Your search found 52 records
1 Cai, X.; Ringler, C.; Rosegrant, M. W. 2006. Modeling water resources management at the basin level: Methodology and application to the Maipo River Basin. Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI. 151p. (IFPRI Research Report 149)
Water resources development ; Watershed management ; Water use ; Water quality ; Hydrology ; Models ; Sensitivity analysis ; Water rights ; Water market ; Irrigation water ; Risk analysis / Chile / Maipo River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G516 CAI Record No: H040108)
2 Olubode-Awosola, O. O. 2006. Farm-level resource use and output supply response: A free state case study. PhD thesis submitted to the Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, South Africa. 185p.
Land reform ; Agrarian reform ; Farms ; Farmers attitudes ; Farm income ; Risk analysis ; Simulation models ; Mathematical models ; Calibration ; Irrigated farming ; Agricultural policy ; Legislation ; Trade policy ; Agricultural production ; Production costs / South Africa / Free State
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: D 338.1 G178 OLU Record No: H040263)
3 WHO. 2006. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater: Volume 2 – Wastewater use in agriculture. 3rd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 196p.
Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Guidelines ; Health hazards ; Risk analysis ; Excreta ; Diseases ; Waterborne diseases ; Bacteria ; Soils ; Vegetables ; Wastewater treatment ; Monitoring ; Assessment ; Risk management ; Water quality ; Cost benefit analysis ; Policy ; Planning
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.7284 G000 WHO Record No: H040279)
(15.48 MB)
4 Calatrava, J.; Garrido, A. 2005. Spot water markets and risk in water supply. Agricultural Economics, 33:131-143.
Water market ; Risk analysis ; Models ; Water allocation ; Irrigated farming / Spain / Guadalquivir Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 7954 Record No: H040430)
5 Mara, D.; Bos, R. 2010. Risk analysis and epidemiology: the 2006 WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.51-62. (Also in French).
Risk analysis ; Epidemiology ; Pathogens ; Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Diseases ; Public health ; Guidelines ; Risk assessment ; Simulation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042603)
(0.13 MB)
This chapter reviews the required pathogen reductions recommended in the 2006 WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater in agriculture, which are based on a tolerable additional burden of disease of =10–6 Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) loss per person per year. The quantitative microbial risk-analysis technique, combined with 10,000-trial Monte Carlo risk simulations, is detailed here and the resulting estimates of median risk for various levels of pathogen reduction for exposure via restricted and unrestricted irrigation are also presented. This enables the selection of suitable combinations of pathogen reduction measures (wastewater treatment and post-treatment health-protection measures) to be selected, so that the resulting additional burden of disease does not exceed 10–6 DALY loss per person per year.
6 Mara, D.; Hamilton, A. J.; Sleigh, A.; Karavarsamis, N.; Seidu, R. 2010. Tools for risk analysis: updating the 2006 WHO guidelines. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.89-100. (Also in French).
Risk analysis ; Guidelines ; Models ; Wastewater irrigation ; Diseases ; Public health ; Ascaris ; Vegetables ; Wastewater treatment / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042605)
(0.23 MB)
This chapter reviews developments since the WHO Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture were published in 2006. The six main developments are: the recognition that the tolerable additional disease burden may be too stringent for many developing countries; the benefits of focusing on single-event infection risks as a measure of outbreak potential when evaluating risk acceptability; a more rigorous method for estimating annual risks; the availability of dose-response data for norovirus; the use of QMRA to estimate Ascaris infection risks; and a detailed evaluation of pathogen reductions achieved by produce-washing and disinfection. Application of the developments results in more realistic estimates of the pathogen reductions required for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture and consequently permits the use of simpler wastewater treatment processes.
7 Tiongco, M. M.; Narrod, C. A.; Bidwell, K. 2010. Risk analysis integrating livelihood and economic impacts of wastewater irrigation on health. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.127-145. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Risk analysis ; Health hazards ; Pathogens ; Public health ; Economic impact
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042607)
(0.22 MB)
This chapter provides a brief review of methods and approaches for evaluating the consequences of using wastewater to irrigate vegetables. The following five objectives are considered: (a) analysing poor producers’ and consumers’ knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of the risks associated with pathogen contamination/exposure, and the economic consequences on health and livelihoods; (b) analysing the costs and benefits of non-treatment interventions at the farm level (e.g. drip irrigation and cessation of irrigation prior to harvest) and post-harvest level (e.g. washing and disinfection of vegetables after harvesting); (c) identifying costeffective interventions for reducing the risk of waterborne disease associated with wastewater use for irrigation; (d) estimating producers’ and consumers’ willingness to pay for or adopt non-treatment interventions at multiple stages along the food chain; and (e) evaluating the long-term economic and livelihood impacts of adopting those non-treatment interventions that are identified as cost-effective and targeted at poor producers and consumers. The chapter concludes by synthesizing a methodological framework for the collection and analysis of data to assess the livelihood and economic impacts of illness caused by microbial pathogens from wastewater.
8 Labite, H.; Lunani, I.; van der Steen, P.; Vairavamoorthy, K.; Drechsel, Pay; Lens, P. 2010. Quantitative microbial risk analysis to evaluate health effects of interventions in the urban water system of Accra, Ghana. Journal of Water and Health, 8(3):417-430. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.021]
Risk analysis ; Health hazards ; Pathogens ; Diseases ; Public health ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Urban areas / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042752)
(0.21 MB)
A quantitative microbial risk assessment was applied to evaluate the microbial risks of the Accra Urban Water System (AUWS). The exposure assessment was based on the count of indicator organisms in waste water from open roadside drains and in water and sand samples from the beach. The predicted total disease burden generated in a representative catchment of the AUWS (Odaw Catchment) was 36,329 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) per year, of which 12% and 88% are caused by, respectively, shortcomings in the water supply system and inappropriate sanitation. The DALYs per person per year were above the WHO reference value. The open roadside drain had the highest contribution to the disease burden. Of four possible interventions evaluated for health risk reduction, the highest efficiency in terms of DALYs averted per euro invested are achieved by providing covers for the open roadside drains.
9 Morrison, J.; Morikawa, M.; Murphy, M.; Schulte, P. 2009. Water scarcity and climate change: growing risks for businesses and investors. Boston, MA, USA: Ceres; Oakland, CA, USA: Pacific Institute. 50p.
Water management ; Water governance ; Businesses ; Industry ; Risk analysis ; Water footprint ; Water scarcity ; Climate change ; Energy
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043299)
http://www.pacinst.org/reports/business_water_climate/full_report.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043299.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043299.pdf
(965.09 KB)
10 Kurian, M.; McCarney, P. (Eds.) 2010. Peri-urban water and sanitation services: policy, planning and method. New York, NY, USA: Springer. 300p.
Water supply ; Sanitation ; Policy ; Planning ; Urban areas ; Poverty ; Climate ; Risk analysis ; Wastewater ; Domestic water ; Financing ; Municipal authorities ; Local government ; Groundwater management ; Rural areas
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.61 G000 KUR Record No: H043404)
(0.33 MB)
More than 2.6 billion people in the developing world lack access to safe water and sanitation service. The Millennium Development Goal's (MDG) target is to halve the number of people without access to a sustainable source of water supply and connection to a sewer network by 2015. That target is unlikely to be met. If there is anything that can be learnt from European experience it is that institutional reform occurs incrementally when politically enfranchised urban populations perceive a threat to their material well-being due to contamination of water sources.
11 Tomlinson, R. 2011. Thinking about GIS: Geographic Information System planning for managers. 4th ed. Redlands, CA, USA: ESRI Press. 249p. + 1 CD.
GIS ; Planning ; Methodology ; Information management ; Data management ; Case studies ; Databases ; Models ; Cost analysis ; Risk analysis ; Personnel management
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 526.0285 G000 TOM Record No: H043902)
(0.14 MB)
12 Mara, D.; Bos, R. 2011. Analyse et epidemiologie des risques: les directives de 2006 de l’OMS pour l’utilisation sans risque des eaux usees en agriculture. In French. [Risk analysis and epidemiology: the 2006 WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.53-65. (Also in English).
Risk analysis ; Epidemiology ; Pathogens ; Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Diseases ; Public health ; Guidelines ; Risk assessment ; Simulation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044460)
(5.96MB)
This chapter reviews the required pathogen reductions recommended in the 2006 WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater in agriculture, which are based on a tolerable additional burden of disease of =10–6 Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) loss per person per year. The quantitative microbial risk-analysis technique, combined with 10,000-trial Monte Carlo risk simulations, is detailed here and the resulting estimates of median risk for various levels of pathogen reduction for exposure via restricted and unrestricted irrigation are also presented. This enables the selection of suitable combinations of pathogen reduction measures (wastewater treatment and post-treatment health-protection measures) to be selected, so that the resulting additional burden of disease does not exceed 10–6 DALY loss per person per year.
13 Mara, D.; Hamilton, A. J.; Sleigh, A.; Karavarsamis, N.; Seidu, R. 2011. Outils pour l’analyse des risques: mise a jour des directives de 2006 de l’OMS. In French. [Tools for risk analysis: updating the 2006 WHO guidelines]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.95-108. (Also in English).
Risk analysis ; Guidelines ; Models ; Wastewater irrigation ; Diseases ; Public health ; Ascaris ; Vegetables ; Wastewater treatment / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044462)
(5.96MB)
This chapter reviews developments since the WHO Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture were published in 2006. The six main developments are: the recognition that the tolerable additional disease burden may be too stringent for many developing countries; the benefits of focusing on single-event infection risks as a measure of outbreak potential when evaluating risk acceptability; a more rigorous method for estimating annual risks; the availability of dose-response data for norovirus; the use of QMRA to estimate Ascaris infection risks; and a detailed evaluation of pathogen reductions achieved by produce-washing and disinfection. Application of the developments results in more realistic estimates of the pathogen reductions required for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture and consequently permits the use of simpler wastewater treatment processes.
14 Tiongco, M. M.; Narrod, C. A.; Bidwell, K. 2011. Analyse des risques integrant les moyens de subsistance et les consequences economiques de l’irrigation avec des eaux usees sur la sante. In French. [Risk analysis integrating livelihood and economic impacts of wastewater irrigation on health]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.139-158. (Also in English).
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Risk analysis ; Health hazards ; Pathogens ; Public health ; Economic impact
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044464)
(5.96MB)
This chapter provides a brief review of methods and approaches for evaluating the consequences of using wastewater to irrigate vegetables. The following five objectives are considered: (a) analysing poor producers’ and consumers’ knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of the risks associated with pathogen contamination/exposure, and the economic consequences on health and livelihoods; (b) analysing the costs and benefits of non-treatment interventions at the farm level (e.g. drip irrigation and cessation of irrigation prior to harvest) and post-harvest level (e.g. washing and disinfection of vegetables after harvesting); (c) identifying costeffective interventions for reducing the risk of waterborne disease associated with wastewater use for irrigation; (d) estimating producers’ and consumers’ willingness to pay for or adopt non-treatment interventions at multiple stages along the food chain; and (e) evaluating the long-term economic and livelihood impacts of adopting those non-treatment interventions that are identified as cost-effective and targeted at poor producers and consumers. The chapter concludes by synthesizing a methodological framework for the collection and analysis of data to assess the livelihood and economic impacts of illness caused by microbial pathogens from wastewater.
15 Seidu, R.; Lofman, O.; Drechsel, Pay; Stenstrom, T. A. 2013. Risk factor analysis of diarrhoeal disease incidence in faecal sludge-applying farmers’ households in Tamale, Ghana. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 3(2):134-143. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.042]
Sewage sludge ; Excreta ; Agriculture ; Diarrhoea ; Risk analysis ; Households ; Farmers ; Statistical analysis ; Socioeconomic environment / Ghana / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045758)
(0.27 MB)
This study assesses the effect of risk factors and their inter-related mediation on diarrhoeal disease incidence in households applying faecal sludge in agricultural fields in Tamale, Ghana. Risk factors were assigned to three inter-related blocks: distal socio-economic, proximal public and domestic domains. The study involved 1,431 individuals living in 165 faecal sludge-applying households followed bi-weekly for 12 months. The incidence rate of diarrhoeal disease in the sludge-applying households was 1.09 (95% CI: 0.78–1.23) diarrhoeal episodes per person year at risk. Risk factors for diarrhoeal disease transmission in the public domain included sludge drying time (population attributable fraction (PAF) of 6%) and distance covered to collect water (PAF¼ 18%). The main distal socio-economic risk factor was wealth status (PAF¼ 15%). In the domestic domain, the risk factor significantly associated with diarrhoeal disease transmission was, not washing hands with soap after defecation (PAF ¼ 18%). About 17% of the effect of sludge drying time (including distance to water facilities) was mediated by the domestic domain risk factors. The study recommends risk management strategies in sludge-applying households that address public and domestic domain risk factors in addition to specific farm level interventions.
16 Mulligan, M. 2012. The water resource implications for and of FDI [Foreign Direct Investment] projects in Africa. In Allan, T.; Keulertz, M.; Sojamo, S.; Warner, J. (Eds.). Handbook of land and water grabs in Africa: foreign direct investment and food and water security. London, UK: Routledge. pp.384-405.
Water resources ; Water balance ; Water productivity ; Foreign investment ; Land use ; Indicators ; Vegetation ; Farmland ; Crop production ; Pastures ; Rangelands ; River basins ; Rain ; Risk analysis / Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 ALL Record No: H045690)
17 Rodriguez, D.; Suardi, M.; Ham, M.; Mimmi, L.; Goksu, A. 2014. Applying results-based financing in water investments. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank. 81p. (World Bank Water Papers 89326)
Economic aspects ; Financing ; Investment ; Markets ; Water supply ; Water power ; Sanitation ; Households ; Subsidies ; Irrigation development ; Environmental services ; User charges ; Incentives ; Farmers ; Flood control ; Risk analysis ; Indicators ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046875)
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/07/08/000469775_20140708142813/Rendered/PDF/893260WP0Box380ng0Water0Investments.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046875.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046875.pdf
(1.40 MB) (1.40 MB)
18 Yamaswari, I. A. C.; Kazbekov, Jusipbek; Lautze, Jonathan; Wegerich, Kai. 2016. Sleeping with the enemy?: capturing internal risks in the logical framework of a water management project. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32(1):116-134. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1058766]
Water management ; Projects ; Risk analysis ; Uncertainty ; International waters ; Cooperation ; Water resources ; Budgets ; River basins / Central Asia / Ferghana Valley / Syr Darya basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Record No: H047105)
(224 KB)
Logframes are fundamental to contemporary development. However, there are ongoing debates about their efficacy. This paper pinpoints the limitations of the logframe approach in a water project in Central Asia. Issues surrounding logframes are identified. These include addressing internal risks; the use of baseline studies for the accuracy of assumptions; the ability to adapt under an inflexible budget; and linking the logframe and contract. Findings show that rigid planning may constrain effective project implementation. Greater flexibility through embedded learning and adaptation, adjustable budgets and meaningful mainstreaming of risks may equip projects to cope with uncertainties to achieve sustainability.
19 Project Management Institute. 2013. A guide to the project management body of knowledge. (PMBOK guide). 5th ed. Newtown Square, PA, USA: Project Management Institute. 589p.
Project management ; Guidelines ; Standards ; Corporate culture ; Time management ; Human resources management ; Communication ; Cost analysis ; Budgets ; Risk management ; Risk analysis ; Procurement planning ; Quality assurance ; Quality controls ; Monitoring ; Planning ; Integrated management ; Stakeholders ; Techniques
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 658.404 G000 PRO Record No: H047336)
(0.67 MB)
20 Cooley, H.; Cohen, M.; Heberger, M.; Rippman, H. 2015. Incentive-based instruments for water management: synthesis review. Oakland, CA, USA: Pacific Institute; New York, NY, USA: Foundation Center; Rockefeller Foundation. 104p.
Water management ; Incentives ; Water market ; Water rates ; Pricing ; Water supply ; Water quality ; Ecosystem services ; Watershed services ; Agriculture ; Water use ; User charges ; Water rights ; Private sector ; Investment ; Risk analysis ; Economic impact ; Environmental policy ; Social impact / Australia / USA / Murray Darling Basin / Colorado River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047453)
http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2016/02/issuelab_23697.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047453.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047453.pdf
(3.19 MB) (3.19 MB)
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