Your search found 106 records
1 Liebe, J.; Andreini, Marc; van de Giesen, N.; Steenhuis, T. 2007. The small reservoirs project: research to improve water availability and economic development in rural semi-arid areas. In Kitissou, M.; Ndulo, M.; Nagel, M.; Grieco, M. (Eds.). The hydropolitics of Africa: a contemporary challenge. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars. pp.325-332.
Reservoirs ; Research projects ; Water availability ; Economic development ; Rural areas ; Semiarid zones ; Groundwater ; Surface water ; Rain / Ghana / Burkina Faso
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI, 333.91 G000 KIT Record No: H044806)
(0.51 MB)
2 Shiferaw, B.; Kebede, T. A.; Reddy, V. R. 2012. Community watershed management in semiarid India: the state of collective action and its effects on natural resources and rural livelihoods. In Mwangi, E.; Markelova, H.; Meinzen-Dick, R. (Eds.). Collective action and property rights for poverty reduction. Philadelphia, PA, USA: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp.153-188.
Watershed management ; Natural resources management ; Collective action ; Rural areas ; Living standards ; Socioeconomic environment ; Regression analysis ; Non governmental organizations ; Semiarid zones ; Poverty ; Indicators ; Social welfare ; Households / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.7 G000 MWA Record No: H045634)
3 Closas, Alvar. 2014. Norias, boreholes and the role of the state during the groundwater ‘silent revolution’ in La Mancha, Spain. Hydrogeology Journal, 22(5):1179-1192. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1118-0]
Groundwater extraction ; Groundwater development ; Boreholes ; Farmers ; Environmental degradation ; Semiarid zones ; Irrigation ; Aquifers ; Wells ; Subsidies ; Wetlands ; Case studies / Spain / La Mancha / Las Tablas de Daimiel Wetland
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046369)
(3.53 MB)
The ‘silent revolution’ is a phenomenon describing the individualistic behaviour of farmers in the adoption of intensive groundwater abstraction technologies, which in some cases has led to groundwater over-abstraction and environmental degradation in semiarid areas such as La Mancha, Spain. However, a lacuna exists as to the extent to which state politics have affected the development of groundwater abstraction technologies in Spain. With new quantitative and qualitative data from the irrigation community of Manzanares and public irrigation and colonisation plans, this report studies the adoption of groundwater abstraction technology and investigates the historical role of the state in the development of modern groundwater-fed irrigation socio-ecologies in the semiarid area of La Mancha in Spain.
4 Wagener, T.; Franks, S.; Gupta, H. V.; Bogh, E.; Bastidas, L.; Nobre, C.; de Oliverira Galvao, C. (Eds.) 2005. Regional hydrological impacts of climatic change: impact assessment and decision making. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Regional Hydrological Impacts of Climate Variability and Change with an Emphasis on Less Developed Countries (S6) held during the 7th Scientific Assembly of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS), Foz do Iguaco, Brazil, 3-9 April 2005. Part 1. Wallingford, UK: International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS). 356p. (IAHS Publication 295)
Climate change ; Hydrological factors ; Impact assessment ; Decision making ; Agricultural development ; River basins ; Water resources ; Water management ; Coastal area ; Stream flow ; Catchment areas ; Semiarid climate ; Lakes ; Population growth ; Air pollution ; Land cover change ; Hydroelectric schemes ; Flooding ; Evapotranspiration ; Watersheds ; GIS ; Arid zones ; Semiarid zones ; Sea water ; Water temperature ; Alluvial aquifers ; Models ; Satellite observation ; Forecasting ; Afforestation ; El Nino-Southern Oscillation ; Case studies / South America / North America / Europe / Africa / Asia / Brazil / Argentina / USA / Greece / Balkan Peninsula / West Africa / Benin / Cameroon / Lebanon / Nepal / Pakistan / India / China / Western Australia / Northeast Brazil / Trinidad / Vietnam / Eastern Australia / La Plata Basin / Taquari River Basin / Patagonia / Aliakmon River Basin / Black Sea / Volta Basin / Logone-Chari Plain / Himalayan Basin / Upper Indus Basin / Ganga Basin / Damodar River Basin / Yellow River Basin / Susannah Brook / Nordeste / St. Joseph Watershed / Himalayas / Red River Basin / Indian Ocean
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 577.22 G000 WAG Record No: H046622)
(0.44 MB)
5 Oosthuizen, L. K.; Meiring, J. A.; Botes, J. H. F.; Bosch, D. J.; Breytenbach, P. 1996. Development of a decision support system for increasing the economic efficiency of water and energy use for irrigation at whole farm level in central RSA, taking risk into account. Vol. 1. Report to the Water Research Commission. Pretoria, South Africa: Water Research Commission (WRC). 58p. (WRC Report 347/1/96)
Decision support systems ; Economic aspects ; Water use ; Energy consumption ; Water supply ; Irrigated farming ; Crop production ; Farmers ; Income ; Risk management ; Models ; Electricity supplies ; Semiarid zones ; Rural areas ; Dams / South Africa / Winterton / Vanderkloof Dam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 631.587 G178 OOS Record No: H046666)
(0.38 MB)
6 Erkossa, Teklu; Hagos, Fitsum; Lefore, Nicole. 2014. Proceedings of the Workshop on Flood-based Farming for Food Security and Adaption to Climate Change in Ethiopia: Potential and Challenges, Adama, Ethiopia, 30-31 October 2013. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 178p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2014.233]
Flood water ; Flood irrigation ; Food security ; Climate change ; Adaptation ; Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation systems ; Spate irrigation ; Livestock products ; Crop production ; Siltation ; Arid zones ; Semiarid zones ; Community involvement ; Water rights ; Water resources ; Water harvesting ; Water use ; Land rights ; Poverty ; Households ; Living standards ; Nutrition ; Malnutrition ; Drought ; Farmers ; Indicators ; Sedimentation ; Canals ; Discharges ; Models ; Surface runoff ; Calibration ; Rainfed farming ; Agriculture ; Technology transfer / Africa / Ethiopia / Africa South of Sahara / Oromia Region / Tigray Region / Keleta River / Boru River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046909)
(2 MB)
7 Erkossa, Teklu; Langan, Simon J.; Hagos, Fitsum. 2014. Constraints to the development, operation and maintenance of spate irrigation schemes in Ethiopia. In Erkossa, Teklu; Hagos, Fitsum; Lefore, Nicole. (Eds.). 2014. Proceedings of the Workshop on Flood-based Farming for Food Security and Adaption to Climate Change in Ethiopia: Potential and Challenges, Adama, Ethiopia, 30-31 October 2013. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.5-22.
Irrigation schemes ; Spate irrigation ; Flood irrigation ; Traditional farming ; Livestock production ; Crop production ; Arid lands ; Semiarid zones ; Community involvement ; Sedimentation ; Smallholders ; Farmers / Ethiopia / Africa South of Sahara / Oromia Region / Tigray Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046925)
Flood-based farming is among the potential options in ensuring access to water for crop and livestock production for small-scale farmers in the arid and semiarid lowlands of sub-Saharan Africa, and Ethiopia in particular. Flood-based irrigation while inexpensive is rooted in tradition in many rural communities which is in contrast to many other irrigation types which are unavailable (in terms of water source, technology or capacity) or are costly to develop. Spate irrigation has been practiced in different parts of Ethiopia for many decades, but it was only recently that it gained the government’s attention. This study was conducted through a review and informal discussion with the objectives of documenting the current status, trends and prospects of spate irrigation in the country and the associated challenges, taking cases of selected schemes in different regional states. The study revealed that spate irrigation is expanding either through improvement of traditional schemes or by developing new ones. Neither the traditional nor modern schemes are free of challenges. The traditional schemes suffer from floods that damage their diversion structures, while poor design and construction of diversion structures have led to the failure of new ones. A range of socio-technical improvements in the planning, implementation and operation of schemes is proposed, including the design of headworks and canals consistent with the size and nature of expected flows, structures to minimize sedimentation, building capacity of farmers and district officers, and monitoring and improving the management that currently adversely impacts the performance of the schemes. Consulting farmers at every stage of the development, and building the capacity of engineers to deal with the unique nature of spate flows are the most likely interventions to ensure successful agricultural production using spate irrigation.
8 Dankelman, I. (Ed.) 2010. Gender and climate change: an introduction. London, UK: Earthscan. 284p.
Gender ; Climate change ; Adaptation ; Women's participation ; Women's organizations ; Equity ; Policy ; Case studies ; Environmental effects ; Greenhouse gases ; Waste treatment ; Sustainability ; Energy ; Urban areas ; Semiarid zones ; Food security ; Farmers ; Indigenous peoples ; Poverty / Eastern Europe / Central Asia / Caucasus / USA / India / Philippines / Vietnam / Nigeria / South Africa / Brazil / Colombia / Gulf States of USA / Andhra Pradesh / Delhi / Sorsogon / Limpopo / Niger Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 304.25 G000 DAN Record No: H047037)
(0.36 MB)
9 Dankelman, I. (Ed.) 2010. Gender and climate change: an introduction. London, UK: Earthscan. 284p.
Gender ; Climate change ; Adaptation ; Women's participation ; Women's organizations ; Equity ; Policy ; Case studies ; Environmental effects ; Greenhouse gases ; Waste treatment ; Sustainability ; Energy ; Urban areas ; Semiarid zones ; Food security ; Farmers ; Indigenous peoples ; Poverty / Eastern Europe / Central Asia / Caucasus / USA / India / Philippines / Vietnam / Nigeria / South Africa / Brazil / Colombia / Gulf States of USA / Andhra Pradesh / Delhi / Sorsogon / Limpopo / Niger Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 304.25 G000 DAN c2 Record No: H047149)
(0.36 MB)
10 Garcia-Orenes, F.; Caravaca, F.; Morugan-Coronado, A.; Roldan, A. 2015. Prolonged irrigation with municipal wastewater promotes a persistent and active soil microbial community in a semiarid agroecosystem. Agricultural Water Management, 149:115-122. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.10.030]
Wastewater irrigation ; Urban wastes ; Water reuse ; Agroecosystems ; Semiarid zones ; Freshwater ; Soil analysis ; Microbial activities ; Soil chemicophysical properties / Spain / Mediterranean region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047499)
(1.01 MB)
The use of treated wastewater (WW) for irrigation is a common practice, especially in arid and semiarid agroecosystems. We aimed to evaluate the influence of long-term (up to 45 years) irrigation with WW on the soil microbial community structure, microbial activity and physicochemical properties, in comparison with soil irrigated with fresh water (FW), in a semiarid orange-tree orchard. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was used to assess the shifts in the soil microbial community in response to the application of WW. Total organic carbon and available P increased significantly, by about 49% and 37%, respectively, due to WW irrigation. The urease, -glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities and aggregate stability were higher in the soil irrigated with WW than in that irrigated with FW. The PLFA analysis showed a significant increase in bacterial abundance, particularly in G+ bacteria. The relative abundances of fungi, G- bacteria and actinobacteria were similar in the two soils. Principal components analysis of the PLFAs showed discrimination between the FW-irrigated soil and the WW-irrigated soil, which was enriched in actinobacterial PLFA 10Me18:0. The prolonged use of treated WW for irrigation in a semiarid agroecosystem promoted the establishment of a specific and persistent microbial community that was functionally more active.
11 Brindha, Karthikeyan; Jagadeshan, G.; Kalpana, L.; Elango, L. 2016. Fluoride in weathered rock aquifers of southern India: managed aquifer recharge for mitigation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(9):8302-8316. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6069-7]
Chemical composition ; Fluorides ; Aquifers ; Recharge ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; Water table ; Water quality ; River basins ; Semiarid zones ; Rain ; Wells ; Dams ; Case studies / India / Tamil Nadu / Nalgonda District / Telangana / Pambar River Basin / Vaniyar River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047462)
(3.43 MB)
Climatic condition, geology, and geochemical processes in an area play a major role on groundwater quality. Impact of these on the fluoride content of groundwater was studied in three regions-part of Nalgonda district in Telangana, Pambar River basin, and Vaniyar River basin in Tamil Nadu, southern India, which experience semi-arid climate and are predominantly made of Precambrian rocks. High concentration of fluoride in groundwater above 4 mg/l was recorded. Human exposure dose for fluoride through groundwater was higher in Nalgonda than the other areas. With evaporation and rainfall being one of the major contributors for high fluoride apart from the weathering of fluoride rich minerals from rocks, the effect of increase in groundwater level on fluoride concentration was studied. This study reveals that groundwater in shallow environment of all three regions shows dilution effect due to rainfall recharge. Suitable managed aquifer recharge (MAR) methods can be adopted to dilute the fluoride rich groundwater in such regions which is explained with two case studies. However, in deep groundwater, increase in fluoride concentration with increase in groundwater level due to leaching of fluoride rich salts from the unsaturated zone was observed. Occurrence of fluoride above 1.5 mg/l was more in areas with deeper groundwater environment. Hence, practicing MAR in these regions will increase the fluoride content in groundwater and so physica or chemical treatment has to be adopted. This study brought out the fact that MAR cannot be practiced in all regions for dilution of ions in groundwater and that it is essential to analyze the fluctuation in groundwater level and the fluoride content before suggesting it as a suitable solution. Also, this study emphasizes that long-term monitoring of these factors is an important criterion for choosing the recharge areas.
12 Grum, B; Hessel, R.; Kessler, A.; Woldearegay, K.; Yazew, E.; Ritsema, C.; Geissen, V. 2016. A decision support approach for the selection and implementation of water harvesting techniques in arid and semi-arid regions. Agricultural Water Management, 173:35-47. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.04.018]
Water harvesting ; Techniques ; Indicators ; Decision support systems ; Arid zones ; Semiarid zones ; Watersheds ; Socioeconomic environment ; Ecological factors ; Biophysics ; Cultivated land ; Soils ; Rain ; GIS ; Mapping ; Stakeholders ; Case studies / Ethiopia / Upper Geba Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047605)
(3.70 MB)
Water harvesting techniques (WHTs) improve the availability of water, which is essential for growing crops, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. A decision support approach can help in the selection of WHTs suitable under site-specific bio-physical and socio-economic conditions. This paper describes a participatory approach for the selection of suitable WHTs in watersheds in (semi) arid regions. It builds on a database of suitability indicators for WHTs, which was developed by integrating worldwide knowledge on their suitability. Once developed, the approach was applied on a case study for WHTs in the upper Geba watershed in northern Ethiopia. First, based on evaluation criteria and participants’ scientific and local knowledge, a pre-selection of most promising WHTs took place in a multi-stakeholder workshop. Next, the suitability indicators and a GIS-based multi-criteria analysis (MCA) were used to identify suitable areas for these WHTs. The results of the MCA were presented to stakeholders during a second stakeholder workshop. At this workshop, a final selection of WHTs to test was made based on a participatory ranking of WHTs using economic, ecological and socio-cultural criteria. The MCA approach was validated by comparing the predicted suitable areas with the already existing WHTs in the watershed. This led to the result that 90% of the existing check dams and 93% of the percolation ponds were correctly identified by the approach. We conclude therefore that this approach can be successfully applied for the participatory selection of WHTs and the identification of suitable areas for their implementation. Given that this approach is based on the newly developed database of WHTs, it can be easily applied in other (semi) arid regions.
13 Inderberg, T. H.; Eriksen, S.; O'Brien, K.; Sygna, L. (Eds.) 2015. Climate change adaptation and development: transforming paradigms and practices. Oxon, UK: Routledge. 295p.
Climate change adaptation ; Sustainable development ; Disaster risk management ; Flood control ; Technology transfer ; Resilience ; Gender ; Women ; Farmers ; Households ; Living standards ; Urban planning ; Rural settlement ; Governance ; Stakeholders ; Policy making ; Political aspects ; Socioeconomic development ; Indigenous knowledge ; Food security ; Agricultural sector ; Charcoal ; Arid zones ; Semiarid zones ; Case studies / Mozambique / Kenya / Tanzania / Ethiopia / Nepal / Lake Victoria Basin / Maputo / Makueni / Dar es Salaam / Afar Region / Humla
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.927 G000 IND Record No: H047643)
(0.30 MB)
14 Hagos, E. Y.; Schultz, B.; Depeweg, H. 2016. Reservoir operation in view of effective utilization of limited water in semi-arid areas the case of Gumsalasa Earthen Dam Irrigation Scheme in Tigray, Ethiopia. Irrigation and Drainage, 65(3):294-307. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.1968]
Reservoir operation ; Water use efficiency ; Irrigation schemes ; Dams ; Irrigation scheduling ; Irrigation canals ; Performance evaluation ; Water balance ; Rainfed farming ; Crop yield ; Water requirements ; Evaporation ; Semiarid zones ; Irrigated land ; Seepage ; Food security ; Case studies / Ethiopia / Tigray / Gumsalasa Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047682)
(1.29 MB)
Tigray is one of the semi-arid and drought-prone regions of Ethiopia. The rainfed agriculture is characterized by low productivity and the region faces an average annual cereal food deficit of 180 000 t. Realizing these problems, the regional government has been engaged in earthen dam irrigation development activities since 1995. So far 44 earthen dams with related irrigation facilities have been constructed. The Gumsalasa earthen dam was constructed in 1995 with a reservoir capacity of 1.9 million m3 , which irrigates about 67 ha. In Tigray the main irrigation season starts in January, which is four months after the end of the main rainy season. The reservoir is therefore exposed to evaporation during these four months. This demands formulation and implementation of an operational plan that can reduce losses and increase the benefits. In this regard, a change in reservoir operation from the present (January– June) to the proposed (September–January) has shown the possibility of increasing the irrigated area and the number of farmers. This indicates the potential of the proposed change to contribute towards regional food security if it is practised at existing and future earthen dam irrigation schemes in Tigray.
15 Mahmood, A.; Oweis, T.; Ashraf, M.; Majid, A.; Aftab, M.; Aadal, N. K.; Ahmad, I. 2015. Performance of improved practices in farmers’ fields under rainfed and supplemental irrigation systems in a semi-arid area of Pakistan. Agricultural Water Management, 155:1-10. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.03.006]
Agricultural practices ; Performance evaluation ; Irrigation systems ; Supplemental irrigation ; Irrigated farming ; Rainfed farming ; Farmers ; Water use ; Soil moisture ; Agricultural production ; Crop yield ; Wheat ; Groundnuts ; Farm income ; Costs ; Semiarid zones ; Intensification / Pakistan / Chakwal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047698)
(1.17 MB)
In Pakistan, like many of the developing countries, crop yields under dryland agriculture are very low. This field research aimed at investigating improving land and water productivities and farmers’ incomes through improved water management, crop intensification and diversification under rainfed and supplemental irrigation (SI) conditions. With improved packages (e.g. high yielding varieties, appropriate seed rates, time of sowing, and use of fertilizers) an average of 31% higher yields of rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum) were obtained by farmers compared to their traditional practices. The net income under the improved package was about Rs. 70,000/ha (1 US$ = Rs. 72), almost double that under farmers’ current practices. The highest wheat yield of 5102 kg/ha obtained in small plots was 28% higher than for farmers’ current practices; followed by the raised bed yield of 4776 kg/ha. With only 20% extra cost for water used as SI for small plot sowing with improved practices, there was 47% higher wheat yield and over 60% higher net income obtained compared to farmers’ practices. Similarly, with about 10% additional cost for SI, groundnut (Arachis hypogea) yield and net income increased up to four times compared to farmers’ practices. It may be concluded that, in this environment, much of the yield gap between farmers and research may be closed by adopting simple and low cost integrated packages.
16 Jayasree, V.; Venkatesh, B. 2015. Analysis of rainfall in assessing the drought in semi-arid region of Karnataka state, India. Water Resources Management, 29(15):5613-5630. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-015-1137-1]
Weather hazards ; Drought ; Precipitation ; Semiarid zones ; Rainfall patterns ; GIS ; Mapping ; Spatial distribution ; Models ; Meteorological stations / India / Karnataka / Deccan Plateau
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047777)
(1.58 MB)
The present study focuses on drought analysis with an aim to understand the drought vulnerability, estimate and map the drought duration and severity in drought prone North Interior Karnataka region, India. A detailed analysis were carried out using rainfall data of more than 178 (with greater than 30 years data) stations to understand the drought characteristics. Rainfall descriptive variability, percentage occurrence of drought incidences and spatial distribution of rainfall were derived. In order to evaluate the drought severity and its extent and to map, method proposed by Ponce et al. (2000) and the Geographic Information System has been used. The method by Ponce et al. (2000) characterize drought based on intensity, duration and recurrence interval using mean annual precipitation of a location. The results obtained for the study area indicate that, the region is mostly semi-arid with drought occur for more than 50 % of the time. The majority of the drought events are of moderate intensity with few extreme intensity events. Further, it is noticed that, in many station, the rainfall show a decreasing trend. Since, rainfall in this region are mostly declining due to climatic change, the area would experience increasing drought severity in the forthcoming years. The outcome of the study would be useful in understanding the drought pattern, severity and extent in the study area which can be used by scientists and water management professionals to plan drought mitigation measures.
17 Kiptala, J. K. 2016. Managing basin interdependencies in a heterogeneous, highly utilized and data scarce river basin in semi-arid Africa: the case of the Pangani River Basin, eastern Africa. PhD thesis. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press - Balkema. 174p.
River basin management ; Semiarid zones ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water footprint ; Rainwater ; Freshwater ; Surface water ; Stream flow ; Groundwater ; Water storage ; Water use ; Water power ; Water availability ; Water productivity ; Water yield ; Water balance ; Climate change ; Rainfed farming ; Supplemental irrigation ; Landscape ; Downstream ; Food production ; Energy balance ; Farmland ; Calibration ; Evapotranspiration ; Crop yield ; Biomass / eastern Africa / Pangani River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G132 KIP Record No: H047471)
https://www.unesco-ihe.org/sites/default/files/2016_unesco-ihe_phd_thesis_jeremiah_kiptala_i.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047471.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047471.pdf
(10 MB)
18 Rejani, R.; Rao, K. V.; Rao, C. H. S.; Osman, M.; Reddy, K. S.; George, B.; Kranthi, G. S. P.; Chary, G. R.; Swamy, M. V.; Rao, P. J. 2017. Identification of potential rainwater-harvesting sites for the sustainable management of a semi-arid watershed. Irrigation and Drainage, 66(2):227-237. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2101]
Rainwater ; Water harvesting ; Structures ; Planning ; Sustainability ; Watershed management ; Semiarid zones ; Water conservation ; GIS ; Models ; Spatial database ; Remote sensing ; Soil conservation ; Surface runoff ; Land use ; Land cover ; Identification / India / Goparajpalli Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048128)
(0.98 MB)
In the present study, the potential locations for constructing different water-harvesting structures in a semi-arid watershed located at Goparajpalli, in southern India, were derived using GIS in three stages. The locations were first identified based on land use land cover, land slope, rainfall characteristics, soil texture and soil depth. Then a number of structures and suitable semi-arid rainfed regions have limitations in their runoff potential availability; these locations were further optimized based on the runoff available after in situ water conservation and storage in existing water-harvesting structures. The surplus runoff volume available in a normal year after storage was estimated to be 870 000 m3 . Suitable locations for 25 rock fill dams (RFD), 74 farm ponds and 5 check dams were identified. These derived sites were validated by exporting to Google Earth and investigated for their suitability with ground truth information. At present, the number of structures existing is more than the optimum number of structures derived, but they have less storage capacity. Hence those structures such as farm ponds located at potential sites are recommended for desiltation and renovation by increasing their size along with lining so that they can be utilized for rainwater harvesting and supplementary irrigation. This methodology for identification of potential locations for water-harvesting structures is less time-consuming, more precise and can be utilized for the planning of large catchments to improve the water availability and productivity.
19 Kifle, M.; Gebremicael, T. G.; Girmay, A.; Gebremedihin, T. 2017. Effect of surge flow and alternate irrigation on the irrigation efficiency and water productivity of onion in the semi-arid areas of North Ethiopia. Agricultural Water Management, 187:69-76. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.03.018]
Irrigation water ; Irrigation efficiency ; Surge irrigation ; Water productivity ; Water use efficiency ; Crop yield ; Onions ; Water requirements ; Water measurement ; Performance indexes ; Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation scheduling ; Runoff water ; Discharges ; Soil moisture ; Semiarid zones / Northern Ethiopia / Mainigus Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048145)
(0.90 MB)
The study was conducted in the semi-arid areas of northern Ethiopia with the objective of evaluating the effect of surge flow and alternate irrigation on irrigation performance indicators, water use efficiency and crop yield. The experiment consists of two factors, irrigation systems (alternate furrow (Af) and conventional furrow (CF)) and irrigation flow methods (continuous (C), Surge 1 (S1), Surge 2 (S2), and Surge 3 (S3)). Eight treatment combinations replicated three times were arranged in a factorial randomized complete block design. Onion crop was used as indicator crop for the experiment because of its dominant and cash crop in the region. The result of this experiment indicated that the interaction effect of the irrigation system and irrigation flow methods did not show statistically significant difference on the performance indicators, crop yield and water use efficiency. The irrigation system (Af and CF) as a factor has not significant effect on yield of onion. However, the irrigation flow methods (C, S1, S2 and S3) were significantly affected the irrigation performance indicators (application efficiency, distribution uniformity, deep percolation and tail water runoff losses) and likewise, irrigation water use efficiency and yield of onion were significantly different. Higher crop yield (13208 kg/ha), water use efficiency (1.96–2.55 kg/m3), application efficiency (52.9–58.7%) and distribution uniformity (81.4–86.2%) were obtained from both surge flow and alternate irrigation as compared to continuous flow and conventional furrow irrigation (every furrow water application) which was recorded less 10142 kg/ha, 1.36–1.65 kg/m3, 44–54.7%, 67.1–79.6%, respectively. The result of this study explicitly showed that demonstration of these irrigation methods can enhance the poor water management practices in the semi-arid areas of Ethiopia and elsewhere in the world with limited water resources and similar soil characteristics. The authors of this paper recommend the farmers, irrigation experts, water resources managers and decision makers in the region to apply those techniques for improving water use efficiency.
20 Kumar, M.; Kumar, R.; Rajput, T. B. S.; Patel, N. 2017. Efficient design of drip irrigation system using water and fertilizer application uniformity at different operating pressures in a semi-arid region of India. Irrigation and Drainage, 66(3):316-326. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2108]
Irrigation systems ; Drip irrigation ; Water use ; Fertilizer application ; Performance evaluation ; Irrigation water ; Water distribution ; Nutrients ; Water quality ; Chemicophysical properties ; Discharges ; Uniformity coefficient ; Semiarid zones ; Experimentation / India / New Delhi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048187)
(0.92 MB)
Performance evaluation of irrigation has been an important area of research for better management of water resources. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of drip lateral lengths and system operating pressures on water and fertilizer application uniformity at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India. The following parameters of nutrients and water were studied to design and evaluate the performance of drip irrigation systems: (i) uniformity coefficient; (ii) discharge variation; (iii) distribution uniformity; (iv) statistical uniformity. Drip-line lengths and system operating pressures (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) significantly affect the different parameters of fertilizer and water application. The highest values of uniformity coefficient (99.2%), statistical uniformity (99.2%) and distribution uniformity (97.4%) for irrigation water were observed at a pressure of 1.5 kg cm 2 with a 25 m long drip-line. Lower values of discharge variation (2.65%) and coefficient of variation (0.04) were observed at the same operating pressure (1.5 kg cm 2 ) and drip-line length. However, the lowest value of the uniformity coefficient (88.1%), statistical uniformity (93.7%) and distribution uniformity (93.2%) for irrigation water were recorded at 0.5 kg cm 2 pressure with a 100 m long drip-line length. The highest values of urea, potassium and phosphorus distribution uniformity were found to be 97.8, 97.1 and 98.2%, respectively, at 1.5 kg cm 2 pressure with 25 m long drip-line, and lower values of urea, potassium and phosphorus distribution uniformity (93.1, 92.6 and 93.2%, respectively) were recorded at 0.5 kg cm 2 pressure with a 100 m long drip-line. Water and fertilizer distribution uniformity decreased with increase in drip-line length, and increased with increase in system operating pressure.
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