; Loh, J.; Goldfinger, S. (Eds.) 2008. Living planet report 2008. Gland, Switzerland: World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF). 45p.
Biodiversity ; Ecosystems ; Ecology ; Water footprint ; Water use ; Energy generation ; Population ; Trade
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043202)
http://assets.panda.org/downloads/living_planet_report_2008.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043202.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043202.pdf
(4.35 MB)
3 Morrison, J.; Schulte, P.; Schenck, R. 2010. Corporate water accounting: an analysis of methods and tools for measuring water use and its impacts. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); UN Global Compact Office; Oakland, CA, USA: Pacific Institute. 59p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043287)
http://www.pacinst.org/reports/corporate_water_accounting_analysis/corporate_water_accounting_analysis.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043287.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043287.pdf
(1.25 MB) (1.25 MB)
4 Pegram, G.; Orr, S.; Williams, C. 2009. Investigating shared risk in water: corporate engagement with the public policy process. Godalming, UK: World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). 47p.
Water resource management ; Water policy ; Public policy ; Water scarcity ; Risks ; Private sector ; Water footprint ; Watersheds
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 PEG Record No: H043305)
http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/investigating_shared_risk.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043305.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043305.pdf
(1.55 MB) (1.54 MB)
5 Morrison, J.; Morikawa, M.; Murphy, M.; Schulte, P. 2009. Water scarcity and climate change: growing risks for businesses and investors. Boston, MA, USA: Ceres; Oakland, CA, USA: Pacific Institute. 50p.
Water management ; Water governance ; Businesses ; Industry ; Risk analysis ; Water footprint ; Water scarcity ; Climate change ; Energy
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043299)
http://www.pacinst.org/reports/business_water_climate/full_report.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043299.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043299.pdf
(965.09 KB)
6 Lundqvist, J. (Ed.) 2010. On the water front: selections from the 2009 World Water Week in Stockholm. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). 112p.
Water rights ; Women ; Sanitation ; Human rights ; International waters ; River basins ; Water use ; Water transfer ; Legislation ; Water quality ; Climate change ; Water footprint ; Virtual water ; Water market ; Water storage ; Waterborne diseases ; Groundwater ; Tube wells ; Pumping ; Electricity supplies / Asia / India / Bangladesh / Thailand / China / USA
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043334)
http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/Resources/Synthesis/On_the_Water_Front_selections_from_WWW.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043334.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043334.pdf
(5.24 MB) (5.24 MB)
7 Liu, J.; Orr, S. 2010. Water footprint overview in the governmental, public policy, and corporate contexts. In Lundqvist, J. (Ed.). On the water front: selections from the 2009 World Water Week in Stockholm. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). pp.73-79.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043361)
http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/Resources/Synthesis/On_the_Water_Front_selections_from_WWW.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043361.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043361.pdf
(0.30 MB) (5.24 MB)
Water footprints have evolved from the quantification of virtual water theory and have been linked to advocacy, awareness, measurement for baselines and, now, to water management decision-making. To date, the role of water footprints in water policy has been limited to a few examples in the government and the corporate contexts. In this article, we show how both the government in China and one particular brewery company (SABMiller) have used the water footprint concept. In China, a sharp increase in the per capita water footprint has been reported, mainly due to diet shifts in recent decades. Partly in response to this change, the Chinese government has promoted the strategy of a “water-saving society development” to enhance water use efficiency and reduce the national water footprint. Similarly, SABMiller have used the water footprint method to estimate water reliance in their supply chain and overlay this information with business risks in the value chain. We conclude that the evolvement of the water footprint concept from basic quantitative studies to a powerful advocacy tool can help support policy development, decision-making and business risk awareness for efficient water use.
8 Amarasinghe, Upali; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Sharma, Bharat R.; Eriyagama, Nishadi. 2010. Water footprints of milk production: a case study in the Moga District of Punjab, India. Project report submitted to Nestle Ltd. under the project “Measuring the water footprints of milk production: contributions to livelihood benefits and sustainable water use in the Moga District in Punjab, India” Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 42p.
Water footprint ; Milk production ; Crop production ; Rice ; Wheat ; Irrigation water ; Water use efficiency ; Food security ; Groundwater depletion ; Water conservation / India / Moga District / Punjab
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043415)
(0.50 MB)
A project report submitted to Nestle Ltd. under the project “Measuring the water footprints of milk production: contributions to livelihood benefits and sustainable water use in the Moga District in Punjab, India.” This report assesses the water footprints of milk and crop production, their impacts and options of mitigating them. The major objectives of this report are: To assess water availability and use in agriculture in the Moga District of Punjab State, to examine the contribution of the different agricultural water uses to the over all unsustainable water extraction, and its impact on the WFP of milk and crops; To assess surface water and groundwater use of major crops (e.g., rice, wheat and fodder crops) and in milk production, with a focus on feed and fodder and direct water use for dairy cattle; and To propose improved water management practices that farmers can adopt to reduce WFP, and enhance water productivity and conservation, thus contributing to long-term sustainable water use in the region.
9 Amarasinghe, Upali; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Soda, Wannipa. 2010. Growing biofuel demand in Thailand and Malaysia: water use and impacts. Project report submitted to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) under the project, “Comparative assessment of water usage and impacts arising from biofuel projects in South East Asian Countries” Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 36p.
Biofuels ; Water footprint ; Sugarcane ; Cassava ; Palm oils ; Ethanol ; Irrigation water ; Water use ; Water pollution ; Groundwater / South East Asia / Thailand / Malaysia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043429)
(0.50 MB)
Report submitted to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) under the project, “Comparative assessment of water usage and impacts arising from biofuel projects in South East Asian Countries”, commissioned by the Letter of Agreement No LOA/RAP/2009/38.Thailand and Malaysia are two south East Asian countries with rapidly growing biofuel demand. Increasing use of biofuel envisages reducing dependence of petroleum products for transport and mitigating environmental impacts by reducing carbon emissions. It also expects to contribute to rural development and poverty reduction. However, the impacts of expanding production of feedstock for biofuel on water supply are not well understood. This paper assesses the water footprints and impacts of sugarcane molasses and cassava based bioethanol in Thailand, and palm oil based biodiesel in Malaysia. The water footprint of a commodity or service is the water depleted in its life cycle of its production or consumption.The total water footprints of sugarcane molasses and cassava bioethanol production in Thailand are estimated to be 1,646 and 2,304 m3/tonne, respectively, and of palm oil biodiesel in Malaysia is 3,730 m3/tonne. However, the contributions from irrigation are only a small fraction --9.0, 0.7 and 0.3%-- of the total water footprints of molasses and cassava bioethanol, and palm oil biodiesel respectively. In terms of irrigation water use,cassava is a better feedstock for bioethanol production than sugarcane molasses.In Thailand, the total annual irrigation water footprints in bioethanol production --54 million m3 (mcm) for molasses and 15 mcm for cassava-- is only 0.02% of the total renewable water resources. In Malaysia, total annual irrigation water footprint of palm oil biodiesel production is only 0.001% of the total renewable water resources. A significant spatial variation of irrigation water footprints of molasses based ethanol exists across provinces in Thailand, indicating potential for reducing water footprints.The total irrigation water footprints in biofuel production in the future in both countries will also be negligible in comparison to total water availability. However, the impact of wastewater generated in the production processes can have significant impacts on quality of local water resources. A part of the waste water, called ‘spent wash’, is applied as fertilizer, and over use of it can affect soil and neighboring water resources. The proposed plans on biofuel production in the future can generate more ‘spent wash’ than that can be used in crop fields as fertilizer. Spent wash has found to have high PH value, temperature, biological and chemical oxygen contents etc. The usual practice of storing spent wash in a pond for a long period near a plant can have detrimental impact on soil, streams’ and groundwater quality.In sum, this study concludes that from the perspective of quantity of irrigation water use, the increasing biofuel production does not pose a major problem in Thailand or in Malaysia, and cassava is a better feedstock than sugarcane molasses for bioethanol production. However, the quality of water resources with increasing effluents generated by the biofuel plants could be a major environmental bottleneck to guard against.
10 Amarasinghe, Upali; Sharma, Bharat R.; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2010. Agriculture diversification for sustainable groundwater use: a case study in the Moga District of Punjab, India. In Rao, M. S.; Khobragade, S.; Kumar, B.; Singh, R. D. (Eds.). Proceedings of the Workshop on Water Availability and Management in Punjab (WAMIP-2010), Chandigarh, India, 13-15 December 2010. Roorkee, India: National Institute of Hydrology. pp.157-171.
Groundwater depletion ; Assessment ; Groundwater irrigation ; Water use ; Agricultural production ; Diversification ; Rice ; Wheat ; Feed crops ; Milk production ; Water footprint ; Case studies / India / Punjab / Moga District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043430)
(1.64 MB)
This paper assesses water depletion of agricultural production in the Moga district of the State of Punjab. It particularly focuses on growth in agricultural production and stress on water resources induced by groundwater irrigation.Rice, wheat and forage crops comprise more than 99% of the annual cropped area in Moga. Groundwater contribution to the total annual consumptive water use (CWU) - 94% of 1,461 million m3 - is so large that groundwater embedded in the production surpluses of rice, wheat and milk alone exceeds the estimated groundwater recharge in the District.The groundwater CWU in rice production is 1.7 to 2 times higher than those of milk and wheat, and financial value of the output of rice-wheat-milk production system is 10 and 27% lower than that of the milk-wheat and milk-only production systems respectively. thus, the intensification of dairy production with a calculated reduction in rice area and increase in green fodder area is the most expedient way of reducing water depletion. It can not only bring the groundwater depletion to sustainable limits, but also increase the value of total agriculture production, while producing a surplus of rice for export. The optimum combination is to change annual cropping pattern of rice, wheat and fodder crops to 62, 90 and 42% of the net irrigated area from the present level of about 90, 90 and 20% respectively, and double the lactating dairy animals to 8 per 6 ha of land.
11 Martinez-Cortina, L.; Garrido, A.; Lopez-Gunn, E. (Eds.) 2010. Re-thinking water and food security: Fourth Botin Foundation Water Workshop. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press. 377p.
Water productivity ; Simulation models ; Water transfer ; Food security ; Water supply ; Water resources development ; Virtual water ; Water balance ; Water footprint ; Rice ; Water use ; Water policy ; Water security ; International trade ; Water market ; Pricing ; Poverty ; Economic analysis ; Water scarcity ; Water quality ; Water pollution ; Groundwater development ; Aquifers ; Electrical energy ; Desalinization / Spain / Arab countries / Middle East / Syria / Tunisia / Spain / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.61 G000 MAR Record No: H043459)
(0.32 MB)
12 Hoekstra, A. Y.; Chapagain, A. K. 2008. Globalization of water: sharing the planet's freshwater resources. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell. 208p.
Globalization ; Water resources development ; International trade ; Freshwater ; Virtual water ; Agricultural production ; Water use ; Water scarcity ; Water quality ; Flow discharge ; Consumers ; Water conservation ; Water loss ; Economic aspects ; Water footprint ; Water transfer ; Tea ; Coffee ; Cotton / Netherlands / Morocco / China
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 HOE Record No: H043484)
(0.42 MB)
13 Hoekstra, A. Y.; Chapagain, A. K.; Aldaya, M. M.; Mekonnen, M. M. 2009. Water footprint manual: state of the art 2009. Enschede, Netherlands: Water Footprint Network. 127p.
Water footprint ; Assessment ; Guidelines ; Consumers ; Economic aspects ; Policy ; Crop production ; Irrigation scheduling ; Evapotranspiration ; Environmental flows ; Glossaries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043492)
http://www.waterfootprint.org/downloads/WaterFootprintManual2009.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043492.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043492.pdf
(1.81 MB) (1.81 MB)
14 Wichelns, Dennis. 2010. Virtual water and water footprints: policy relevant or simply descriptive? Book review essay on "Garrido, A.; Llamas, M. R.; Varela-Ortega, C.; Novo, P.; Rodriguez-Casado, R.; Aldaya, M. M. 2010. Water footprint and virtual water trade in Spain: policy implications. New York, NY, USA: Springer and Marcelino Botin Foundation. Natural Resource Management and Policy Series" International Journal of Water Resources Development, 26(4):689-695. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2010.519533]
Virtual water ; Water footprint ; International trade ; Water use ; Economic analysis ; Policy / Spain
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043554)
(0.10 MB)
15 Wichelns, Dennis. 2010. Virtual water and water footprints offer limited insight regarding important policy questions. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 26(4):639-651. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2010.519494]
Virtual water ; Water footprint ; Policy ; Water conservation ; Economic analysis ; Water allocation ; Water use ; Water loss ; International trade
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043555)
(0.14 MB)
Much of the literature regarding virtual water and water footprints focuses on the potential water savings that might be realized when water-short countries import water-intensive agricultural goods from countries with larger water endowments. Some of the published estimates of potential national and global water savings made possible through international trade are quite large and they do not reflect actual or potential opportunities to save water. Recent additions to the virtual water literature describe the pressure placed on water resources in one country by consumers of imported products in another. Some authors suggest that, through international trade, consumers are partly responsible for water resource problems in distant regions. Although one goal of virtual water analysis is to describe opportunities for improving water security, there is almost no mention of the potential impacts of the prescriptions arising from that analysis on farm households in industrialized or developing countries. It is essential to consider more carefully the inherent flaws in the virtual water and water footprint perspectives, particularly when seeking guidance regarding policy decisions.
16 Martinez-Cortina, L.; Garrido, A.; Lopez-Gunn, E. 2010. Re-thinking Water and Food Security: Fourth Botin Foundation Water Workshop. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press. 377p.
Food security ; Water security ; Water balance ; Water policy ; International trade ; Virtual water ; Pricing ; Water scarcity ; Water footprint ; Rice ; Water quality ; Groundwater development ; Electricity generation ; Desalinization / Tunisia / Syria / Spain / Arab countries / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.61 G000 MAR c2 Record No: H043630)
17 SABMiller; World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF-UK). 2009. Water footprinting: identifying and addressing water risks in the value chain. Surrey, UK: SABMiller; Surrey, UK: World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF-UK). 24p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 SAB Record No: H043635)
http://assets.panda.org/downloads/sab0425_waterfootprinting_text_artwork.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043635.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043635.pdf
(2.00 MB) (2.00 MB)
18 UNESCO-WWAP. 2009. Water – the blue web that unites us: a concept paper for the 2009 G8 Summit in L’Aquila, Italy. Special report. Perugia, Italy: UNESCO-WWAP. 28p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043728)
(1.84 MB) (1.84 MB)
19 Wilkinson, A.; Flowers, B. S. 2006. Business in the world of water: WBCSD water scenarios to 2025. Geneva, Switzerland: World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). 48p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 WIL Record No: H043920)
http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/6lpXteuAUNqxK50GOKNZ/h20-scenarios.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043920.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043920.pdf
(1.05 MB) (1.04MB)
20 Chapagain, A. K. 2006. Globalisation of water: opportunities and threats of virtual water trade. PhD thesis. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A. A. Balkema. 148p.
Globalization ; Virtual water ; Water content ; Water scarcity ; Water demand ; Water use ; Water footprint ; Freshwater ; International waters ; Water conservation ; Water loss ; Flow discharge
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: D 333.91 G000 CHA Record No: H044003)
http://ppwww.pica.nl/psi_ttldoc/ttld_getfile.php?PPN=311494374&DB=2.41&FILENAME=GLOBALISATION%20OF%20WATER%20OPPORTUNITIES%20A%20N%20D%20THREATS%20OF%20VIRTUAL%20WATER%20TRADE.pdf&ILN=301&COOKIE=&REF=http%3A%2F%2Fopac-gonext.oclc.org%3A8180%2FDB%3D2%2FSET%3D1%2FTTL%3D1%252FSHW%253FFRST%253D1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044003.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044003.pdf
(7.27 MB) (2.27MB)
Where the river basin is generally seen as the appropriate unit for analyzing freshwater availability and use, it becomes increasingly important to put freshwater issues in a global context. The book analyses the opportunities and threats of international virtual water trade in the context of solving national and regional problems of water shortages. Central questions addressed in the study are: What are the fluxes of virtual water related to the international trade of products? Is the import of virtual water a solution to water-scarce nations or merely a threat of becoming water dependent? Can the international trade of products be a tool to enhance water use efficiency globally, or, is it a way of shifting the environmental burdens to a distant location? To understand the global component of fresh water demand and supply, a set of indicators has been developed. The framework thus developed has been applied to different case studies. An estimated 16% of the global water use is not for producing domestically consumed products but products for export. With increasing globalisation of trade, global water interdependencies and overseas externalities are likely to increase. At the same time liberalisation of trade creates opportunities to increase global water use efficiency and physical water savings. Many nations save domestic water resources by importing water-intensive products and exporting commodities that are less water intensive. As a result of product trades from more productive sites to the less productive sites, there is a saving of 6 per cent of the global water use in agriculture. The study explores the use of virtual water transfers as an alternative to large scale inter-basin real water transfers has been analysed in a case study for China along with some major product studies such as coffee, tea and cotton products. The consumption of a product is connected to a chain of impacts on the water resources in the countries where it is grown and processed. The study has estimated the water footprint of worldwide consumption. Detailed impact study has been carried out for the case of cotton. It identifies both the location and the character of the impacts. The research distinguishes between three types of impact: evaporation of infiltrated rainwater for cotton growth (green water use), withdrawal of ground- or surface water for irrigation or processing (blue water use) and water pollution during growth or processing. Given the general lack of proper water pricing mechanisms or other ways of transmitting production-information, cotton consumers have little incentive to take responsibility for the impacts on remote water systems. It is found that the international trade has indirectly enhanced the global water use efficiency and helped to address the national water scarcity in some water-poor countries by saving national water resources. However, this was possible at the cost of increased water dependencies between nations. The existing indicators of water use are not sufficient to address the effect of consumption on water resources. It is proposed to use the concept of water footprint to understand the real appropriation of water by a nation and also to understand the chain of impacts on global water resources as a result of local consumption. The future trade negotiations should undertake the notion that trade is not only a tool of global economic development; it can also be a means of externalising the water footprint and thus shifting environmental burdens to distant locations.
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