Your search found 58 records
1 Momba, M. N. B.; Malakate, V. K.; Theron, J. 2006. Abundance of pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Vibrio cholerae in Nkonkobe drinking water sources. Journal of Water and Health, 4(3):289-296.
Drinking water ; Groundwater ; Surface water ; Water pollution ; Pathogens ; Waterborne diseases ; Villages ; Public health ; Risks / South Africa / Nkonkobe
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 7620 Record No: H039327)
2 Schmoll, O.; Howard, G.; Chilton, J.; Chorus, I. (Eds.) 2006. Protecting groundwater for health: Managing the quality of drinking-warter sources. London, UK: IWA Publishing for WHO. 678p.
Drinking water ; Water quality ; Public health ; Groundwater management ; Aquifers ; Pollution control ; Aquifers ; Catchment areas ; Legal aspects ; Legislation ; Pathogens ; Risks ; Hydrology ; Irrigation water ; Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Sanitation ; Industrialization ; Waste disposal ; Waste management
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 613.287 G000 SCH Record No: H040321)
3 Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C.; Klutse, A. 2007. Effectiveness of common and improved sanitary washing methods in selected cities of West Africa for the reduction of coliform bacteria and helminth eggs on vegetables. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12(Suppl.2):39-49.
Wastewater irrigation ; Coliform bacteria ; Pathogens ; Vegetables ; Cleaning ; Washing / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 Record No: H040507)
4 WHO. 2003. Emerging issues in water and infectious diseases. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 22p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 616.071 G000 WHO Record No: H040531)
5 Cofie, Olufunke. (Ed.) 2003. Co-composting of faecal sludge and solid waste for urban and peri-urban agriculture in Kumasi, Ghana. Final report of a pilot project implemented by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in collaboration with the Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly (KMA) and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology (KNUST); Department of Water & Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG). 124p.
Composting ; Waste management ; Sanitation ; Wastewater ; Urban agriculture ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Risks ; Pathogens ; Case studies ; Marketing ; Costs ; Economic aspects / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 631.875 G200 COF Record No: H040973)
http://www.pseau.org/epa/gdda/Actions/Action_A09/Rapport_final_A09.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H040973.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H040973.pdf
(1.67MB)
6 Amoah, Philip. 2008. Wastewater irrigated vegetable production: contamination pathway for health risk reduction in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale, Ghana. Thesis submitted to the Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Science. 202p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Contamination ; Risks ; Pathogens ; Public health ; Agricultural workers ; Diseases ; Health hazards ; Risk management ; Biological analysis ; Coliform bacteria ; Helminths ; Soils ; Analytical methods ; Pesticides ; Irrigation practices / Ghana / Accra / Kumasi / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 AMO Record No: H041491)
7 Amoah, Philip. 2008. Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: sources of pathogen contamination and risk elimination. In Parrot, L.; Njoya, A.; Temple, L.; Assogba-Komlan, F.; Kahane, R.; Ba Diao, M.; Havard, M. (Eds.). Agriculture and urban development in Sub-Saharan Africa: environment and health issues. Paris, France: L'Harmattan. pp.123-132. (Collection Ethique Economique)
Irrigated farming ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Irrigation water ; Water quality ; Pathogens ; Water pollution ; Health hazards ; Urban agriculture ; Periurban areas ; Soil sampling / Ghana / Kumasi / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041924)
(0.10 MB)
8 Halalsheh, L.; Ghunmi, L. A.; Al-Alami, N.; Fayyad, M. 2008. Fate of pathogens in tomato plants and soil irrigated with secondary treated wastewater. In Qadir, Manzoor (Ed.) 2008. Sustainable management of wastewater for agriculture: proceedings of the First Bridging Workshop, Aleppo, Syria, 11-15 November 2007. Aleppo, Syria: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) pp.86-106.
Pathogens ; Tomatoes ; Drip irrigation ; Irrigated soils ; Wastewater treatment ; Health hazards ; Water reuse ; Wastewater irrigation ; Greenhouse effect / Jordan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 GG30 QAD Record No: H042145)
http://www.icarda.org/Announcement/2009/Int_Workshop_on_Saline_Water/2008ProcFirstBridgingWorkshop.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041867.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041867.pdf
9 Vanderzalm, J.; Sidhu, J.; Bekele, E.; Ying, G. G.; Pavelic, P.; Toze, S.; Dillon, P.; Kookana, R.; Hanna, J.; Barry, K.; Yu, X. Y.; Nicholson, B.; Morran, J.; Tanner, S.; Short, S. 2009. Water quality changes during aquifer storage and recovery. Denver, CO, USA: Water Research Foundation; Victoria, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). 163p.
Aquifers ; Groundwater management ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Pathogens ; Microorganisms ; Monitoring ; Arsenic ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042553)
(1.68 MB)
10 Pavelic, P.; Dillon, P.; Morran, J.; Nicholson, B.; Tanner, S.; Short, S. 2009. Formation of trihalomethanes in aquifers during ASR. In Vanderzalm, J.; Sidhu, J.; Bekele, E.; Ying, G. G.; Pavelic, P.; Toze, S.; Dillon, P.; Kookana, R.; Hanna, J.; Barry, K.; Yu, X. Y.; Ncholson, B.; Morran, J.; Tanner, S.; Short, S. Water quality changes during aquifer storage and recovery. Denver, CO, USA: Water Research Foundation; Victoria, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). pp.126-152.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042554)
11 Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council; Environment Protection and Heritage Council; National Health and Medical Research Council. 2009. Australian guidelines for water recycling: managed aquifer recharge. [Paul Pavelic, member of the writing team]. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council; Adelaide, SA, Australia: Environment Protection and Heritage Council; Canberra, ACT, Australia: National Health and Medical Research Council. 237p. (National Water Quality Management Strategy Document No 24)
Guidelines ; Aquifers ; Water quality ; Recycling ; Groundwater management ; Water reuse ; Water allocation ; Water governance ; Risk assessment ; Public health ; Pathogens ; Chemicals ; Salinity ; Nutrients / Australia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042557)
(5.07 MB)
12 Dillon, P.; Page, D.; Vanderzalm, J.; Pavelic, P.; Toze, S.; Bekele, E.; Sidhu, J.; Prommer, H.; Higginson, S.; Regel, R.; Rinck-Pfeiffer, S.; Purdie, M.; Pitman, C.; Wintgens, T. 2008. A critical evaluation of combined engineered and aquifer treatment systems in water recycling. Water Science and Technology, 57(5):753-762. [doi: https://doi.org/ 10.2166/wst.2008.168]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042562)
(0.16 MB)
Australian experience at five research sites where stormwater and reclaimed water have been stored in aquifers prior to reuse, have yielded valuable information about water treatment processes in anaerobic and aerobic aquifers. One of these sites is the stormwater to potable water ASTR project at the City of Salisbury, a demonstration project within the broader EC project 'RECLAIM WATER'. A framework for characterising the effectiveness of such treatment for selected organic chemicals, natural organic matter, and pathogens is being developed for inclusion in new Australian Guidelines for Management of Aquifer Recharge. The combination of pre-treatments (including passive systems such as reed beds) and aquifer treatment effectiveness in relation to source waters and intended uses of recovered water will be described. Advantages and disadvantages of various types of pre-treatments in relation to effectiveness and sustainability of managed aquifer recharge will be discussed taking account of aquifer characteristics. These observations will be consolidated into a draft set of principles to assist in selection of engineered treatments compatible with passive treatment in aquifers.
13 Mara, D.; Bos, R. 2010. Risk analysis and epidemiology: the 2006 WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.51-62. (Also in French).
Risk analysis ; Epidemiology ; Pathogens ; Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Diseases ; Public health ; Guidelines ; Risk assessment ; Simulation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042603)
(0.13 MB)
This chapter reviews the required pathogen reductions recommended in the 2006 WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater in agriculture, which are based on a tolerable additional burden of disease of =10–6 Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) loss per person per year. The quantitative microbial risk-analysis technique, combined with 10,000-trial Monte Carlo risk simulations, is detailed here and the resulting estimates of median risk for various levels of pathogen reduction for exposure via restricted and unrestricted irrigation are also presented. This enables the selection of suitable combinations of pathogen reduction measures (wastewater treatment and post-treatment health-protection measures) to be selected, so that the resulting additional burden of disease does not exceed 10–6 DALY loss per person per year.
14 Navarro, I.; Teunis, P.; Moe, C.; Jimenez, B. 2010. Approaches to evaluate and develop health risk-based standards using available data. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.63-88. (Also in French).
Standards ; Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Pathogens ; Helminths ; Ascaris ; Giardia duodenalis ; Public health
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042604)
(0.36 MB)
Information on the dose-response relationship of waterborne and foodborne enteric pathogens is an important component in any consideration of the health risks that may be associated with wastewater, sludge or excreta reuse for food-crop production. The three main sources of information on dose-response relationships are: human challenge studies, animal studies and outbreak investigations. Doseresponse information on four representative enteric pathogens (Norwalk virus, E. coli O157:H7, Giardia lamblia and Ascaris lumbricoides) is presented as examples. In addition to dose-response information, the application of quantitative microbial risk assessment to examine the potential health risks associated with the consumption of food crops irrigated with wastewater or fertilized with biosolids requires information on several factors. These are transmission pathways, occurrence (frequency and concentration) of pathogens in wastewater and biosolids, persistence of pathogen viability or infectivity in the environment and on the food crops, and crop consumption (amount and frequency). Assessments of the risks of Giardia and Ascaris infection associated with food crops in several scenarios are presented and illustrate how WHO Guidelines and pathogen reduction measures (such as produce-washing) may have a significant or negligible impact on reducing the risks of infection associated with food crops irrigated or fertilized with wastewater and biosolids.
15 Tiongco, M. M.; Narrod, C. A.; Bidwell, K. 2010. Risk analysis integrating livelihood and economic impacts of wastewater irrigation on health. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.127-145. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Risk analysis ; Health hazards ; Pathogens ; Public health ; Economic impact
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042607)
(0.22 MB)
This chapter provides a brief review of methods and approaches for evaluating the consequences of using wastewater to irrigate vegetables. The following five objectives are considered: (a) analysing poor producers’ and consumers’ knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of the risks associated with pathogen contamination/exposure, and the economic consequences on health and livelihoods; (b) analysing the costs and benefits of non-treatment interventions at the farm level (e.g. drip irrigation and cessation of irrigation prior to harvest) and post-harvest level (e.g. washing and disinfection of vegetables after harvesting); (c) identifying costeffective interventions for reducing the risk of waterborne disease associated with wastewater use for irrigation; (d) estimating producers’ and consumers’ willingness to pay for or adopt non-treatment interventions at multiple stages along the food chain; and (e) evaluating the long-term economic and livelihood impacts of adopting those non-treatment interventions that are identified as cost-effective and targeted at poor producers and consumers. The chapter concludes by synthesizing a methodological framework for the collection and analysis of data to assess the livelihood and economic impacts of illness caused by microbial pathogens from wastewater.
16 Jimenez, B.; Mara, D.; Carr, R.; Brissaud, F. 2010. Wastewater treatment for pathogen removal and nutrient conservation: suitable systems for use in developing countries. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.149-169. (Also in French).
Wastewater treatment ; Ponds ; Control methods ; Filtration ; Pathogens ; Helminths ; Nutrients ; Wastewater irrigation ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042608)
(0.17 MB)
This chapter summarizes the main characteristics of wastewater treatment processes, especially those suitable for use in developing countries, from the perspective of their potential to produce an effluent suitable for safe agricultural irrigation; it thus concentrates on pathogen removal and nutrient conservation. Wastewater treatment processes are divided into two principal categories: ‘natural’ systems which do not rely on the consumption of large amounts of electrical energy and which are therefore more suitable for use in developing countries; and conventional electromechanical systems which are wholly energy-dependent and which, if used in low income regions, require high levels of financial investment for their construction and skilled manpower for their successful operation and maintenance. The removal of viral, bacterial, protozoan and helminthic pathogens achieved by the most commonly used natural and conventional treatment processes are detailed, and recommendations are made for process selection.
17 Kone, D.; Cofie, Olufunke O.; Nelson, K. 2010. Low-cost options for pathogen reduction and nutrient recovery from faecal sludge. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.171-188. (Also in French).
Biofertilizers ; Excreta ; Recycling ; Composting ; Pathogens ; Control methods ; Nutrients ; Sanitation ; Composting / West Africa / South East Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042609)
(0.15 MB)
Recently, the application of excreta-based fertilizers has attracted attention due to the strongly increasing prices of chemically produced fertilizers. Faecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems is rich in nutrients and organic matter, constituents which contribute to replenishing the humus layer and soil nutrient reservoir and to improving soil structure and water-holding capacity. Hence, it represents an important resource for enhancing soil productivity on a sustainable basis. However, there is little in the scientific literature about the performance of treatment technology allowing recovery of nutrient resources from human waste. This paper reviews the state of knowledge of different processes that have been applied worldwide. Their pathogen removal efficiency as well as nutrient and biosolids recovery performances are assessed. The chapter outlines the gaps in research for further development.
18 Abaidoo, R. C.; Keraita, Bernard; Drechsel, Pay; Dissanayake, Priyanka; Maxwell, Akple S. 2010. Soil and crop contamination through wastewater irrigation and options for risk reduction in developing countries. In Dion, P. (Ed.). Soil biology and agriculture in the tropics. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Verlag. pp.498-535.
Wastewater irrigation ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Pathogens ; Crops ; Heavy metals ; Organic compounds ; Inorganic compounds ; Water storage ; Reservoirs ; Filtration / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042644)
(0.19 MB)
Wastewater irrigation is becoming a global phenomenon, as a result of global water scarcity and increased pollution of water sources. While this practice offers many opportunities, human health risks from contaminated soils and crops irrigated with wastewater pose the greatest challenges to this practice. In this chapter, contaminants in wastewater of most relevance to soil and crop, such as pathogens, heavy metals and other organic contaminants as well as the related human health and environmental risks are discussed. There is a general consensus that untreated wastewater contaminates soils and crops and poses health risks, however the threats vary widely. While wastewater treatment is the best choice to address this problem, a number of low-cost technological options and health protection measures exist to address the contamination challenges especially in developing countries. These include irrigation methods, farm-based measures for improving water quality, choice of crop, water application techniques, soil phytoremediation, zoning and post-harvest measures. For comprehensive risk reduction, a combination of these measures is recommended especially where comprehensive wastewater treatment is not feasible.
19 Labite, H.; Lunani, I.; van der Steen, P.; Vairavamoorthy, K.; Drechsel, Pay; Lens, P. 2010. Quantitative microbial risk analysis to evaluate health effects of interventions in the urban water system of Accra, Ghana. Journal of Water and Health, 8(3):417-430. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.021]
Risk analysis ; Health hazards ; Pathogens ; Diseases ; Public health ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Urban areas / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042752)
(0.21 MB)
A quantitative microbial risk assessment was applied to evaluate the microbial risks of the Accra Urban Water System (AUWS). The exposure assessment was based on the count of indicator organisms in waste water from open roadside drains and in water and sand samples from the beach. The predicted total disease burden generated in a representative catchment of the AUWS (Odaw Catchment) was 36,329 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) per year, of which 12% and 88% are caused by, respectively, shortcomings in the water supply system and inappropriate sanitation. The DALYs per person per year were above the WHO reference value. The open roadside drain had the highest contribution to the disease burden. Of four possible interventions evaluated for health risk reduction, the highest efficiency in terms of DALYs averted per euro invested are achieved by providing covers for the open roadside drains.
20 Barry, K.; Vanderzalm, J.; Pavelic, Paul; Regel, R.; May, R.; Dillon, P.; Sidhu, J.; Levett, K. 2010. Bolivar Reclaimed Water Aquifer Storage and Recovery Project: assessment of the third and fourth ASR cycles. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO. Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship. 111p. (Water for a Healthy Country Flagship Report Series)
Water quality ; Monitoring ; Sampling ; Pathogens ; Salinity ; Arsenic ; Groundwater ; Aquifers ; Wells / Australia / Bolivar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043733)
http://www.clw.csiro.au/publications/waterforahealthycountry/2010/wfhc-Bolivar-ASR.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043733.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043733.pdf
(3.62 MB) (3.61 MB)
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