Your search found 114 records
1 Sanders, J. H.; Shapiro, B. I.; Ramaswamy, S. 1996. The economics of agricultural technology in semiarid Sub-Saharan Africa. London, UK: Johns Hopkins University Press. 303p. (The Johns Hopkins Studies in Development)
Agriculture ; Technology ; Economic aspects ; Crops ; Organic fertilizers ; Soil fertility ; Risk ; Gender ; Women ; Livestock production ; Policy / Africa South of Sahara / Burkina Faso / Mali / Sudano-Guinean Zone
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 338.16 G100 SAN Record No: H043508)
2 Cooley, H.; Christian-Smith, J.; Gleick, P. H.; Allen, L.; Cohen, M. 2009. Understanding and reducing the risks of climate change for transboundary waters. Oakland, CA, USA: Pacific Institute. 43p.
Risk ; Climate change ; International waters ; Rivers ; Aquifers ; International law ; Water management ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; Drought ; Water quality ; Water demand ; Water allocation ; River basins ; Case studies / Africa / South East Asia / USA / Nile River Basin / Mekong River Basin / Colorado River Basin / Guarani Aquifer / Guarani Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043288)
http://www.pacinst.org/reports/transboundary_waters/transboundary_water_and_climate_report.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043288.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043288.pdf
(1.19 MB)
3 Mapedza, Everisto; McLeman, R. 2019. Drought risks in developing regions: challenges and opportunities. In Mapedza, Everisto; Tsegai, D.; Bruntrup, M.; McLeman, R. (Eds.). Drought challenges: policy options for developing countries. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. pp.1-14. (Current Directions in Water Scarcity Research Volume 2) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814820-4.00001-8]
Drought ; Risk ; Adaptation ; Resilience ; Weather hazards ; Developing countries ; Temperature ; Precipitation ; Rain ; Early warning systems ; Monitoring ; Policy ; Living standards ; Population growth
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049367)
(3.52 MB)
4 Loch, A.; Adamson, D.; Dumbrell, N. P. 2020. The fifth stage in water management: policy lessons for water governance. Water Resources Research, 56(5):e2019WR026714. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR026714]
Water resources ; Water management ; Water policy ; Water governance ; Water market ; Water demand ; Water use ; Water supply ; Risk ; Political aspects ; Technology ; Uncertainty / Australia / Murray Darling Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049769)
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2019WR026714
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049769.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049769.pdf
(1.22 MB) (1.22 MB)
Effective management of water resources is a critical policy issue globally. Using a framework developed by Turton, and a common set of characteristics describing key stages of water demand, we examine the effectiveness of isolated technical (e.g., irrigation upgrades) and allocative (e.g., buyback) efficiency for reducing water demand to sustainable levels. We base our analysis on Australia's water reform context which offers an advanced example of applying these levers to achieve allocative and technical efficiency. The study is motivated by appreciation of the benefits from increased policy flexibility and adaptability in response to the following: potential transformations toward inflexible production systems; uncertainty associated with impacts of climate change on future water reliability; and the need for increased possible future equity between uses/users (productive/consumptive, environmental, cultural). Our results highlight that a balance between technical and allocative efficiency mechanisms is necessary, as neither is sufficient in isolation, when seeking to reduce total water use. This approach also enables a clearer representation of uncertainty in future policy choices in many global settings with respect to water demand reduction.
5 Hall, J. W.; Borgomeo, Edoardo; Mortazavi-Naeini, M.; Wheeler, K. 2020. Water resource system modelling and decision analysis. In Dadson, S. J.; Garrick, D. E.; Penning-Rowsell, E. C.; Hall, J. W.; Hope, R.; Hughes, J. (Eds.). Water science, policy, and management: a global challenge. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley and Sons. pp.257-273.
Water resources ; Modelling ; Decision analysis ; Decision making ; Hydrology ; Simulation models ; Water supply ; Sustainability ; Planning ; Uncertainty ; Climate change ; Risk ; Economic aspects ; Environmental impact
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049801)
(0.20 MB)
6 Manzanedo, R. D.; Manning, P. 2020. COVID-19: lessons for the climate change emergency. Science of the Total Environment, 742:140563. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140563]
Climate change ; Coronavirus disease ; Pandemics ; Policy making ; Risk ; Social impact ; Economic aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049820)
(1.06 MB)
The ongoing COVID-19 outbreak pandemic is now a global crisis. It has caused 9+ million confirmed cases and 400,000+ deaths at the time of writing and triggered unprecedented preventative measures that have confined a substantial portion of the global population and established ‘social distancing’ as a new global behavioral norm. The COVID-19 crisis has affected all aspects of everyday life and work, and heavily impacted the global economy. This crisis also offers unprecedented insights into how the global climate crisis may be managed, as there are many parallels between the COVID-19 crisis and what we expect from the imminent global climate emergency. Reflecting upon the challenges of today's crisis may help us better prepare for the future. Here we compile a list, by no means comprehensive, of the similarities and differences between the two crises, and the lessons we can learn from them: (i) High momentum trends, (ii) Irreversible changes, (iii) Social and spatial inequality, (iv) Weakening of international solidarity, and (v) Less costly to prevent than to cure.
7 de Janvry, A.; Sadoulet, E. 2020. Using agriculture for development: supply- and demand-side approaches. World Development, 133:105003. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105003]
Agricultural development ; Rural areas ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Market access ; Value chains ; Risk ; Insurance ; Investment ; Industrialization ; Farming systems ; Innovation ; Community involvement ; Institutions ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Government ; Poverty
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049825)
(0.65 MB)
For most poor countries of today, using agriculture for development is widely recognized as a promising strategy. Yet, in these countries, investment in agriculture has mostly been lagging relative to international norms and recommendations. Current wisdom on how to use agriculture for development is that it requires asset building for smallholder farmers, productivity growth in staple foods, an agricultural transformation (diversification of farming systems toward high value crops), and a rural transformation (value addition through rural non-farm activities linked to agriculture). This sequence has too often been hampered by extensive market and government failures. We outline a theory of change where the removal of market and government failures to use this Agriculture for Development strategy can be addressed through two contrasted and complementary approaches. One is from the “supply-side” where public and social agents (governments, international and bilateral development agencies, NGOs, donors) intervene to help farmers overcome the major constraints to adoption: liquidity, risk, information, and access to markets. The other is from the “demand-side” where private agents (entrepreneurs, producer organizations) create incentives for smallholder farmers to modernize through contracting and vertical coordination in value chains. We review the extensive literature that has explored ways of using Agriculture for Development through these two approaches. We conclude by noting that the supply-side approach has benefited from extensive research but met with limited success. The demand-side approach has promise, but received insufficient attention and is in need of additional rigorous research which we outline.
8 Kulkarni, B. N.; Anantharama, V. 2020. Repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic on municipal solid waste management: challenges and opportunities. Science of the Total Environment, 743:140693. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140693]
Coronavirus disease ; Pandemics ; Waste management ; Solid wastes ; Municipal wastes ; Waste collection ; Waste treatment ; Recycling ; Landfills ; Public health ; Risk ; Developing countries ; Socioeconomic environment ; Households
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049832)
(0.96 MB)
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused global emergency and has raised social and economic concerns which will also spill over to environmental issues. Amid this natural experiment, current study evaluates prevailing municipal solid waste (MSW) management practices, with the emphasis on MSW treatment and disposal facilities in select developed and developing countries. The data and information used in this paper is collected from several scientific research papers from different disciplines, publications from governments and multilateral agencies and media reports. Despite limited literature on MSW management during such pandemics, this article presets a global backdrop of MSW management during COVID-19 outbreak and examines various aspects of MSW management. Discussion includes identifying parameters of disease transmission through solid waste handling, consequences of medical waste surge on current municipal waste treatment and disposal systems. Further, based on previous pandemic and disaster waste management studies, this study also presents challenges and opportunities in the aftermath of the ongoing pandemic. The paper recommends alternatives approaches for MSW treatment and disposal and outlines the future scope of work to achieve sustainable waste management during and aftermath of the pandemics.
9 Mekonen, A. A.; Berlie, A. B.; Ferede, M. B. 2020. Spatial and temporal drought incidence analysis in the northeastern highlands of Ethiopia. Geoenvironmental Disasters, 7:10. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-020-0146-4]
Drought ; Highlands ; Precipitation ; Rain ; Risk ; Living standards ; Food security ; Crop production ; Livestock ; Policies / Ethiopia / South Wollo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049840)
https://geoenvironmental-disasters.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40677-020-0146-4
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049840.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049840.pdf
(2.27 MB) (2.27 MB)
This study investigated the space-time drought incidence in the northeastern highlands of Ethiopia using monthly rainfall data. It also aims to predict drought events for 100 years. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was used to compute the drought severity classes of rainy months and seasons at 1-, 4- and 8-months timesteps. The Mann-Kendall’s test and Sen’s slope estimator were used to analyze the trends of drought events and to determine the magnitude of change. Inverse Distance Weighted spatial analysis tool was used to illustrate the spatial patterns of the drought risk events. The study detected extreme severe droughts in the belg rainy months in March 2008 and April 1984. However, during the belg season, the year 1999 was the driest for the recorded periods. On the other hand, the extremely severe droughts were observed during the kiremt rainy months of July 1987 and 2015, August 1984, and September 2009. In general, 1984, 1987 and 2015 were the driest years recorded in the kiremt season. The study noted that the drought risk events of months in the belg season were threefold greater than that of the months in kiremt season under moderate drought intensity class. Equally, the drought risk events of months in kiremt season were threefold greater than that of the belg season under extreme drought intensity class. Complex spatial variations of drought risk events were also observed in 1-, 4- and 8-months timesteps. During the belg seasons, the southern half was subjected to more frequent drought risk events while the northern half experienced more frequent drought risk events during kiremt season. Almost the eastern half of the livelihood zones experienced higher drought frequency events than the other parts in the 8-month timestep. The observed space-time drought risk event analysis has shown a potential threat to the rainfed agricultural practices that have a great influence on the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. Hence, documentation and assessment of drought risk events based on the livelihood zones are essential for drought risk management, early warning responses, local-scale planning and food security management. Finally, the study recommended further research on additional indices of climatic variables such as evapotranspiration and soil water content.
10 Rao, Krishna C.; Velidandla, S.; Scott, C. L.; Drechsel, Pay. 2020. Business models for fecal sludge management in India. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 199p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 18: Special Issue) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.209]
Resource recovery ; Resource management ; Reuse ; Faecal sludge ; Waste management ; Business models ; Value chains ; Waste treatment ; Desludging ; Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Solid wastes ; Septic tanks ; Toilets ; Waste disposal ; Transport ; Treatment plants ; Urban areas ; Public-private partnerships ; Stakeholders ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Financial viability ; Funding ; Marketing ; Pricing ; Investment ; Operating costs ; Cost recovery ; Benefits ; Profitability ; Risk ; Technology ; Government procurement ; Taxes ; Energy recovery ; Nutrients ; Biogas ; Composting ; Households ; Case studies / India / Tamil Nadu / Gujarat / Telangana / Bihar / Kerala / Maharashtra / Rajasthan / Delhi / Uttar Pradesh / Odisha / Jammu and Kashmir / Karnataka / West Bengal / Panaji / Goa / Chennai
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050010)
(9.13 MB)
Globally, 50% of the population relies on on-site sanitation systems (OSS) such as septic tanks and pit latrines and is, hence, in need of Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) solutions. India is a classic example, given that its government built more than 100 million toilets with the majority relying on OSS. With 400 fecal sludge treatment plants (FSTPs) in various stages of planning, procurement and construction, this report comes at an opportune time to present findings on FSM business models already implemented across India.
Interviews were conducted with a total of 105 Emptying and Transport (E&T) operators in 72 towns and cities across 16 states in India, 22 representatives from municipalities that own emptying vehicles, 18 FSTP operators and more than 30 institutions. In addition, procurement tenders for E&T and FSTPs in 13 states were analyzed.
In total, 18 business models were identified, several with energy or nutrient recovery components. The analysis of E&T operators revealed clear differences that steer a business towards success or failure. The majority of operators still dispose fecal sludge in an unsafe manner, due to the lack of official disposal or treatment sites. In comparison to sewer networks, the capital and operating costs (per capita) of FSTPs were significantly lower. The report provides evidence-based discussions on policies and recommendations for scaling and sustaining FSM.
Interviews were conducted with a total of 105 Emptying and Transport (E&T) operators in 72 towns and cities across 16 states in India, 22 representatives from municipalities that own emptying vehicles, 18 FSTP operators and more than 30 institutions. In addition, procurement tenders for E&T and FSTPs in 13 states were analyzed.
In total, 18 business models were identified, several with energy or nutrient recovery components. The analysis of E&T operators revealed clear differences that steer a business towards success or failure. The majority of operators still dispose fecal sludge in an unsafe manner, due to the lack of official disposal or treatment sites. In comparison to sewer networks, the capital and operating costs (per capita) of FSTPs were significantly lower. The report provides evidence-based discussions on policies and recommendations for scaling and sustaining FSM.
11 Issahaku, G.; Abdulai, A. 2020. Adoption of climate-smart practices and its impact on farm performance and risk exposure among smallholder farmers in Ghana. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 64(2):396-420. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12357]
Agricultural practices ; Climate-smart agriculture ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Climate change ; Impact assessment ; Risk ; Soil conservation ; Water conservation ; Temperature ; Rain ; Households ; Models / Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049970)
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1467-8489.12357
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049970.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049970.pdf
(0.32 MB) (328 KB)
Increased climate variability during the last four decades has made the agricultural environment in many developing countries more uncertain, resulting in increasing exposure to risk when producing crops. In this study, we use recent farm-level data from Ghana to examine the drivers of individual and joint adoption of crop choice and soil and water conservation practices, and how adoption of these practices impacts on farm performance (crop revenue) and exposure to risks (skewness of crop yield). We employ a multinomial endogenous switching regression model to account for selectivity bias due to both observable and unobservable factors. The empirical results reveal that farmers’ adoption of crop choice and soil and water conservation leads to higher crop revenues and reduced riskiness in crop production, with the largest impact on crop revenues coming from joint adoption. The findings also show that education of the household head, access to extension and weather information influence the likelihood of adopting these practices. Thus, enhancing extension services and access to climate information and irrigation can reduce gaps in adoption of soil and water conservation and crop choice, considered as climate-smart practices that will eventually improve crop revenues and reduce farmers’ exposure to climate-related production risks.
12 Inkani, A. I.; Saleh, H.; Rumah, M. M. 2020. Toward tackling urban water scarcity: linking risk, vulnerability adaptive capacity and adaptation at household level. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 24p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2020.1776228]
Water scarcity ; Urban areas ; Vulnerability ; Risk ; Households ; Adaptation ; Climate change ; Water resources ; Water demand ; Water availability ; Water supply ; Infrastructure ; Rain / Nigeria / Katsina
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049985)
(1.00 MB)
This study examined vulnerability and adaptation to water scarcity in three towns located within three rainfall zones of Katsina state, Nigeria, using a questionnaire survey of 360 households, which was complimented with FGD and field-based observations, and use of vulnerability assessment indices. The results showed that the households are generally experiencing high vulnerability to water scarcity. The vulnerability is increasing from the south to the northern rainfall zones of the state. The households employ multiple strategies in adapting to water scarcity. The strategies employed, however, vary clearly among the households and between the three rainfall zones. Demand-side adaptation strategies are the ones being employed most, with fewer households employing supply-side management strategies. The key factors limiting adaptation to water scarcity in the areas were technological, social, economic and political/institutional in nature. Suggestions were made toward evolving an integrated approach for improved water scarcity adaptation in the area.
13 Etana, D.; Snelder, D. J. R. M.; van Wesenbeeck, C. F. A.; De Cock Buning, T. 2020. Climate change, in-situ adaptation, and migration decisions of smallholder farmers in central Ethiopia. Migration and Development, 26p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2020.1827538]
Climate change adaptation ; Migration ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Decision making ; Rain ; Vulnerability ; Resilience ; Food security ; Diversification ; Risk ; Strategies ; Temperature ; Households ; Living standards ; Models / Ethiopia / Oromia / Kimbibit / Kuyu / Boset
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050026)
(1.55 MB)
Despite a surge of literature on migration and climate change, evidence on the impact of climate change and variability on migration is inconclusive and the roles of in-situ adaptation strategies in migration decisions are unclear. Focusing on smallholder farmers in central Ethiopia, this study investigates the effects of climate variables and the use of in-situ adaptation strategies on households’ migration decisions. The data were analysed using a multi-level discrete-time event-history model. The results show that rainfall increase during the short rainy season [March–May] reduces migration and that of the long rainy season [June–September] increases migration. Early onset of rain during both seasons reduces migration whereas late onset increases migration. The propensity to migrate was low for households using crop diversification but high for those changing crop type and engaging in non-farm activities. The findings suggest that rainfall amount and variability instigate migration for survival among vulnerable farmers through its adverse effect on crop production and food availability. Rainfall-related livelihood problems can be addressed and distress migration can be reduced through agro-technical supports of in-situ adaptation, promoting gainful employment in rural areas, increasing income-earning capacities of potential migrants, and widening pro-poor employment opportunities in urban areas.
14 Owusu, V.; Ma, W.; Renwick, A.; Emuah, D. 2020. Does the use of climate information contribute to climate change adaptation?: evidence from Ghana. Climate and Development, 15p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2020.1844612]
Climate change adaptation ; Information services ; Weather forecasting ; Strategies ; Agricultural production ; Risk ; Policies ; Households ; Smallholders ; Communities ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Models / Africa South of Sahara / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050090)
(2.29 MB)
This study examines how the use of climate information affects climate change adaptation measure adopted by household heads, using data collected from the Upper West region of Ghana. By estimating a recursive bivariate probit model, we show that the use of climate information has no significant impact on the adoption of a climate change adaptation measure. Household heads’ decision to adopt a climate change adaptation measure is positively and significantly affected by household size, membership in the farmer-based organization and their perceptions on climate variability. Household heads’ decision to use climate information is mainly driven by their marital status, access to extension services, perceptions on climate variability and TV ownership. Our findings highlight the importance of facilitating the formations of farmer-based organizations and increasing the farmer-to-extension ratio to facilitate the use of climate information and the design of climate change adaptation interventions.
15 Nikiema, Josiane; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Asiedu, Zipporah; Saad, Dalia; Lamizana, B. 2020. Water pollution by plastics and microplastics: a review of technical solutions from source to sea. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 112p.
Water pollution ; Plastics ; Microplastics ; Waste management ; Sea pollution ; Freshwater pollution ; Contamination ; Water quality ; Wastewater treatment ; Treatment plants ; Recycling ; Technology ; Drinking water treatment ; Industrial wastewater ; Costs ; Municipal wastewater ; Solid wastes ; Sewage sludge ; Landfill leachates ; Waste incineration ; Risk ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Developing countries ; Policies ; Energy recovery ; Wetlands / USA / Europe / China
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050126)
https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/34424/WPMM.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050126.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050126.pdf
(2.63 MB) (26.6 MB)
16 Nikiema, Josiane; Asiedu, Zipporah; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Saad, Dalia; Lamizana, B. 2020. Catalogue of technologies to address the risks of contamination of water bodies with plastics and microplastics. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 62p.
Water pollution ; Plastics ; Microplastics ; Contamination ; Risk ; Waste management ; Wastewater treatment ; Technology ; Treatment plants ; Recycling ; Drinking water treatment ; Sewage sludge ; Landfill leachates ; Waste incineration ; Industrial wastewater ; Effluents ; Filtration ; Sea pollution ; Wetlands ; Cost benefit analysis ; Maintenance ; Developing countries ; Gender ; Women ; Policies ; Investment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050127)
https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/34423/CTWM.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050127.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050127.pdf
(1.53 MB) (15.0 MB)
17 Loch, A.; Adamson, D.; Auricht, C. 2020. (g)etting to the point: the problem with water risk and uncertainty. Water Resources and Economics, 32:100154. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wre.2019.100154]
Water resources ; Risk ; Uncertainty ; Water supply ; Transaction costs ; Investment ; Decision making ; Water requirements ; Policies ; Assessment ; Institutions ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050130)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212428419300350/pdfft?md5=ce9a881b97ccfc90dec6d04b95107b1d&pid=1-s2.0-S2212428419300350-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050130.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050130.pdf
(1.08 MB) (1.08 MB)
Where we may be aware that a problem exists, but have only an incomplete description of the drivers and/or possible management solutions, we will be unaware/uncertain about future returns from, and risks to, private and public investments in capital (i.e. social, natural, economic, cultural and political). This paper explores the unawareness/uncertainty problem by coupling Arrow's states of nature approach for dealing with uncertainty with Rothschild and Stiglitz's exploration of inputs and increasing risk. This results in a modified Just-Pope production function equation isolating inputs to i) protect base capital (natural, social or private) and/or ii) generate an output. By exploring water input supply unawareness via alternative states of nature we may identify tipping points where current technology fails, resulting in irreversible losses of private and public capital tied to water inputs. We conclude by discussing the value of quantifying minimum-input requirements and identifying critical tipping-point outcomes in water systems, increased benefits/risks from transformed landscapes chasing higher economic returns, and the need for adaptive public arrangements in response. These insights may help us to understand future risk to natural capital from rising incentives to steal increasingly constrained resources that may trigger revised risk-sharing arrangements, and some limits to analyses relying on perfect foresight requirements by decision-makers.
18 Yu, W.; Rex, William; McCartney, Matthew; Uhlenbrook, Stefan; von Gnechten, Rachel; Priscoli, J. D. 2021. Storing water: a new integrated approach for resilient development. Stockholm, Sweden: Global Water Partnership (GWP); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 28p. (GWP Perspectives Paper 13)
Water storage ; Integrated management ; Water resources ; Water management ; Sustainable development ; Climate change ; Resilience ; Socioeconomic development ; Water supply ; Infrastructure ; Water demand ; Risk ; Rainfall patterns ; Soil moisture ; Groundwater ; Aquifers ; Dams ; Lakes ; River basins ; Glaciers ; Reservoirs ; Wetlands
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050263)
https://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/toolbox/publications/perspective-papers/perspectives-paper-on-water-storage.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050263.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050263.pdf
(0.99 MB) (0.99 MB)
This paper outlines a new and integrated water storage agenda for resilient development in a world increasingly characterised by water stress and climate uncertainty and variability. Storing water has long been a cornerstone of socio-economic development, particularly for societies exposed to large climatic variability. Nature has always supplied the bulk of water storage on earth, but built storage has increased significantly, particularly over the twentieth century. Today, numerous countries suffer from water storage gaps and increasingly variable precipitation, threatening sustainable development and even societal stability. There is a growing need to develop more storage types and manage existing storage better. At the same time, the policy, engineering, and scientific communities may not fully recognise the extent of these storage gaps and how best to manage them. There are large and uncertain costs and benefits of different types of storage, and developing storage can be risky and controversial. Although there is consensus that built and natural storage are fundamentally complementary, there is still no pragmatic agenda to guide future integrated water storage development. This paper argues that water storage should be recognised as a service rather than only a facility. More than volumes of water stored behind a dam or in a watershed, what ultimately matters is the ability to provide different services at a particular time and place with a given level of assurance. Integrated storage systems should be developed and managed to deliver a targeted service standard. This will reduce the costs of new storage development and make the benefits more sustainable. As this paper demonstrates, there are numerous data gaps pertaining to water storage, as well as a need for greater clarity on some key concepts. This paper does not introduce new data or research but rather provides a review of some of the current knowledge and issues around water storage, and outlines a new, integrated and constructive water storage agenda for the decades to come.
19 Sammie, B.; Mupfiga, E.; Mwadzingeni, L.; Chitata, T.; Mugandani, R. 2021. A gendered lens to self-evaluated and actual climate change knowledge. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 11(1):65-75. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-020-00641-6]
Climate change adaptation ; Gender ; Women's participation ; Vulnerability ; Trends ; Temperature ; Droughts ; Rain ; Risk ; Households ; Rural areas / Zimbabwe / Matabeleland / Beitbridge
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050225)
(0.38 MB)
Gender-sensitive and gender-responsive approaches are important to increase adaptive capacity in a changing climate given the gendered nature of exposure levels to climate shocks. Nonetheless, knowledge and perception of the public to climate change influence behavioural intention to adapt. While literature is replete with public perception and adaptation strategies to climate change, there is a dearth of information exploring the influence of gender on climate change knowledge. This paper employs quantitative and qualitative data to examine the influence of gender on knowledge in climate trends in Beitbridge Rural District, Zimbabwe, using questionnaire surveys. This survey tool consisted of demographic questions on gender and other variables. Our results indicate that compared to women, actual knowledge of trends in selected variables of climate change was higher among men. Furthermore, male respondents had higher self-evaluated knowledge on climate trends compared to female participants. We recommend gender disaggregated data in the vulnerability and adaptation assessments and the education, training and awareness sections of the National Communications to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change.
20 Ziervogel, G.; Enqvist, J.; Metelerkamp, L.; van Breda, J. 2021. Supporting transformative climate adaptation: community-level capacity building and knowledge co-creation in South Africa. Climate Policy, 17p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1863180]
Climate change adaptation ; Capacity building ; Community organizations ; Local knowledge ; Learning ; Collaboration ; Risk ; Vulnerability ; Water governance ; Developing countries ; Sustainability ; Empowerment ; Policies / South Africa / Cape Town
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050235)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14693062.2020.1863180
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050235.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050235.pdf
(1.94 MB) (1.94 MB)
Calls for transformative adaptation to climate change require attention to the type of capacity building that can support it. Community-level capacity building can help to ensure ownership and legitimacy of longer-term interventions. Given that marginalized communities are highly vulnerable to climate risk, it is important to build their capacity to adapt locally and to integrate their perspectives into higher-level adaptation measures. Current adaptation policy does not pay sufficient attention to this. Using a Cape Town-based project on water governance in low-income urban settlements, this paper explores how a transdisciplinary research project supported capacity building. Our findings suggest that knowledge co-creation at the community level is central to the capacity building that is needed in order to inform transformative adaptation. The collaborative methodology used is also important; we illustrate how a transdisciplinary approach can contribute to transformative adaptation where knowledge is co-produced to empower community-level actors and organizations to assert their perspectives with greater confidence and legitimacy. We argue that if capacity building processes shift from the top-down transferal of existing knowledge to the co-creation of contextual understandings, they have the potential to deliver more transformative adaptation. By considering diverse sources of knowledge and knowledge systems, capacity building can start to confront inequalities and shift dominant power dynamics. Adaptation policy could provide more guidance and support for community-level transdisciplinary processes that can enable this type of transformative adaptation.
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