Your search found 39 records
1 Gao, F.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y. 2020. Evaluation of the crosta method for the retrieval of water quality parameters from remote sensing data in the Pearl River Estuary. Water Quality Research Journal, 55(2):209-220. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2020.024]
Rivers ; Estuaries ; Water quality ; Parameters ; Remote sensing ; Satellite imagery ; Landsat ; Thematic mapper ; Sediment ; Coastal waters ; Principal component analysis ; Models / China / Pearl River Estuary
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049885)
https://iwaponline.com/wqrj/article-pdf/55/2/209/709563/wqrjc0550209.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049885.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049885.pdf
(0.65 MB) (668 KB)
In recent decades, many algorithms have been developed for the retrieval of water quality parameters using remotely sensed data. However, these algorithms are specific to a certain geographical area and cannot be applied to other areas. In this study, feature-orientated principal component (PC) selection, based on the Crosta method and using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) for the retrieval of water quality parameters (i.e., total suspended sediment concentration (TSM) and chlorophyll a (Chla)), was carried out. The results show that feature-orientated PC TSM, based on the Crosta method, obtained a good agreement with the MERIS-based TSM product for eight Landsat TM images. However, the Chla information, selected using the feature-orientated PC, has a poor agreement with the MERIS-based Chla product. The accuracy of the atmospheric correction method and MERIS product may be the main factors influencing the accuracy of the TSM and Chla information identified by the Landsat TM images using the Crosta method. The findings of this study would be helpful in the retrieval of spatial distribution information on TSM from the long-term historical Landsat image archive, without using coincident ground measurements.
2 Kothari, V.; Vij, S.; Sharma, S.; Gupta, N. 2021. Correlation of various water quality parameters and water quality index of districts of Uttarakhand. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 9:100093. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2020.100093]
Water quality ; Water properties ; Parameters ; Drinking water ; Biological contamination ; Bacteriological analysis ; Faecal coliforms ; Villages / India / Uttarakhand / Tehri Garhwal / Nainital / Chamoli / Rudraprayag / Bageshwar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050389)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2665972720300775/pdfft?md5=6f19a810a80dd5bfe6ed56d75e3ab724&pid=1-s2.0-S2665972720300775-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050389.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050389.pdf
(0.50 MB) (508 KB)
This study is based on hydrogeochemical and biological parameters and calculation of Water Quality Index (WQI) to assess water quality of a rural tract in five districts of Garhwal and Kumaon district of Uttarakhand, India. The drinking water quality parameters are pH, Total Hardness, Alkalinity, Turbidity, Iron (Fe), Chloride (Cl), Fluoride (F), Dissolved Solids (TDS), Sulphate (SO4), Nitrate (NO3), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Arsenic (As), conductivity, Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform and Total Residual Chlorine. It was observed that the physicochemical properties were as per BIS standards and found suitable for drinking purposes. However Bacteriological parameters i.e. Total coliform and Fecal coliform of some sampling sites ranged from 20 to 300 CFU/100 ml, which were higher than permissible limit (0 CFU/100 ml) as per BIS standards. Statistical analysis had been used to calculate the correlation coefficient of different parameters with WQI and the study showed significant linear relationship and the high correlation coefficient between different pairs of water quality parameters. The correlation matrix shows that total iron concentration, total coliform, and faecal coliform have a significant effect on Water quality index. Among these parameters, TDS has the highest correlation with conductivity, sulphate, and chloride ion concentration whereas turbidity significantly correlates with the presence of nitrate in drinking water.
3 Pinninti, R.; Kasi, V.; Landa, S. R.; Rathinasamy, M.; Sangamreddi, C.; Radha, P. R. D. 2021. Investigating the working efficiency of natural wastewater treatment systems: a step towards sustainable systems. Water Practice and Technology, 16(3):1012-1025. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2021.049]
Wastewater treatment ; Treatment plants ; Periurban areas ; Urban areas ; Water quality ; Parameters ; Sewage ; Ponds ; Maintenance ; Sustainability ; Farmers / India / Andhra Pradesh / Vizianagaram
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050459)
https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article-pdf/16/3/1012/907929/wpt0161012.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050459.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050459.pdf
(1.16 MB) (1.16 MB)
Globally, wastewater is a vital resource and requires appropriate treatment management strategies. Wastewater has become a major source of irrigation in the peri-urban areas of developing nations. With the increasing amount of wastewater generation, there are several complications in using treatment systems in terms of installation, operation and maintenance, and size in developing countries. Recently, natural treatment systems are gaining popularity due to less cost and maintenance and have been preferred in peri-urban settings. In this study, the working efficiency of the natural systems was assessed from case studies from Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India. The nutrient (Phosphorous and Nitrogen content) and organic matter removal efficiency of four natural treatment systems (NTS) having different operation, maintenance and loading rates were investigated. The study showed that natural treatment systems have good potential for peri-urban wastewater treatment. It was also observed that waste-stabilization based systems perform better than those based on duckweed and hyacinth plants. Regularly maintained and operated systems show removal efficiency on the order of 80% for organic and nutrients and performed better than others. The study indicates that decentralized, adequately maintained Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP) offer a viable, self-sustaining and eco-friendly alternative for wastewater treatment to supply irrigation water in rural areas.
4 Tercini, J. R. B.; Perez, R. F.; Schardong, A.; Bonnecarrere, J. I. G. 2021. Potential impact of climate change analysis on the management of water resources under stressed quantity and quality scenarios. Water, 13(21):2984. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w13212984]
Climate change ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water quality ; Parameters ; Rivers ; Watersheds ; Water demand ; Water supply ; Hydrology ; Runoff ; Decision support systems ; Indicators / Brazil / Sao Paulo / Piracicaba Watershed / Capivari Watershed / Jundiai Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050746)
(3.44 MB) (3.44 MB)
Assuring access to high-quality water for its multiple uses is increasingly difficult and relevant, as climate changes are gradually altering the hydrologic cycle and impacting traditional and well-established techniques of water resource management. This manuscript proposes a methodology to assess the impact of climatic variability in pre-established management rules, using spatially interpolated rain gauged data for two future emission scenarios. With them, water allocation and water quality parameters are simulated for the Piracicaba, Capivari, and Jundiaí watersheds (PCJ watersheds) in São Paulo, Brazil, employing comparisons among scenarios of historical and climate modified hydrological series. Five selected water quality indicators are used to confirm that the introduction of climate variation signals worsens water quality parameters, along with a decrease in the capability to meet water demand. This finding suggests the importance of including climate change impact in similar studies in management plans. The results indicate higher stress levels on the watershed when changes in the hydrological regime are introduced by the future conditions modeled and driven by the regional climate model (RCM). Water availability decreases and water quality deteriorates, indicating that stakeholders must take action to progressively implement stricter control measures to achieve the goals established by the watershed master plan regarding the limits or classification set by the body governing the watershed in question. On average, there was an increase of about four times the amount of river stretches (in kilometres), from 29.6 km to 161.9 km outside the limits of the established framework. The average was taken for all parameters as presented in the discussion.
5 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2021. Data sharing in transboundary waters: current extent, future potential and practical recommendations. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 8p. (IWMI Water Policy Brief 43) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.232]
Data management ; Information exchange ; International waters ; River basin management ; Frameworks ; Water management ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; Parameters ; Data transmission ; Modelling ; Water use ; Water quality ; Risk assessment ; Environmental impact ; Water policies ; International cooperation ; International agreements ; Floods ; Drought ; Monitoring / Africa / Limpopo River Basin / Ruvuma River Basin / Okavango River Basin / Volta River Basin / Orange-Senqu River Basin / Cuvelai River Basin / Niger River Basin / Zambezi River Basin / Senegal River Basin / Lake Chad River Basin / Pungwe River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050830)
(3.60 MB)
Data exchange in transboundary waters is fundamental to advance cooperation in water management. Nonetheless, the degree to which data are actually shared is falling short of basin-level and international targets. A global assessment revealed that a reasonable proportion of river basins exchange some data, but the breadth of such exchange is often limited and not regular. More in-depth examination of African basins nonetheless suggests that a real need for, and use of, water data appears to motivate exchange. Indeed, evidence suggests that data exchange needs which are more directly felt enhance exchange, e.g., the direct need to minimize flood impacts or manage transboundary infrastructure. As such, data sharing is much more likely to be considered as being successful if it responds to a palpable need and serves practical uses. Also, in developing data exchange programs, it may be prudent to adopt a focused and sequential approach to data exchange that starts with a short-list of most needed parameters.
6 Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Drechsel, Pay; Dominish, E.; Carrard, N. 2021. Organic waste system assessment: Kaduwela Municipal Council. Report prepared by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) as part of Activity 1 within the project “From Urban Waste to Sustainable Value Chains: Linking Sanitation and Agriculture through Innovative Partnerships”. Sydney, Australia: University of Technology Sydney. Institute for Sustainable Futures. 53p.
Organic wastes ; Urban wastes ; Municipal authorities ; Waste management ; Assessment ; Solid wastes ; Faecal sludge ; Waste collection ; Waste treatment ; Waste disposal ; Treatment plants ; Recycling ; Composting ; Biogas ; Landfills ; Resource recovery ; Sanitation ; Private sector ; Financial analysis ; Parameters / Sri Lanka / Kaduwela
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050835)
https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/148959/2/Waste%20Supply%20Assessment_From%20urban%20waste%20to%20sustainable%20value%20chains.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050835.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050835.pdf
(4.99 MB) (4.99 MB)
7 Janeiro, C. N.; Arsenio, A. M.; Brito, R. M. C. L.; van Lier, J. B. 2020. Use of (partially) treated municipal wastewater in irrigated agriculture; potentials and constraints for Sub-Saharan Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 118-119:102906. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2020.102906]
Wastewater irrigation ; Municipal wastewater ; Irrigated farming ; Wastewater treatment ; Urban agriculture ; Developing countries ; Water reuse ; Water quality ; Parameters ; Health hazards ; Public health ; Food production ; Supply chains ; Reclamation ; Guidelines / Africa South of Sahara / Mozambique / Maputo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050855)
(0.49 MB)
This review identifies the potentials and constraints of using (partially) treated or blended wastewater for irrigation in order to assess the potentials in the context of cities in sub-Saharan Africa, specifically Maputo, the capital of Mozambique. Less than 5% of the wastewater produced in the region is being treated. Nonetheless, untreated, partially treated, and/or blended wastewater is extensively being used for agricultural purposes. Despite the last updated WHO 2006 guidelines for ‘wastewater use in agriculture’, authorities only consider the different water quality parameters at the point of use. Other aspects such as irrigation type, crop management and post harvesting practices, which clearly influence the contaminant log reduction, are simply ignored. Those parameters, however, are considered alternatives to a classic contaminant log reduction, which may be very beneficial for developing countries. In a more holistic approach, trade-off is favoured between the required water quality for irrigation, use of affordable treatment technologies, and adequate post-harvest strategies to reduce the current health risks to acceptable levels. Such a trade-off makes use of multiple barrier approach, whereby wastewater treatment and critical point barriers throughout the supply chain are combined. Thus, there is a long way ahead to achieve proper water reclamation for productive use; the current paradigm has to change. Current restrictive guidelines are unrealistic given current practices, and approaches more appropriate to the location's situation still need to be developed. A multiple barrier approach in combination with master planning is recommended to consider wastewater treatment and critical point barriers throughout the supply chain.
8 Gintamo, T. T.; Mengistu, H.; Kanyerere, T. 2021. GIS-based modelling of climate variability impacts on groundwater quality: Cape Flats Aquifer, Cape Town, South Africa. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 15:100663. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100663]
Climate variability ; Geographical information systems ; Hydrological modelling ; Groundwater recharge ; Water quality ; Parameters ; Aquifers ; Climate change ; Vulnerability ; Water supply ; Water balance ; Runoff ; Precipitation ; Temperature ; Salinity ; Evapotranspiration / South Africa / Cape Town / Cape Flats Aquifer
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050854)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352801X2100120X/pdfft?md5=5d9fdcf2defc38064e3037e32fff2ce3&pid=1-s2.0-S2352801X2100120X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050854.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050854.pdf
(14.80 MB) (14.8 MB)
The need to improve groundwater security remains critical, especially in urban areas where demand for groundwater as an alternative source of water supply is increasing following unprecedented population growth. Climate change continues to threaten groundwater resources in such areas. This study assessed and analysed data from a variety of sources that required holistic analytical tools to demonstrate the impacts of climate change on groundwater quality at the local level. We evaluated how climate conditions affect groundwater quality using a hydrological model (WaterWorld model) in a GIS context. The Cape Flats Aquifer in the city of Cape Town in South Africa was chosen as a case study. The WaterWorld model was used to calculate hydrologic scenarios based on climate change factors and groundwater quality parameters for the period 1950–2000. Mean annual precipitation and temperature were simulated using the multi-model mean and Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 for the years 2041–2060. Simulation results showed that annual precipitation will increase until 2041 and then decrease until 2060. A significant temperature increase of 1.9 °C–2.3 °C was predicted. Water balance simulations showed a decrease of about 8.6% per year under the future dry climate. ArcGIS 10.3 was used to combine geospatial data and develop a groundwater vulnerability map. Modelling analysis based on GIS showed that the southern and central suburbs of the study area are more susceptible to groundwater contamination and have high surface runoff and higher average temperatures. The groundwater vulnerability index and electrical conductivity concentrations showed a strong positive correlation when the model was validated using linear regression analysis (R2 = 0.99, P < 0.05). In this article, we recommend the use of the WaterWorld model in a GIS environment to simulate hydrologic scenarios on climate change and groundwater quality parameters to provide practical and feasible insights for actions to improve groundwater management.
9 Ougahi, J. H.; Cutler, M. E. J.; Cook, S. J. 2021. Modelling climate change impact on water resources of the Upper Indus Basin. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 23p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2021.233]
Water resources ; River basins ; Climate change ; Hydrological modelling ; Precipitation ; Temperature ; Water balance ; Evapotranspiration ; Water yield ; Forecasting ; Soil moisture ; Parameters ; Calibration ; Uncertainty / Pakistan / Upper Indus Basin / Upper Jhelum River Basin / Kabul River Basin / Himalaya / Hindu Kush / Karakoram / Tarbela / Mangla / Nowshera
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050862)
https://iwaponline.com/jwcc/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/wcc.2021.233/980841/jwc2021233.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050862.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050862.pdf
(1.47 MB) (1.47 MB)
Climate change has implications for water resources by increasing temperature, shifting precipitation patterns and altering the timing of snowfall and glacier melt, leading to shifts in the seasonality of river flows. Here, the Soil & Water Assessment Tool was run using downscaled precipitation and temperature projections from five global climate models (GCMs) and their multi-model mean to estimate the potential impact of climate change on water balance components in sub-basins of the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) under two emission (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and future (2020–2050 and 2070–2100) scenarios. Warming of above 6 °C relative to baseline (1974–2004) is projected for the UIB by the end of the century (2070–2100), but the spread of annual precipitation projections among GCMs is large (+16 to -28%), and even larger for seasonal precipitation (+91 to -48%). Compared to the baseline, an increase in summer precipitation (RCP8.5: +36.7%) and a decrease in winter precipitation were projected (RCP8.5: -16.9%), with an increase in average annual water yield from the nival–glacial regime and river flow peaking 1 month earlier. We conclude that predicted warming during winter and spring could substantially affect the seasonal river flows, with important implications for water supplies.
10 Akintunde, O. A.; Ozebo, C. V.; Oyedele, K. F. 2022. Groundwater quality around upstream and downstream area of the Lagos Lagoon using GIS and multispectral analysis. Scientific African, 16:e01126. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01126]
Groundwater flow ; Water quality ; Upstream ; Downstream ; Geographical information systems ; Lagoons ; Coastal aquifers ; Drinking water ; Hydrochemistry ; Parameters / West Africa / Lagos Lagoon / Atlantic Ocean
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051049)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227622000357/pdfft?md5=0ed0d5d1ce8c94ea84636352de2e95da&pid=1-s2.0-S2468227622000357-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051049.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051049.pdf
(5.81 MB) (5.81 MB)
Despite covering over 70% of the earth crust, access to potable water is still extremely challenging due to the ubiquity of several water contaminants. In mitigating the effects of these aquifer pollution, a distinctive identification of polluted areas as well as pollution sources is essential. To address the Africa Union's Agenda 2063 goal for environmental sustainability in water security, the Lagos coastal aquifer was evaluated for groundwater pollution induced by seawater intrusion. Hence, the purpose of this study is to determine a zone with suitable groundwater. In so doing, we obtained forty-three groundwater samples for hydrochemical evaluation within selected areas of the Lagos metropolis. However, physico-chemical analyses were conducted on the collected groundwater samples; hydrochemical facies were used to evaluate the dissolved cations and anions. Apart from utilizing the water quality index (WQI) to determine the samples portability, the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) was calculated and used to ascertain the suitability of groundwater for irrigation purposes. Put differently, a spatial variability map was produced using inverse distance weight (IDW) on the ArcGIS module. Furthermore, the piper tri-linear model was adopted to practically identify the four (4) prominent hydrochemical facies which include Calcium Magnesium Chloride 39.5%, Calcium Bicarbonate 23.3%, Calcium Alkali Bicarbonate 23.3% as well as Alkali Bicarbonate. Using the piper tri-linear model, Calcium possesses the dominant facies in all the samples. The result from the water quality index analysis shows that 16.28% of the water sample is excellent water, 32.56% is good water, 39.53 is poor water, and 11.63 is very poor water. The SAR result of the water sample reveals that 32.56% are excellent water, 44.19% good water, 23.26% doubtful and zero percent are unsuitable. This implies the groundwater around the coastal area can be used for irrigation purposes. Finally, from all the spatial variability maps and potentiometric maps, groundwater around the upstream is preferred to downstream due to groundwater flow direction and its remoteness to the Atlantic Ocean and not the shallow lagoon.
11 Kimengsi, J. N.; Owusu, R.; Balgah, R. A. 2022. Nexus approach and environmental resource governance in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Sustainability Science, 17(3):1091-1108. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-01079-7]
Environmental management ; Governance ; Nexus ; Bioeconomy ; Parameters ; Indicators ; Participation ; Conflict management ; Policies ; Research ; Natural resources ; Equity ; Decision making ; Accountability ; Case studies ; Models / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051073)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11625-021-01079-7.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051073.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051073.pdf
(2.78 MB) (2.78 MB)
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is replete with significant environmental resources including forests, water, land, and energy; although its transition to a bio-resource economy is yet to be actualized. Consequently, there are limited socio-economic gains from resource valorization. These challenges which stall progress towards the attainment of several interlinked sustainable development goals, are rooted, among others in resource governance defects. Furthermore, the persistence of knowledge fragmentation on resource governance shades possibilities for an in-depth theorizing of the nexus approach. In this light, two questions beg for answers: (i) To what extent are governance indicators captured in empirical studies on the nexus approach in SSA? (ii) What questions and approaches should inform future research on the nexus approach in SSA? To answer these questions, this paper systematically reviews 100 peer-reviewed articles (with 154 cases) that address governance questions in nexus studies within the broad framework of bioeconomy transitioning in SSA. Using the PROFOR analytical framework, our analysis reveals the following: (1) Although sub-regional variations exist in the application of nexus thinking, the overall emphasis in SSA is on first-level resource transformation. (2) With only 5% of studies explicitly mentioning the nexus approach, there is a strong indication for nexus thinking to be prioritized in future research. (3) While efficiency is the most recurrent in the literature (69%), its assurance in resource nexus and transformation is insignificant. (4) Interlinked questions of equity, participation, transparency, and conflict management have not been sufficiently addressed in studies on the nexus approach. The paper suggests an urgent need for in-depth, multi-country, and interdisciplinary research on these governance parameters in the nexus approach, as prerequisite to advancing the science–policy intercourse in nexus thinking in SSA.
12 M'nassri, S.; El Amri, A.; Nasri, N.; Majdoub, R. 2022. Estimation of irrigation water quality index in a semi-arid environment using data-driven approach. Water Supply, 22(5):5161-5175. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.157]
Irrigation water ; Estimation ; Water quality ; Parameters ; Semiarid zones ; Aquifers ; Salinization ; Forecasting ; Assessment ; Neural networks ; Modelling / Tunisia / Mahdia Region / Sidi El Hani Aquifer
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051106)
https://iwaponline.com/ws/article-pdf/22/5/5161/1058599/ws022055161.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051106.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051106.pdf
(0.68 MB) (691 KB)
The primary objective of this study was to calculate and assess the irrigation water quality index. Furthermore, an effective method for predicting IWQI using artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) models was proposed. The accuracy performance of each model was evaluated at the end of this paper. According to the calculated index based on 49 groundwater samples, the Sidi El Hani aquifer was of good and sufficient quality. Moreover, both the ANN and MLR models performed well in terms of actual and predicted water quality. The ANN model, on the other hand, demonstrated the highest prediction accuracy. The results of this model also revealed that the predicted and computed values were close, with determination coefficients R2, RMSE, and MAE of about 0.95, 1.02, and 0.90, respectively. As a result, the proposed ANN model in this study was consistent and sufficient. These findings will help to guide irrigation water management decisions for the study aquifer in the future. The proposed ANN model can also be used to estimate the irrigation water index of other semi-arid aquifers, but accuracy is dependent on proper training techniques and selection parameters.
13 Kumar, S.; Pati, J. 2022. Assessment of groundwater arsenic contamination using machine learning in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Water and Health, 20(5):829-848. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2022.015]
Groundwater assessment ; Arsenic ; Contamination ; Machine learning ; Models ; Water quality ; Parameters ; Risk assessment ; Spatial distribution ; Freshwater ; Health hazards / India / Indo-Gangetic Region / Uttar Pradesh / Varanasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051140)
https://iwaponline.com/jwh/article-pdf/20/5/829/1055214/jwh0200829.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051140.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051140.pdf
(1.34 MB) (1.34 MB)
This paper presents a machine learning approach for classification of arsenic (As) levels as safe and unsafe in groundwater samples collected from the Indo-Gangetic region. As water is essential for sustaining life, heavy metals like arsenic pose a public health concern. In this study, various tree-based machine learning models namely Random Forest, Optimized Forest, CS Forest, SPAARC, and REP Tree algorithms have been applied to classify water samples. As per the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO), the arsenic concentration in water should not exceed 10 µg/L. The groundwater quality parameter was ranked using a classifier attribute evaluator for training and testing the models. Parameters obtained from the confusion matrix, such as accuracy, precision, recall, and FPR, were used to analyze the performance of models. Among all models, Optimized Forest outperforms other classifier as it has a high accuracy of 80.64%, a precision of 80.70%, recall of 97.87%, and a low FPR of 73.33%. The Optimized Forest model can be used to test new water samples for classification of arsenic in groundwater samples.
14 Ez-zaouy, Y.; Bouchaou, L.; Saad, A.; Hssaisoune, M.; Brouziyne, Youssef; Dhiba, D.; Chehbouni, A. 2022. Groundwater resources in Moroccan coastal aquifers: insights of salinization impact on agriculture. Environmental Sciences Proceedings, 16(1):48. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016048]
Groundwater ; Water resources ; Coastal aquifers ; Salinization ; Agriculture ; Seawater ; Saltwater intrusion ; Irrigation water ; Water pollution ; Physicochemical properties ; Parameters / Morocco
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051245)
https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4931/16/1/48/pdf?version=1655370566
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051245.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051245.pdf
(0.46 MB) (468 KB)
Across several coastal areas in Morocco, groundwater is the strategic source of irrigation. In this work, a database of thirteen Moroccan coastal aquifers was used to assess groundwater for agriculture purposes, as well as to highlight the process responsible of the degradation of groundwater resource quality in Moroccan coastal areas. According to electrical conductivity parameter, the results show that 92% of the collected samples were not suitable for irrigation uses. This situation is due to seawater intrusion and water–rock interaction processes, in addition to intensive agriculture activities and the introduction of domestic and industrial wastewater without any treatment. In order to control the impact of groundwater salinity on agriculture, management plans are proposed.
15 Secci, D.; Molino, L.; Zanini, A. 2022. Contaminant source identification in groundwater by means of artificial neural network. Journal of Hydrology, 611:128003. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128003]
Groundwater pollution ; Neural networks ; Monitoring ; Datasets ; Observation ; Aquifers ; Parameters ; Models ; Uncertainty
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051255)
(1.43 MB)
In a desired environmental protection system, groundwater may not be excluded. In addition to the problem of over-exploitation, in total disagreement with the concept of sustainable development, another not negligible issue concerns the groundwater contamination. Mainly, this aspect is due to intensive agricultural activities or industrialized areas. In literature, several papers have dealt with transport problem, especially for inverse problems in which the release history or the source location are identified. The innovative aim of the paper is to develop a data-driven model that is able to analyze multiple scenarios, even strongly non-linear, in order to solve forward and inverse transport problems, preserving the reliability of the results and reducing the uncertainty. Furthermore, this tool has the characteristic of providing extremely fast responses, essential to identify remediation strategies immediately. The advantages produced by the model were compared with literature studies. In this regard, a feedforward artificial neural network (ANN), which has been trained to handle different cases, represents the data-driven model. Firstly, to identify the concentration of the pollutant at specific observation points in the study area (forward problem); secondly, to deal with inverse problems identifying the release history at known source location (also in the case with multiple sources); then, in case of one contaminant source, identifying the release history and, at the same time, the location of the source in a specific sub-domain of the investigated area. At last, the observation error is investigated and estimated. The results are satisfactorily achieved, highlighting the capability of the ANN to deal with multiple scenarios by approximating nonlinear functions without the physical point of view that describes the phenomenon, providing reliable results, with very low computational burden and uncertainty.
16 Gurung, Pabitra; Dhungana, Shashwat; Kyaw Kyaw, Aung; Bharati, Luna. 2022. Hydrologic characterization of the Upper Ayeyarwaddy River Basin and the impact of climate change. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 13(7):2577-2596. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2022.407]
River basins ; Hydrology ; Climate change ; Water availability ; Water balance ; Precipitation ; Water yield ; Evapotranspiration ; Parameters ; Groundwater ; Datasets ; Spatial data ; Climatic data ; Models ; Forecasting ; Agroecological zones ; Mountains ; Plains / Myanmar / Ayeyarwaddy River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051307)
https://iwaponline.com/jwcc/article-pdf/13/7/2577/1082781/jwc0132577.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051307.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051307.pdf
(1.53 MB) (1.53 MB)
This study characterizes the hydrological regime of the Upper Ayeyarwaddy River Basin (UARB) of Myanmar under current and future climate change scenarios by using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The model simulation results show that the annual precipitation, actual evapotranspiration and water yields are 1,578, 524 and 1,010 mm, respectively. These will increase by 13–28%, 11–24% and 42–198% under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs), RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, for the future. There is seasonal variability across the cool, hot and rainy seasons in the agro-ecological regions – mountains, hills and inland plains. As in other Asian regions, the model shows that the wet (rainy) season is becoming wetter and the dry (cool) season is becoming drier in the UARB too.
17 Peiris, M. T. O. V.; Gowshitharan, N. 2022. Impact assessment of land use on water scarcity in urban areas: case of Jaffna Peninsula, Sri Lanka. Water Policy, 24(7):1146-1165. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2022.011]
Water scarcity ; Land use change ; Impact assessment ; Urban areas ; Aquifers ; Water quality ; Parameters ; Wells ; Water policies ; Urbanization ; Planning / Sri Lanka / Jaffna / Chunnakam Aquifer
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051283)
https://iwaponline.com/wp/article-pdf/24/7/1146/1082269/024071146.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051283.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051283.pdf
(1.19 MB) (1.19 MB)
Urbanization-led land use changes have significant effects on urban water problems as water scarcity is a common challenge for planning of cities today. Chunnakam aquifer in Jaffna, Sri Lanka has been significantly depleted and polluted in the past decade. This study assessed the impact of spatial distribution of land use on water quality and quantity using 44 dug wells. Water scarcity index (WSI), water quality index (WQI) and multiple linear regression (MLR) models were used to explore the spatiotemporal patterns of water quality, quantity and their relationship. Results revealed that 75% of the aquifer faced scarcity problems while 54% was polluted and not suitable for consumption. Moreover, water sources located around agricultural and residential land use were contaminated in line with the spatial distribution of crop types, fertilizer use and domestic waste disposal. Integration of water policy with urban development strategy and multi-stakeholder engagement for water conservation are important findings for ensuring the water security of cities in developing countries. This study can be further expanded by evaluating temporal effects of urbanization on water resources for sustainable spatial planning. Strong water policies must govern the land use change to ensure water security for arid regions in developing countries.
18 Setegn, Y. A.; Kassa, K.; Dagalo, S.; Tsegaye, D. 2022. Impact of irrigation with Lake Abaya water on soil quality - southern Rift Valley, Ethiopia. Water Practice and Technology, 17(7):1433-1444. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2022.070]
Irrigation water ; Water quality ; Soil quality ; Lakes ; Valleys ; Salinity ; Sustainability ; Physicochemical properties ; Parameters / Ethiopia / Rift Valley / Lake Abaya / Mirab Abaya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051320)
https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article-pdf/17/7/1433/1083137/wpt0171433.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051320.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051320.pdf
(0.68 MB) (700 KB)
The study's aim was to assess the impact of using water from Lake Abaya for irrigation and its impact on soil quality at Mirab Abaya, Ethiopia. Six water samples from the edge of Lake Abaya and 30 (18 irrigated and 12 rain-fed) composite soil samples from farm lands in Wajifo, Fura and Algae were collected. Analyses showed that the use of water from Lake Abaya will bring a soil salinity hazard in future. The soil analyses showed variations in space and time in the physico-chemical components in the study area. The highest salinity was reported from Algae, the closest site to the Lake. The highest soil alkalinity was reported from Wajifo, which has a long irrigation history. The irrigated soils reported higher salinity than the rain-fed soils, indicating that water from Lake Abaya can affect irrigated soil quality. In general, Lake Abaya water is not suitable for salt-sensitive crops and caution is required in using it for irrigation.
19 Campana, P. E.; Lastanao, P.; Zainali, S.; Zhang, J.; Landelius, T.; Melton, F. 2022. Towards an operational irrigation management system for Sweden with a water–food–energy nexus perspective. Agricultural Water Management, 271:107734. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107734]
Irrigation management ; Water productivity ; Foods ; Energy consumption ; Nexus approaches ; Drought ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation water ; Water requirements ; Water conservation ; Crop yield ; Crop modelling ; Evapotranspiration ; Precipitation ; Parameters / Sweden
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051321)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377422002815/pdfft?md5=9d243b5d29ac81c719cb9f4c97532ec9&pid=1-s2.0-S0378377422002815-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051321.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051321.pdf
(10.80 MB) (10.8 MB)
The 2018 drought in Sweden prompted questions about climate-adaptation and -mitigation measures – especially in the agricultural sector, which suffered the most. This study applies a water–food–energy nexus modelling framework to evaluate drought impacts on irrigation and agriculture in Sweden using 2018 and 2019 as case studies. A previous water–food–energy nexus model was updated to facilitate an investigation of the benefits of data-driven irrigation scheduling as compared to existing irrigation guidelines. Moreover, the benefits of assimilating earth observation data in the crop model have been explored. The assimilation of leaf area index data from the Copernicus Global Land Service improves the crop yield estimation as compared to default crop model parameters. The results show that the irrigation water productivities of the proposed model are measurably improved compared to conventional and static irrigation guidelines for both 2018 and 2019. This is mostly due to the advantage of the proposed model in providing evapotranspiration in cultural condition (ETc)-driven guidelines by using spatially explicit data generated by mesoscale models from the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. During the drought year 2018, the developed model showed no irrigation water savings as compared to irrigation scenarios based on conventional irrigation guidelines. Nevertheless, the crop yield increase from the proposed irrigation management system varied between 10% and 60% as compared to conventional irrigation scenarios. During a normal year, the proposed irrigation management system leads to significant water savings as compared to conventional irrigation guidelines. The modelling results show that temperature stress during the 2018 drought also played a key role in reducing crop yields, with yield reductions of up to 30%. From a water–food–energy nexus, this motivates the implementation of new technologies to reduce water and temperature stress to mitigate likely negative effects of climate change and extremes. By using an open-source package for Google Earth®, a demonstrator of cost-effective visualization platform is developed for helping farmers, and water- and energy-management agencies to better understand the connections between water and energy use, and food production. This can be significant, especially during the occurrence of extreme events, but also to adapt to the negative effects on agricultural production of climate changes.
20 Akhtar, F.; Borgemeister, C.; Tischbein, B.; Awan, Usman Khalid. 2022. Metrics assessment and streamflow modeling under changing climate in a data-scarce heterogeneous region: a case study of the Kabul River Basin. Water, 14(11):1697. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111697]
Stream flow ; Modelling ; Climate change ; River basins ; Case studies ; Watersheds ; Soil water content ; Land use ; Land cover ; Temperature ; Parameters / Afghanistan / Kabul River Basin / Alingar Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051380)
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/11/1697/pdf?version=1653561387
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051380.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051380.pdf
(2.75 MB) (2.75 MB)
Due to many uncertainties in hydrological data and modeling, the findings are frequently regarded as unreliable, especially in heterogeneous catchments such as the Kabul River Basin (KRB). Besides, statistical methods to assess the performance of the models have also been called into doubt in several studies. We evaluated the performance of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model by statistical indicators including the Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and the coefficient of determination (R2 ) at single and multi-outlets in the KRB and assessed the streamflow under changing climate scenarios i.e., Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 (2020–2045). Because of the heterogeneous nature of the KRB, NSE and R 2 performed poorly at multi-outlets. However, the KGE, as the basic objective function, fared much better at singleoutlet. We conclude that KGE is the most crucial metric for streamflow evaluation in heterogeneous basins. Similarly, the mean and maximum annual streamflow is projected to decrease by 15.2–15.6% and 17.2–41.8% under the RCP 4.5 and 8.5, respectively.
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