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1 Zereyesus, Y. A.; Embaye, W. T.; Tsiboe, F.; Amanor-Boadu, V. 2017. Implications of non-farm work to vulnerability to food poverty-recent evidence from northern Ghana. World Development, 91:113-124. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.10.015]

Food security ; Nonfarm income ; Food consumption ; Household expenditure ; Forecasting ; Non-farm employment ; Participation ; Food insecurity ; Poverty ; Hunger ; Public health ; Socioeconomic environment ; Linear models ; Regression analysis / Ghana / Brong Ahafo Region / Northern Region / Upper East Region / Upper West Region

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048046)

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X16305174/pdfft?md5=da180e20bb4e04280feb14bdeb445e03&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X16305174-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048046.pdf

(0.33 MB) (340 KB)

Using survey data from northern Ghana, this study seeks to establish the impact of participation in non-farm work on the vulnerability of resource poor households to food poverty. Vulnerability to food poverty is assessed based on expected future food expenditure of households. The potential endogeneity problem associated with participation in non-farm work by households is overcome using a novel instrumental variable approach. Analysis of the determinants of expected future food expenditure is done using a standard Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) method. Demographic and socioeconomic variables, location variables, and household facilities are included in the model as control variables. Our study finds that participation in non-farm work significantly increased the future expected food consumption, thereby alleviating the vulnerability of households to food poverty. Our study also confirms that current food poverty and future food poverty, i.e., vulnerability to food poverty, are not independent from each other. Non-farm work plays a crucial role in providing the means to overcome the risk of food poverty in these resource poor households. Policies that promote off-farm income generating activities, such as small businesses and self-employment, as well as the creation and support of businesses that absorb extra labor from the farm, should be encouraged in the study region. Because households in the study region are exposed to above average levels of hunger and food poverty, the study recommends the government of Ghana and development partners to take measures that enhance the resilience of these resource poor households.

2 Keovilignavong, Oulavanh; Suhardiman, Diana. 2020. Linking land tenure security with food security: unpacking farm households’ perceptions and strategies in the rural uplands of Laos. Land Use Policy, 90:104260. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104260]

Land tenure ; Perception of tenure security ; Food security ; Land use planning ; Land policies ; Household income ; Living standards ; Strategies ; Farmers' attitudes ; Non-farm employment ; Government policy ; Land governance ; Highlands ; Villages ; Rural areas ; Case studies / Lao People's Democratic Republic / Nambak / Houaykong / Namai

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049372)

https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049372.pdf

(1.58 MB)

Land tenure, or access and rights to land, is essential to sustain people’s livelihoods. This paper looks at how farm households perceive land tenure (in)security in relation to food (in)security, and how these perceptions evolve throughout different policy periods in Laos. The paper highlights the centrality of farmers’ strategies in configuring the dynamic relationships between tenure (in)security and food (in)security, by demonstrating how farmers’ perceived and de facto land tenure insecurity shapes their decisions to diversify livelihood options to ensure food security. While the paper’s key findings reveal the close interlinkages between land tenure (in) security and food (in)security, we argue that the first does not automatically result in the latter. In contrast, we show how perceived and de-facto land tenure insecurity pushes farmers to explore alternative strategies and avenues to ensure food supply, through farm and non-farm employment. From a policy perspective, the paper highlights the need to put people’s livelihoods at the center of land governance, thus moving beyond the current positioning of land as merely a means for agricultural production or environmental conservation.

3 Danso-Abbeam, G.; Ojo, T. O.; Baiyegunhi, L. J. S.; Ogundeji, A. A. 2021. Climate change adaptation strategies by smallholder farmers in Nigeria: does non-farm employment play any role? Heliyon, 7(6):E07162. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07162]

Climate change adaptation ; Strategies ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Non-farm employment ; Economic activities ; Nonfarm income ; Diversification ; Households ; Participation ; Socioeconomic environment ; Models / Nigeria

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050418)

https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2405-8440%2821%2901265-2
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050418.pdf

(1.08 MB) (1.08 MB)

Non-farm employment in agrarian communities in developing countries has received a lot of attention. However, its role in implementing climate change adaptation strategies is rarely discussed. This study employs a cross-sectional data to examine whether rural households in Southwest Nigeria are increasing the extent of climate change adaptation practices through their participation in non-farm employment. To account for selectivity bias, the study used endogenous treatment effect for count data model (precisely Poisson) augmented with the inverse probability-weighted-regression-adjustment (IPWRA) estimator. Both estimators found that rural non-farm jobs increase smallholder farmers' adaptive capacities and that participants would have used less adaptation techniques if they had not participated in non-farm work. Efforts to boost rural development must provide more employment opportunities for farmers, particularly during the off-cropping time. This will help farmers improve their ability to adopt more climate change adaptation strategies and, consequently increase farm productivity.