Your search found 44 records
1 Douthwaite, B. 2002. Enabling innovation: a practical guide to understanding and fostering technological innovation. London, England: Zed Books. 266p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 303.483 G570 DOU Record No: H042973)
(0.27 MB)
An agricultural engineer takes a critical look at his research work in Asia in designing technologies for and with small-scale rice farmers, and reflects on the many failures in developing appropriate technology when there is no awareness of the social processes involved in innovation and technology diffusion. Using not only these experiences but also examples from industry, economy and information technology in both industrialised and developing countries, he argues that successful innovation is based on opening up to diversity, grasping opportunities and mobilising creativity among people. Innovations emerge out of a complex process of multi-agent interaction and adaptation, as different agents learn and select improvements. The final chapter is a guide to launching a learning selection approach to understanding and catalysing technological change.
2 Faysse, N.; Cossio, V.; Quiroz, F.; Ampuero, R.; Paz, B. 2007. Less tension, limited decision: a multi stakeholder platform to review a contested sanitation project Tiquipaya, Bolivia. In Warner, J. (Ed.). Multi-stakeholder platforms for integrated water management. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. pp.165-189. (Ashgate Studies in Environmental Policy and Practice)
Sanitation ; Drinking water ; Stakeholders ; Participatory management ; Indicators ; Valleys ; Technological changes / Bolivia / Tiquipaya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045987)
3 Kuppannan, Palanisami; Haileslassie, Amare; Kakumanu, Krishna Reddy; Ranganathan, C. R.; Wani, S. P.; Craufurd, P.; Kumar, S. 2015. Quantification of risk associated with technology adoption in dryland systems of South Asia: a household level analysis in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan states of India. Telangana, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). 48p. (ICRISAT Research Program Resilient Dryland System Research Report 66)
Climate change ; Arid zones ; Risk assessment ; Technological changes ; Households ; Income ; Farmers ; Supplemental irrigation ; Agriculture ; Cropping patterns ; Crop production ; Education ; Investment / South Asia / India / Karnataka / Rajasthan / Andhra Pradesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047163)
(2.32 MB)
4 Ojha, H. R.; Sulaiman, R. V.; Sultana, P.; Dahal, K.; Thapa, D.; Mittal, N.; Thompson, P.; Bhatta, G. D.; Ghimire, L.; Aggarwal, P. 2014. Is South Asian agriculture adapting to climate change?: evidence from the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 38:505-531. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2013.841607]
Climate change ; Weather hazards ; Adaptation ; Agriculture ; Cropping systems ; Farmers ; Technological changes ; Socioeconomic environment ; Case studies / South Asia / India / Pakistan / Bangladesh / Nepal / Punjab / Indo-Gangetic Plains
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047253)
(0.35 MB)
Despite growing scientific consensus that agriculture is affected by climate change and variability, there is still limited knowledge on how agricultural systems respond to climate risks under different circumstances. Drawing on three case studies conducted in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, covering Nepal, Bangladesh, and the Indian state of Punjab, this article analyzes agricultural adaptation practices to climate change. In particular, we examine how farmers and other agricultural actors understand and respond to climate change. We identify a variety of adaptation practices related to changes in cropping system, technological innovations, and institutional changes. We also explore key challenges related to such emerging adaptive innovation processes in the region.
5 Wehrheim, P.; Schoeller-Schletter, A.; Martius, C. (Eds.) 2008. Continuity and change Land and water use reforms in rural Uzbekistan: socio-economic and legal analyses for the region Khorezm. Halle (Saale), Germany: Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe (IAMO). 203p. (Studies on the agricultural and food sector in Central and Eastern Europe 43)
Water use ; Land use ; Land reform ; Agrarian reform ; Legal aspects ; Agricultural production ; Cotton ; Markets ; Water allocation ; Water user associations ; Farms ; Farmers ; Crop management ; Hydrology ; Simulation models ; Technological changes ; State intervention ; Policy ; Ecological factors ; Rural areas ; Socioeconomic development / Uzbekistan / Khorezm Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.9113 G782 WEH Record No: H047294)
(1.79 MB) (1.79 MB)
6 Aheeyar, Mohamed; Padmajani, T. 2015. Technical efficiency of paddy cultivation in anicut schemes in the Walawe Basin. Paper presented at the International Network for Water and Ecosystems in Paddy Fields (INWEPF) Symposium on Achieving the Goals of Food security in Sustainable Paddy Water Ecosystems, Negombo, Sri Lanka, 3-5 November 2015. 12p.
Agricultural production ; Rice ; Cultivation ; Irrigation schemes ; Technological changes ; River basins ; Farmers ; Socioeconomic environment ; Living standards ; Rural population ; Food security ; Case studies / Sri Lanka / Badulla / Ratnapura / Walawe Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047346)
(0.20 MB)
Small run-of-the-river systems (Anicuts) play an important role in irrigated paddy production in Sri Lanka. The total land area under Anicut cultivation is 98,000 ha, benefitting over 333,000 families. Farming under the Anicut schemes is largely smallholder (average 0.3 ha), and the average paddy yield obtained from a hectare of land is about one metric tonne less than the yield of major irrigated areas. As the Anicut schemes are not benefited by reservoirs/storages or major diversions, and are entirely dependent on local rainfall, climate change would make the Anicut farmers more vulnerable. Therefore, increasing efficiency in paddy production is vital to enhancing the productivity and livelihoods of the farmers. This study aimed to measure the farm-level technical efficiency of Anicut farmers in the Walawe Basin. Data collected from162 random farmers in six Anicut schemes in Badulla and Ratnapura districts were used to run the stochastic frontier production function to estimate technical efficiency. Farmer-related exogenous variables causing farm-level variation in technical inefficiency were also assessed. The findings show that the average technical efficiency of the Anicut farmers in Badulla and Ratnapura districts is 65.9% and 74.73%, respectively. This indicates that, in the given mix of inputs used in paddy production, there is a loss of production by 34.1% and 25.27% in Badulla and Ratnapura districts due to inefficiency and allocative errors in the production technique. This paper discusses the determinants of technical efficiency and its relationship with Anicut farmers’ socioeconomic attributes.
7 Mekonnen, D.; Siddiqi, A.; Ringler, C. 2016. Drivers of groundwater use and technical efficiency of groundwater, canal water, and conjunctive use in Pakistan’s Indus Basin Irrigation System. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32(3):459-476. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1133402]
Groundwater ; Irrigation canals ; Irrigation systems ; Water use ; Conjunctive use ; Surface water ; Watercourses ; Technological changes ; Tube wells ; Pumping ; Irrigation water ; Models ; Crop yield ; Wheat ; Farmers ; Households / Pakistan / Punjab / Sindh / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa / Indus Basin Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047432)
(1.65 MB)
This paper explores the major determinants of heavy reliance on groundwater and the extent to which conjunctive use of ground and surface water affects the production efficiency of Pakistan’s irrigators. The results show that the major drivers of groundwater use in Pakistan’s agriculture are the variability and uncertainty associated with surface water delivery and that any effort to address the groundwater–energy nexus challenge should first consider fixing the problems associated with surface water supplies. The findings also suggest that having access to groundwater does not directly translate into improvements in technical efficiency of production.
8 de Rijke, K.; Munro, P.; Melo Zurita, M. L. 2016. The Great Artesian Basin: a contested resource environment of subterranean water and coal seam gas in Australia. Society and Natural Resources, 29(6):696-710. (Special Issue: Thinking Relationships Through Water). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2015.1122133]
Natural resources ; Groundwater ; Underground storage ; Water storage ; Aquifers ; Natural gas ; Methane ; Extraction ; Environmental effects ; Technological changes ; State intervention ; Political aspects ; Social impact / Australia / Great Artesian Basin / Queensland
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047524)
(0.63 MB)
The Great Artesian Basin (GAB) in Australia is one of the largest subterranean aquifer systems in the world. In this article we venture into the subterranean “resource environment”’ of the Great Artesian Basin and ask whether new insights can be provided by social analyses of the “vertical third dimension” in contemporary contests over water and coal seam gas. Our analysis makes use of a large number of publicly available submissions made to recent state and federal government inquiries, augmented with data obtained through ethnographic fieldwork among landholders in the coal seam gas fields of southern Queensland. We examine the contemporary contest in terms of ontological politics, and regard the underground as a challenging “socionature hybrid” in which the material characteristics, uses, and affordances of water and coal seam gas resources in the Great Artesian Basin are entangled with broader social histories, technologies, knowledge debates, and discursive contests.
9 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2015. Options for decoupling economic growth from water use and water pollution. A report of the Water Working Group of the International Resource Panel. Paris, France: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). International Resource Panel Secretariat. 78p.
Water resources ; Water reuse ; Water management ; Economic growth ; Water pollution ; Wastewater treatment ; Industrial uses ; Agricultural sector ; Domestic water ; Water policy ; Groundwater ; Climate change ; Water supply ; Virtual water ; Water rates ; Pricing ; Urban areas ; Welfare ; Technological changes ; Land use
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047526)
http://apps.unep.org/publications/index.php?option=com_pub&task=download&file=012014_en
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047526.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047526.pdf
(25.10 MB) (25.1 MB)
10 Ong, C. N. 2016. Water reuse, emerging contaminants and public health: state-of-the-art analysis. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32(4):514-525. (Special issue: Water Reuse Policies for Potable Use). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1096765]
Water reuse ; Water supply ; Public health ; Drinking water ; Pollutants ; Water quality ; Wastewater treatment ; Technological changes ; Organic chemicals ; Nanomaterials ; Environmental effects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047572)
(1.06 MB)
This article addresses the issue of quality in reused water for potable purpose. The concerns of potential presence of pathogens and inorganic and organic constituents in the reused water and their health implications are discussed. Presently, there are no specific or international guidelines or standards for treatment or monitoring when municipal wastewater is used for potable purpose. Research to advance the safety, reliability and economic sustainability of reuse is also lacking. When assessing the risks associated with reclaimed water, the potential of production failure and reliability also needs to be addressed and mitigated.
11 Voigt, S.; Giulio-Tonolo, F.; Lyons, J.; Kucera, J.; Jones, B.; Schneiderhan, T.; Platzeck, G.; Kaku, K,; Hazarika, M. K.; Czaran, L.; Li, S.; Pedersen, W.; James, G. K.; Proy, C.; Muthike, D. M.; Bequignon, J.; Guha-Sapir, D. 2016. Global trends in satellite-based emergency mapping. Science, 353(6296):247-252. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad8728]
Earth observation satellites ; Satellite imagery ; Natural disasters ; Mapping ; Disaster preparedness ; Spatial distribution ; Population density ; Technological changes ; International cooperation ; Organizations
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047649)
(1.21 MB)
Over the past 15 years, scientists and disaster responders have increasingly used satellite-based Earth observations for global rapid assessment of disaster situations. We review global trends in satellite rapid response and emergency mapping from 2000 to 2014, analyzing more than 1000 incidents in which satellite monitoring was used for assessing major disaster situations. We provide a synthesis of spatial patterns and temporal trends in global satellite emergency mapping efforts and show that satellite-based emergency mapping is most intensively deployed in Asia and Europe and follows well the geographic, physical, and temporal distributions of global natural disasters. We present an outlook on the future use of Earth observation technology for disaster response and mitigation by putting past and current developments into context and perspective.
12 Larsen, T. A.; Hoffmann, S.; Luthi, C.; Truffer, B.; Maurer, M. 2016. Emerging solutions to the water challenges of an urbanizing world. Science, 352(6288):928-933. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad8641]
Water management ; Urban areas ; Wastewater treatment ; Water productivity ; Drinking water ; Water reuse ; Water supply ; Water scarcity ; Rainwater ; Drainage systems ; Water policy ; Technological changes ; Institutional reform ; Decentralization ; Developed countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047650)
(0.82 MB)
The top priorities for urban water sustainability include the provision of safe drinking water, wastewater handling for public health, and protection against flooding. However, rapidly aging infrastructure, population growth, and increasing urbanization call into question current urban water management strategies, especially in the fast-growing urban areas in Asia and Africa. We review innovative approaches in urban water management with the potential to provide locally adapted, resource-efficient alternative solutions. Promising examples include new concepts for stormwater drainage, increased water productivity, distributed or on-site treatment of wastewater, source separation of human waste, and institutional and organizational reforms. We conclude that there is an urgent need for major transdisciplinary efforts in research, policy, and practice to develop alternatives with implications for cities and aquatic ecosystems alike.
13 Kammen, D. M.; Sunter, D. A. 2016. City-integrated renewable energy for urban sustainability. Science, 352(6288):922-928. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad9302]
Renewable energy ; Integrated development ; Urban areas ; Sustainability ; Energy consumption ; Solar energy ; Geothermal energy ; Wind power ; Biomass ; Transport ; Carbon dioxide ; Emission ; Energy generation ; Energy policies ; Urban wastes ; Economic impact ; Technological changes
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047665)
(0.75 MB)
To prepare for an urban influx of 2.5 billion people by 2050, it is critical to create cities that are low-carbon, resilient, and livable. Cities not only contribute to global climate change by emitting the majority of anthropogenic greenhouse gases but also are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and extreme weather. We explore options for establishing sustainable energy systems by reducing energy consumption, particularly in the buildings and transportation sectors, and providing robust, decentralized, and renewable energy sources. Through technical advancements in power density, city-integrated renewable energy will be better suited to satisfy the high-energy demands of growing urban areas. Several economic, technical, behavioral, and political challenges need to be overcome for innovation to improve urban sustainability.
14 Mollinga, P. P.; Veldwisch, G. J. 2016. Ruling by canal: governance and system-level design characteristics of large-scale irrigation infrastructure in India and Uzbekistan. Water Alternatives, 9(2):222-249. (Special issue: Water, Infrastructure and Political Rule).
Irrigation systems ; Large scale systems ; Irrigation canals ; Infrastructure ; Governance ; Water management ; Water distribution ; Water use ; Agricultural development ; Technological changes ; Economic impact ; Political aspects ; Social aspects ; State intervention ; Case studies / India / Uzbekistan / USSR / Khorezm Irrigation System / Kurnool-Cuddapah Canal / Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047680)
http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/314-a9-2-4/file
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047680.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047680.pdf
(1.52 MB) (1.52 MB)
This paper explores the relationship between governance regime and large-scale irrigation system design by investigating three cases: 1) protective irrigation design in post-independent South India; 2) canal irrigation system design in Khorezm Province, Uzbekistan, as implemented in the USSR period, and 3) canal design by the Madras Irrigation and Canal Company, as part of an experiment to do canal irrigation development in colonial India on commercial terms in the 1850s-1860s. The mutual shaping of irrigation infrastructure design characteristics on the one hand and management requirements and conditions on the other has been documented primarily at lower, within-system levels of the irrigation systems, notably at the level of division structures. Taking a 'social construction of technology' perspective, the paper analyses the relationship between technological structures and management and governance arrangements at irrigation system level. The paper finds qualitative differences in the infrastructural configuration of the three irrigation systems expressing and facilitating particular forms of governance and rule, differences that matter for management and use, and their effects and impacts.
15 Manjunatha, A.V.; Speelman, S.; Aravindakshan, S.; Amjath Babu, T. S.; Mal, P. 2016. Impact of informal groundwater markets on efficiency of irrigated farms in India: a bootstrap data envelopment analysis approach. Irrigation Science, 34(1):41-52. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-015-0485-1]
Groundwater ; Water market ; Irrigated farming ; Water rates ; Pricing ; Irrigation efficiency ; Economic aspects ; Technological changes ; Regression analysis ; Models ; Farmers ; Socioeconomic environment / India / Karnataka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047686)
(0.51 MB)
In recent years, the proliferation of private well irrigation systems in South Asia, especially in the hard rock areas of India, has stimulated the growth of informal groundwater markets. These markets allow water-buying farmers, who are unable to invest in wells, to benefit from irrigation while enhancing the economic benefits of water-selling farmers. In this way, they have a positive impact on farm income. On the other hand, they are believed to have contributed to the problem of overexploitation of groundwater aquifers. This study examines the role of groundwater markets in determining the efficiency of irrigated farms. Technical, allocative and economic efficiency of groundwater-irrigated farms is determined, using a bootstrapped data envelopment analysis, and the determinants of the efficiency are explored using a bootstrapped truncated regression. For this purpose, data were collected from three different groups of groundwater-irrigated farmers: (i) a control group of 30 farmers who are neither selling nor buying groundwater; (ii) a group of 30 water-selling farmers; and (iii) a group of 30 water-buying farmers. The results demonstrate that there is substantial technical, allocative and economic inefficiency in the irrigated production due to overuse of inputs and that this inefficiency is higher among the control group farmers followed by water sellers and water buyers. Also in the second-stage regression, participation in the water markets is revealed as an important factor positively affecting efficiency scores. This shows that it is relevant for the government to make appropriate institutional policy interventions to capitalize on the benefits associated with the water markets, while at the same time, ensuring that the negative external effects are avoided.
16 van Rensburg, P. 2016. Overcoming global water reuse barriers: the Windhoek experience. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32(4):622-636. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1129319]
Water reuse ; Drinking water ; Water supply ; Water scarcity ; Waste water treatment plants ; Water quality ; Water policy ; Domestic water ; Health hazards ; Regulations ; Technological changes ; Public opinion ; Economic aspects / Namibia / Windhoek / Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047742)
(1.29 MB)
Water scarcity is a reality, with a recent UN report estimating that about half of the global population could be facing water shortages by 2030. This has focused attention on existing sources and what could be done to maximize potential. Water reuse, in particular direct potable reuse (DPR), has enjoyed a somewhat turbulent history globally. Despite this, the City of Windhoek has been practising DPR for more than 45 years, and this commentary presents globally accepted barriers standing in the way of DPR and attempts to explore ways to overcome these given the experience in Windhoek.
17 Walker, T. S.; Alwang, J. (Eds.) 2015. Crop improvement, adoption, and impact of improved varieties in food crops in Sub-Saharan Africa. Montpellier, France: CGIAR; Wallingford, UK: CABI. 450p.
Crop improvement ; Food crops ; Adoption ; Improved varieties ; Genetic improvement ; Performance evaluation ; Diffusion ; Agricultural research ; Research programmes ; Investment ; Technological changes ; Monitoring ; Impact assessment ; Rural poverty ; Food security ; Cassava ; Cowpeas ; Soybeans ; Yams ; Maize ; Rice ; Wheat ; Groundnuts ; Pearl millet ; Pigeon peas ; Sorghum ; Potatoes ; Sweet potatoes ; Barley ; Chickpeas ; Faba beans ; Lentils / Africa South of Sahara / West Africa / Central Africa / Southern Africa / East Africa / South Asia / Ethiopia / Eritrea / Sudan / Uganda / Rwanda / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.10967 G110 WAL Record No: H047766)
(6.30 MB) (6.30 MB)
18 Hosen, Y. 2016. Development of agricultural technologies in the Mekong Delta to respond to climate change. Ibaraki, Japan: Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences. 105p. (JIRCAS Working Report 84)
Climate change ; Agricultural development ; Technological changes ; Rice ; Deltas ; Wet cultivation ; Dry farming ; Methane emission ; Emission reduction ; Carbon dioxide ; Carbon credits ; Biogas ; Greenhouse gases ; Households ; Feeding habits ; Grazing ; Flooding ; Environmental effects ; Water conservation ; Livestock ; Cattle ; Ruminants ; Nutrients ; Carbohydrases ; Tannins ; Fish culture ; Economic aspects ; Evapotranspiration / Southeast Asia / Vietnam / Mekong Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 630 G784 HOS Record No: H047936)
19 Kamaladasa, B. 2007. Irrigation development in Sri Lanka. Centenary Commemoration Publication 1906-2006. Colombo, Sri Lanka: The Institution of Engineers. 243p.
Irrigation engineering ; Irrigation management ; Irrigation operation ; Irrigation practices ; Ancestral technology ; Infrastructure ; Technological changes ; Flood irrigation ; Flood control ; Dams ; Rivers ; Drainage ; Waterway transport ; Irrigated farming ; Diversification ; Engineering ; Construction ; Land development (urbanization) ; Development plans ; River basin development ; Cultivation ; Colonialism ; State intervention ; Rural communities ; Villages ; Economic aspects / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 627.52 G744 KAM Record No: H047933)
20 Clarke, N.; Bizimana, J.-C.; Dile, Y.; Worqlul, A.; Osorio, J.; Herbst, B.; Richardson, J. W.; Srinivasan, R.; Gerik, T. J.; Williams, J.; Jones, C. A.; Jeong, J. 2017. Evaluation of new farming technologies in Ethiopia using the Integrated Decision Support System (IDSS). Agricultural Water Management, 180(Part B):267-279. (Special issue: Agricultural Water and Nonpoint Source Pollution Management at a Watershed Scale Part II Overseen by: Dr. Brent Clothier). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.07.023]
Farming systems ; Decision support systems ; Technological changes ; Evaluation ; Water management ; Small scale systems ; Models ; Nutrition ; Energy consumption ; Cropping systems ; Farm income ; Socioeconomic environment ; Watersheds ; Environmental sustainability ; Villages / Ethiopia / Amhara Region / Fogera Woreda / Weg-Arba Amba Kebele / Shena Kebele / Lake Tana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047957)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377416302694/pdfft?md5=7548f347c9ff8e0db60dca03902b7abe&pid=1-s2.0-S0378377416302694-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047957.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047957.pdf
(3.19 MB) (3.19 MB)
This study investigates multi-dimensional impacts of adopting new technology in agriculture at the farm/village and watershed scale in sub-Saharan Africa using the Integrated Decision Support System (IDSS). Application of IDSS as an integrated modeling tool helps solve complex issues in agricultural systems by simultaneously assessing production, environmental, economic, and nutritional consequences of adopting agricultural technologies for sustainable increases in food production and use of scarce natural resources. The IDSS approach was applied to the Amhara region of Ethiopia, where the scarcity of resources and agro-environmental consequences are critical to agricultural productivity of small farm, to analyze the impacts of alternative agricultural technology interventions. Results show significant improvements in family income and nutrition, achieved through the adoption of irrigation technologies, proper use of fertilizer, and improved seed varieties while preserving environmental indicators in terms of soil erosion and sediment loadings. These pilot studies demonstrate the usefulness of the IDSS approach as a tool that can be used to predict and evaluate the economic and environmental consequences of adopting new agricultural technologies that aim to improve the livelihoods of subsistence farmers.
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