Your search found 37 records
1 Kelly, E.; Lee, K.; Shields, K. F.; Cronk, R.; Behnke, N.; Klug, T.; Bartram, J. 2017. The role of social capital and sense of ownership in rural community-managed water systems: qualitative evidence from Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia. Journal of Rural Studies, 56:156-166. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.08.021]
Water supply ; Communal ownership ; Water management ; Community management ; Collective action ; Community involvement ; Committees ; Sustainability ; Resource management ; Social capital ; Information exchange ; Decision making ; Women's participation ; Socioeconomic environment ; Equity ; Labour ; Developing countries ; Rural communities / Ghana / Kenya / Zambia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048374)
(0.36 MB)
Many water systems in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries are community-managed. Ensuring the long-term sustainability of community-managed systems is important to achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) six, which calls for universal access to safe water. Social capital and sense of ownership are theorized to influence the effectiveness of community-management. To explore this relationship, we conducted a qualitative study of how and why social capital and sense of ownership facilitate water system sustainability, and their relationship to one another. Individual interviews and focus group discussions with community members, water committee members, local leaders, and external support actors were conducted in eighteen communities with successful community-managed water systems in Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia. We found that social capital facilitates water system solicitation, water committee elections, resource mobilization, and information sharing. Sense of ownership plays a role in organizing and enabling water system decision processes, physical labor, and resource mobilization. Both social capital and sense of ownership facilitate different forms of community participation that are crucial to processes which support water system sustainability. Further, our results suggest a new theoretical framework where social capital and sense of ownership are inherently linked through community participation and can thereby interact to magnify or undermine each other's effects. Results also suggest that social capital and sense of ownership can have meaningful effects on socioeconomic and gender equality in rural communities by creating opportunities for alternative resource mobilization and female participation. We suggest external support actors actively assess and leverage the social strengths of rural communities, identify successful and skilled community members, encourage female leadership, and emphasize activities and trainings that incorporate social capital and ownership.
2 Closas, Alvar; Molle, Francois. 2016. Groundwater governance in Sub-Saharan Africa. [Project report of the Groundwater Governance in the Arab World - Taking Stock and Addressing the Challenges]. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 31p. (Groundwater Governance in the Arab World - Report 2)
Groundwater management ; Water governance ; Water resources ; Aquifers ; Boreholes ; Groundwater extraction ; Water law ; Legislation ; Regulations ; Licences ; Water use ; Equity ; Water policy ; Corporate culture ; Community involvement ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Social capital / Africa South of Sahara / South Africa / Kenya / Botswana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048386)
(2.06 MB)
3 Closas, Alvar; Molle, Francois. 2016. Groundwater governance in Europe. [Project report of the Groundwater Governance in the Arab World - Taking Stock and Addressing the Challenges]. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 99p. (Groundwater Governance in the Arab World - Report 3)
Groundwater management ; Water governance ; Groundwater extraction ; Regulations ; Legal frameworks ; Water law ; Water rights ; Water policy ; European Union ; Water supply ; Water pollution ; Pesticides ; Taxes ; Water user associations ; Conjunctive use ; Communities ; Collective behaviour ; Social capital ; River basins ; Aquifers ; Water authorities ; State intervention ; Political aspects ; Solar energy / Europe / Denmark / France / Spain / Copenhagen / Barcelona / La Mancha / Valencia / Beauce Aquifer / Western Mancha Aquifer / Guadiana River Basin / Llobregat Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048398)
(3.41 MB)
4 Murugani, V. G.; Thamaga-Chitja, J. M. 2018. Livelihood assets and institutions for smallholder irrigation farmer market access in Limpopo, South Africa. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 34(2):259-277. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1301249]
Irrigation schemes ; Small scale systems ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Living standards ; Market access ; Institutions ; Assets ; Natural capital ; Fixed capital ; Financing ; Human capital ; Capacity building ; Social capital / South Africa / Limpopo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048506)
(1.31 MB)
Despite having access to irrigation water, many smallholder irrigation farmers in rural South Africa remain subsistence-oriented, with little market participation. Their tangible and intangible assets influence production and market access. Largely qualitative data collected in rural Limpopo Province show that the farmers’ tangible assets supported production but in some instances restricted them from producing efficiently. Likewise, their intangible assets mostly limited their capacity to produce efficiently, to find markets or to organize themselves. These farmers’ tangible assets need to be upgraded and their intangible assets need strengthening to increase production capacity and marketing efficiency.
5 Maiti, S.; Jha, S. K.; Garai, S.; Nag, A.; Bera, A. K.; Paul, V.; Upadhaya, R. C.; Deb, S. M. 2017. An assessment of social vulnerability to climate change among the districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Ecological Indicators, 77:105-113. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.02.006]
Climate change adaptation ; Risk assessment ; Indicators ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Human capital ; Social capital ; Natural capital ; Financing / India / Eastern Himalaya / Arunachal Pradesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048596)
(0.99 MB)
The present study highlighted the state of climate change induced social vulnerability of the districts of Arunachal Pradesh. For the purpose of assessment of one of the most fragile ecosystems of the eastern Himalaya, the ‘Integrated Vulnerability Assessment Approach’ and IPCC’s definition of vulnerability were utilized. The assessment was based on various secondary data, like socio-economic and biophysical indicators, collected from several authenticated sources; and the respective weightage of these indicators was assigned by using ‘Principal Component Analysis’. Vulnerability was calculated as the net effect of exposure and sensitivity on the adaptive capacity. Anjaw district of eastern Arunachal Pradesh was found to be the most vulnerable district, while Tawang district of western Arunachal Pradesh happened to be the least vulnerable. This net effect was found negative in 7 out of 12 districts viz. Anjaw, Upper Siang, West Siang, Lower Dibang Valley, East Siang, East Kameng and Kurung Kurmey. This net negative effect could be construed as an alarming situation.
6 Narain, V.; Singh, A. K. 2019. Replacement or displacement?: periurbanisation and changing water access in the Kumaon Himalaya, India. Land Use Policy, 82:130-137. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.12.004]
Water availability ; Urbanization ; Periurban areas ; Water security ; Climate change ; Land use ; Water institutions ; Rural urban relations ; Gender relations ; Social capital ; Political aspects ; Highlands / India / Himalayan Region / Kumaon Hills / Mukteshwar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049151)
(4.47 MB)
This paper describes the impacts of urbanisation on the water sources of the residents of Mukteshwar in the Kumaon hills of North India. It uses a periurban conceptual lens to understand the changing flows of people and natural resources between Mukteshwar and connecting urban centres. Following land use change, it traces the impacts of these processes on water sources and institutions, and employs a political ecology framing to illustrate how water resources are (re) appropriated. Further demonstrating how the effects of these changes are aggravated by climatic change and variability it describes how these processes impact gender relations around natural resource collection. The paper concludes with identifying some key areas for further research on periurbanisation processes in mountain contexts, focusing on important ideas and concepts that can be relevant in capturing the processes underway.
7 Chan, N. W.; Roy, R.; Lai, C. H.; Tan, M. L. 2019. Social capital as a vital resource in flood disaster recovery in Malaysia. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 35(4):619-637. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2018.1467312]
Flooding ; Disaster recovery ; Disaster risk management ; Social capital ; State intervention ; Aid programmes ; Emergency relief ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Community involvement ; Resilience ; Households / Malaysia / Gua Musang / Kota Bharu / Kuala Krai
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049206)
(1.35 MB)
This article examines the role of social capital in the form of aid from the private sector, NGOs, universities, the public and others to help flood victims cope with floods. Research methods included collecting primary data via surveys and interviews, published secondary data, participatory observations and focus group discussions. The study finds that social capital builds collaborations and partnerships among disaster organizations, mobilizes the public as disaster volunteers, strengthens community resilience and deepens family ties. Social capital also builds self-reliance, enhances coping and quickens recovery from floods. Hence, formulation and implementation of flood policies and strategies should include and maximize social capital.
8 Mottaleb, K. A.; Krupnik, T. J.; Keil, A.; Erenstein, O. 2019. Understanding clients, providers and the institutional dimensions of irrigation services in developing countries: a study of water markets in Bangladesh. Agricultural Water Management, 222:242-253. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.05.038]
Irrigation management ; Water market ; Water pricing ; User charges ; Developing countries ; Groundwater ; Pumps ; Tube wells ; Farmers ; Human capital ; Social capital ; Seasonal cropping ; Rice ; Surface water ; Institutions ; Risk management ; Sustainability ; Models / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049294)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377418306620/pdfft?md5=8dc52896fbc756e5dd42214a7992ff74&pid=1-s2.0-S0378377418306620-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049294.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049294.pdf
(3.14 MB) (3.14 MB)
Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated nations that nonetheless has largely achieved staple self-sufficiency. This development has been enabled in part by the rapid proliferation of small-scale irrigation pumps that enabled double rice cropping, as well as by a competitive market system in which farmers purchase water at affordable fee-for-service prices from private irrigation pump owners. Excess groundwater abstraction in areas of high shallow tube-well density and increased fuel costs for pumping have however called into question the sustainability of Bangladesh’s groundwater irrigation economy. Cost-saving agronomic methods are called for, alongside aligned policies, markets, and farmers’ incentives. The study assesses different institutions and water-pricing methods for irrigation services that have emerged in Bangladesh, each of which varies in their incentive structure for water conservation, and the level of economic risk involved for farmers and service providers. Using primary data collected from 139 irrigation service providers and 556 client-farmers, we empirically examine the structure of irrigation service types and associated market and institutional dimensions. Our findings demonstrate that competition among pump owners, social capital and personal relationships, and economic and agronomic risk perceptions of both pump owners and farmers significantly influence the structure of irrigation services and water pricing methods. Greater competition among pump owners increases the likelihood of pay-per-hour services and reduces the likelihood of crop harvest sharing arrangements. Based on these findings, we explore policy implications for enhancing irrigation services and irrigation sustainability in Bangladesh.
9 Mapedza, Everisto; Amarnath, Giriraj; Matheswaran, K.; Nhamo, Luxon. 2019. Drought and the gendered livelihoods implications for smallholder farmers in the Southern Africa Development Community [SADC] region. In Mapedza, Everisto; Tsegai, D.; Bruntrup, M.; McLeman, R. (Eds.). Drought challenges: policy options for developing countries. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. pp.87-99. (Current Directions in Water Scarcity Research Volume 2) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814820-4.00007-9]
Drought ; Gender ; Women ; Living standards ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; SADC countries ; Social capital ; Innovation ; Education ; Policy / Africa South of Sahara / Madagascar / Malawi / Zambia / Zimbabwe
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049368)
(2.60 MB)
10 Campanhola, C.; Pandey, S. (Eds.) 2019. Sustainable food and agriculture: an integrated approach. London, UK: Academic Press; Rome, Italy: FAO: 585p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-01212-3]
Sustainable agriculture ; Food security ; Food production ; Agricultural production ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Agroecosystems ; Food supply ; Agroecology ; Agroforestry ; Intercropping ; Agricultural landscape ; Agrifood systems ; Climate-smart agriculture ; Conservation agriculture ; Climate change ; Forecasting ; Soil management ; Nitrogen ; Land use ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem services ; Sustainable forest management ; Urbanization ; Nutrition ; Economic growth ; Investments ; Innovation ; Water use ; Water scarcity ; Technology ; Plant genetic resources ; System of Rice Intensification ; Carbon sequestration ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Natural resources ; Risk management ; Water governance ; Institutions ; Policies ; Pest management ; Livestock ; Aquaculture ; Stakeholders ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Living standards ; Rural poverty ; Social capital ; Socioeconomic environment / Africa South of Sahara / Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.19 G000 CAM, e-copy SF Record No: H049449)
(0.30 MB)
11 Lee-Smith, D.; Prain, G.; Cofie, Olufunke; van Veenhuizen, R.; Karanja, N. 2020. Urban and peri-urban farming systems: feeding cities and enhancing resilience. In Dixon, J.; Garrity, D. P.; Boffa, J.-M.; Williams, Timothy Olalekan; Amede, T.; Auricht, C.; Lott, R.; Mburathi, G. (Eds.). Farming systems and food security in Africa: priorities for science and policy under global change. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.504-531. (Earthscan Food and Agriculture Series)
Farming systems ; Urban agriculture ; Peri-urban agriculture ; Towns ; Rainfed farming ; Irrigated farming ; Backyard farming ; Open spaces ; Crop production ; Livestock ; Wastewater irrigation ; Waste utilization ; Nutrients ; Agricultural productivity ; Food security ; Nutrition security ; Households ; Farmers ; Population ; Hunger ; Poverty ; Resilience ; Sustainable development ; Natural resources ; Climate change ; Human capital ; Social capital ; Women's participation ; Technology ; Energy ; Policies ; Trade ; Markets ; Institutions ; Strategies / Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049663)
(8.87 MB)
12 Dixon, J.; Garrity, D.; Mburathi, G.; Boffa, J.-M.; Amede, T.; Williams, Timothy Olalekan. 2020. Ways forward: strategies for effective science, investments and policies for African farming and food systems. In Dixon, J.; Garrity, D. P.; Boffa, J.-M.; Williams, Timothy Olalekan; Amede, T.; Auricht, C.; Lott, R.; Mburathi, G. (Eds.). Farming systems and food security in Africa: priorities for science and policy under global change. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.562-588. (Earthscan Food and Agriculture Series)
Farming systems ; Food systems ; Agricultural development ; Food security ; Nutrition security ; Intensification ; Diversification ; Sustainability ; Innovation platforms ; Technology ; Policies ; Investment ; Market access ; Nonfarm income ; Farmers ; Population ; Social capital ; Strategies ; Energy / Sahel / Africa South of Sahara / West Africa / East Africa / Southern Africa / Central Africa / North Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049742)
http://apps.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/Publications/PDFS/BC20010.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049742.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049742.pdf
(1.90 MB) (1.90 MB)
13 Zhang, C.; Fang, Y. 2020. Application of capital-based approach in the measurement of livelihood sustainability: a case study from the Koshi River basin community in Nepal. Ecological Indicators, 116:106474. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106474]
Sustainable development ; Sustainable livelihoods ; Community involvement ; Climate change ; Infrastructure ; Indicators ; Precipitation ; Economic aspects ; Human capital ; Natural capital ; Social capital ; Natural disasters ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Case studies / Nepal / Koshi River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049827)
(5.26 MB)
Climate change is classified as a global scale issue, since it impacts numerous and varied regions worldwide without regard for anthropogenic or natural geographic borders. However, household livelihood vulnerability and sustainability are influenced by various factors that differ between countries, districts, and communities. The Hindu Kush Himalayan region has been severely affected, as climate change has profoundly impacted the native people’s livelihood, habitation, and physical infrastructure. In order to develop appropriate and effective adaptation strategies, it is necessary to understand the current livelihoods status of local households, to identify underlying factors that affect their livelihood, and to access vulnerability and livelihood sustainability. In this study, researchers collected data by surveying 130 households from the Koshi River basin (KRB) of Nepal. The study was conducted in three different districts, representing various ecological regions within the KRB, including: the Kavre district in the Mid-mountain area, the Sindhuli district in Siwalik Hill, and the Saptari district in the Terai Plains. While the different districts are susceptible to diverse types of climate-induced disasters, all three study areas have suffered huge economic losses in response to climate change.
Quantitative assessment of capital-based vulnerability in the rural villages was carried out based on the three dimensions of vulnerability specified by the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) and Sustainable Livelihood Index (SLI) was used to assess these three dimensions of vulnerability and sustainability and incorporated a wide range of socio-economic variables that represent human, physical, natural, financial, and social capitals. 45 sub-component indicators were selected to evaluate the five major capitals and ultimately reflect the three vulnerability dimensions. The results suggest that: 1) Kavre households have higher human capital vulnerability; 2) the Saptari district may be more vulnerable to natural and physical capital, and 3) the Sindhuli district is more vulnerable to financial and social capital. Investigation into the specific impacts of climate change on rural livelihoods in different environments enhances our understanding of the resulting environmental and socioeconomic changes. Furthermore, it helps identify the specific vulnerabilities pertaining to susceptible communities at a micro level and aids governments and scientists in developing targeted, customized, adaptive strategies to address infrastructure construction, education, public health services, skills training, establishment of early warning systems, and community-based risk reduction schemes, as needed.
Quantitative assessment of capital-based vulnerability in the rural villages was carried out based on the three dimensions of vulnerability specified by the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) and Sustainable Livelihood Index (SLI) was used to assess these three dimensions of vulnerability and sustainability and incorporated a wide range of socio-economic variables that represent human, physical, natural, financial, and social capitals. 45 sub-component indicators were selected to evaluate the five major capitals and ultimately reflect the three vulnerability dimensions. The results suggest that: 1) Kavre households have higher human capital vulnerability; 2) the Saptari district may be more vulnerable to natural and physical capital, and 3) the Sindhuli district is more vulnerable to financial and social capital. Investigation into the specific impacts of climate change on rural livelihoods in different environments enhances our understanding of the resulting environmental and socioeconomic changes. Furthermore, it helps identify the specific vulnerabilities pertaining to susceptible communities at a micro level and aids governments and scientists in developing targeted, customized, adaptive strategies to address infrastructure construction, education, public health services, skills training, establishment of early warning systems, and community-based risk reduction schemes, as needed.
14 Mulema, A. A.; Boonabaana, B.; Debevec, L.; Nigussie, Likimyelesh; Alemu, M.; Kaaria, S. 2021. Spiraling up and down: mapping women’s empowerment through agricultural interventions using the community capitals framework in rural Ethiopia. Community Development, 52(1):113-130. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2020.1838589]
Women's empowerment ; Gender equality ; Agriculture ; Rural communities ; Social capital ; Human capital ; Natural capital ; Cultural capital ; Collective action ; Social networks ; Livelihood diversification ; Off farm employment ; Financing ; Infrastructure ; Political aspects ; Households ; Decision making / Ethiopia / Adami Tulu / Yaya Gulele
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050056)
(2.09 MB)
The paper draws on the Community Capitals Framework to frame and analyze the process of rural women’s empowerment through agricultural interventions in two districts of Ethiopia. A blend of qualitative data collection methods comprising group discussions, life histories, and key informant interviews was used. Our study shows that investing in social, human, financial, cultural, natural, physical, and political capitals resulted in increased assets within those capitals and others amongst the beneficiaries. The interaction between capitals builds “power with”, “power within”, “power to” and “power over” in an upward spiral. Specifically, the interaction between social, human and financial capitals is a key entry point to rural women’s empowerment. Cultural capital intermediates the interaction and flow of capital assets during the empowerment process. We argue that empowering women requires an approach that enhances their capability to identify and systematically manage interactions among capitals that foster their voice and agency.
15 Jeevamani, J. J. J.; Priya, P.; Infantina, J. A.; Abhilash, K. R.; Behera, D. P.; Samuel, V. D.; Soundararajan, R.; Purvaja, R.; Ramesh, R. 2021. An integrated approach to assess coastal vulnerability versus fisheries livelihood sustainability: strategies for climate change adaptation in Sindhudurg, west coast of India. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(3):4011-4042. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00754-6]
Climate change adaptation ; Marine fisheries ; Coastal zones ; Vulnerability ; Livelihoods ; Sustainability ; Strategies ; Marine ecosystems ; Fishing communities ; Socioeconomic environment ; Human capital ; Social capital ; Natural capital ; Infrastructure ; Villages ; Towns / India / Maharashtra / Sindhudurg Coastal and Marine Ecosystem / Devgad / Malvan / Vengurla
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050246)
(1.08 MB)
Global warming-induced climate change affects the coastal regions diversely leading to warmer oceans, rise in sea level, aggravating storm patterns, inundations, increasing precipitations and salinization. This study focusses to explore the livelihood as well as the vulnerability status of the marine fishing spatial units in Sindhudurg Coastal and Marine Ecosystem (SCME) area, west coast of India. The focus was to develop a composite index, namely, Sustainable Fisheries Livelihood Index (SFLI) comprising five capitals, which acts as a tool to evaluate the livelihood status of the fishing communities and also a coastal vulnerability (Cumulative Vulnerability Index-CVI) framework from an earlier assessment was used. The livelihood and vulnerability indices were integrated to arrive at a decision-making matrix to identify and propose suitable interventions for appropriate climate adaptation strategies and achieving sustainable fisheries livelihood. In the present study, SCME was found to have a low SFLI value (0.36). Among the three taluks in SCME, Malvan taluk had comparatively higher SFLI (0.46) than Vengurla (0.34) and Devgad (0.29) taluks. Based on cumulative vulnerability indices, the majority of marine fishing spatial units (i.e. 58.3% after combining high and very high CVI ranges) in SCME were found to face severe vulnerability. These spatial units, plotted using CVI versus SFLI in the four quadrants of decision matrix, were analyzed for management interventions with strategies aimed at reducing the vulnerability and improve the adaptive capacity of fishing communities to achieve sustainable livelihoods. Spatial units in Quadrant IV were preferred to have focused climate change adaptation strategies to minimize vulnerability as well as to improve the fisheries livelihood sustainability by enhancing the access to livelihood capital assets. Spatial units in Quadrant I might serve as model units to demonstrate the vulnerability mitigation interventions to achieve stability and sustainability of livelihoods. Appropriate interventions for climate change adaptation such as diversification of fishing, selection of appropriate fishing gears, regulation of fishing effort, diversification of livelihoods and adoption of ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) have been discussed.
16 Aguilar, F. X.; Hendrawan, D.; Cai, Z.; Roshetko, J. M.; Stallmann, J. 2021. Smallholder farmer resilience to water scarcity. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 34p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01545-3]
Water scarcity ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Resilience ; Sustainable livelihoods ; Social capital ; Human capital ; Natural capital ; Household income ; Farmland ; Agroforestry ; Infrastructure ; Public policy ; Econometrics ; Models / Indonesia / South Sulawesi / Bantaeng
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050520)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10668-021-01545-3.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050520.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050520.pdf
(1.03 MB) (1.03 MB)
Water scarcity poses one of the most prominent threats to the well-being of smallholder farmers around the world. We studied the association between rural livelihood capitals (natural, human, social, financial, and physical) and resilience to water scarcity. Resilience was denoted by farmers’ self-reported capacity to have avoided, or adapted to, water scarcity. Proxies for livelihood capitals were collected from two-hundred farmers in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and their associations with a typology denoting water scarcity impacts analyzed with a Taylor-linearized multinomial response model. Physical and natural assets in the form of irrigation infrastructure and direct access to water sources were saliently associated with overall resilience (avoidance and adaptation) to water scarcity. Years of farming experience as a form of human capital asset was also strongly associated with resilience to water scarcity. Factors solely associated with the capacity to adapt to water scarcity were more nuanced with social capital assets showing closer associations. A household with a larger number of farm laborers had a higher likelihood of being unable to withstand water scarcity, but this relationship was reversed among those who managed larger farming areas. We discuss possible mechanisms that could have contributed to resilience, and how public policy could support smallholder farmers cope with water scarcity.
17 Vafaei, E.; Ahangarkolaee, S. S.; Lucas-Borja, M. E.; Fami, H. S.; Zema, D. A. 2021. A framework to evaluate the factors influencing groundwater management in water user associations: the case study of Tafresh County (Iran). Agricultural Water Management, 255:107013. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107013]
Groundwater management ; Water user associations ; Case studies ; Farmer participation ; Participatory approaches ; Collective action ; Legal aspects ; Institutions ; Irrigation water ; Infrastructure ; Sociocultural environment ; Social capital ; Economic aspects / Iran Islamic Republic / Tafresh / Markazi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050571)
(5.32 MB)
In recent decades, due to the water shortage around the world and the importance of groundwater in agriculture, the role of Water User Associations (WUAs) – well-known farmer associations that manage collective irrigation in agricultural districts – in groundwater management has received much attention. To ensure sustainable groundwater management in these organizations, it is imperative to analyze the effects of the driving mechanisms, such as the “legal and institutional”, “socio-cultural”, “social capital”, “economic”, “infrastructure” and “farmers’ participation” factors, on the collective management of agricultural water. This study proposes a theoretical framework to analyze how and to what extent these factors influence agricultural water management in a case study of WUAs of Tafresh County (Iran), where irrigated agriculture strongly relies on groundwater. To validate this framework, questionnaires with 53 questions/indicators related to these factors have been supplied to 264 associated farmers and then statistically processed using Partial Least Squares – Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) methods. The measurement model has confirmed the validity of the questionnaire. The structural model has demonstrated that all the identified factors are significantly effective in driving the WUAs performance. This effectiveness was shown by the high indexes of reliability (over 0.821 against an acceptance limit of 0.7) and convergent validity (over 0.511 against a limit of 0.5). Socio-cultural and social capital factors had a higher impact (confirmed by path coefficients of about 0.80), while the economic factors played a lower effect on groundwater management (path coefficient of 0.534). Moreover, the Pearson matrix showed statistically significant (p < 0.01) and positive (R2 = from 0.238 to 0.804) correlations among all the evaluated factors. Based on this framework, some actions for improving the groundwater management at the collective level are suggested, such as: (i) the implementation of new water management technologies to increase the efficiency in extraction, distribution, and consumption of irrigation water; ii) strengthening the importance of social and cultural participation in the management of WUAs, in order to create formal and informal contexts for enhancing individual participation in the short and long-term; iii) designing appropriate financing factors and diversification of the sources of revenue to execute projects on shared water resources.
18 Bukachi, S. A.; Omia, D. O.; Musyoka, M. M.; Wambua, F. M.; Peter, M. N.; Korzenevica, M. 2021. Exploring water access in rural Kenya: narratives of social capital, gender inequalities and household water security in Kitui County. Water International, 46(5):677-696. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2021.1940715]
Water access ; Rural communities ; Social capital ; Gender equality ; Households ; Water security ; Water insecurity ; Resilience ; Women ; Sustainable development ; Risk / Kenya / Kitui
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050656)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02508060.2021.1940715?needAccess=true
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050656.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050656.pdf
(3.25 MB) (3.25 MB)
Access to water and sanitation as a basic human right is still limited within resource-poor rural settings of Africa, including Kitui, Kenya. This is exacerbated by prevailing gender inequalities which can be mediated when communities leverage on social capital. Qualitative methods were used to examine how values embedded in social capital enable women and vulnerable groups to cope with household water insecurity. How communities exploit the bonding and bridging dimensions of social capital to cope with water insecurities has gendered implications. Understanding the role of social capital is important in advancing public policy to reduce gender inequalities in water access.
19 Tessema, K. B.; Haile, Alemseged Tamiru; Nakawuka, P. 2021. Vulnerability of community to climate stress: an indicator-based investigation of Upper Gana Watershed in Omo Gibe Basin in Ethiopia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 63:102426. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102426]
Climate change ; Vulnerability ; Rural communities ; Resilience ; Drought ; Rain ; Exposure ; Indicators ; Watersheds ; Water availability ; Runoff ; Water storage ; Social capital ; Livelihoods ; Households / Ethiopia / Omo Gibe Basin / Upper Gana Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050724)
(1.14 MB)
The frequency and intensity of extreme climate events such as heavy rainfall and droughts are expected to increase with climate change and are predicted to severely affect the agriculture sector. However, drought vulnerability of rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa is not well documented, despite these communities being composed of mainly smallholder farmers whose livelihoods depend on rainfed agriculture. In this study, we evaluated the vulnerability of a rural community in Ethiopia to drought using both primary and secondary data. The primary data was generated from a household survey, whereas the secondary data was obtained from the National Meteorology Agency of Ethiopia and Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation (CHIRP) product. We decomposed vulnerability in to three components which are exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity to drought based on indices derived from the primary and secondary data. Results show that the average score for exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity is nearly equal. High seasonal water variability coupled with severe, frequent, and long drought status increases exposure to drought in the study area. The main factor which affects sensitivity to drought in this community is the land cover. For adaptive capacity, the social capital of the community is low while their physical capital is high. The overall estimated drought vulnerability shows that the community is moderately vulnerable. The community’s exposure and sensitivity analyses show the need to increase the amount of moisture stored within the soil with the adoption of appropriate soil and water conservation techniques. Results also show that the head of the household’s educational level, the number of livestock owned, and annual income affect the community’s adaptive capacity.
20 Afkhami, M.; Zahraie, B.; Ghorbani, M. 2022. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the dimensions of farmers' adaptive capacity in the face of water scarcity. Journal of Arid Environments, 199:104715. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2022.104715]
Water scarcity ; Farmers ; Adaptation ; Quantitative analysis ; Qualitative analysis ; Resilience ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water governance ; Social capital ; Ecological factors ; Innovation ; Infrastructure ; Villages ; Models / Iran Islamic Republic / Lorestan / Borujerd
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050889)
(6.42 MB)
Previous studies have shown that enhancing adaptive capacity can reduce vulnerability of farmers to water scarcity and improve their resiliency against environmental changes in the Social-Ecological Systems (SES). The present study aims to evaluate, measure, and compare the dimensions of farmers’ adaptive capacity in rural areas in west of Iran facing escalating water scarcity in the recent years. Since that adaptive capacity is a key factor in community resilience, the relationship between considered adaptive capacity dimensions with increasing resilience of the study area was also investigated. Furthermore, the influence and dependency of each item of the dimensions of adaptive capacity has been measured by the Cross Impact Analysis (CIA) method. For this purpose, 175 farmers in 6 villages in Borujerd County, Lorestan province, Iran were selected for examining the content, structure, and important dimensions of their adaptive capacity. Adopting the survey methodology, this study used the whole network approach to identify the agricultural water users in the ecologic boundaries of the selected villages. The t-values for the most important dimensions with highest effects on the adaptive capacity of the rural communities in the study area including “water governance”, “innovation” and “information, and awareness” were 5.56, 5.49 and 4.15, respectively confirming the Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) and Friedman statistical test results. The t-values less than 1.96 for “Local networks”, “trust in government”, “financial sources and infrastructures”, as well as “adaptive management” showed insignificance of these dimensions in the adaptive capacity of farmers in the study area. Based on the results of the adaptive capacity analysis, suggestions for enhancing resilience of the farmer communities against water scarcity were provided.
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