Your search found 14 records
1 Mohamed, Yasir Abbas; van den Hurk, B. J. J. M.; Savenije, H. H. 2007. Moisture recycling over the Nile Basin. In Reducing the Vulnerability of Societies to Water Related Risks at the Basin Scale: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management, Bochum, Germany, 26-28 September 2006. IAHS publication 317. pp.18-23.
River basins ; Moisture content ; Recycling ; Evaporation ; Precipitation ; Climate ; Models ; Wetlands / Middle East / Nile Basin
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 551.57 GG30 MOH Record No: H039749)
2 Shaw, E. M.; Beven, K. J.; Chappell, N. A.; Lamb, R. 2011. Hydrology in practice. 4th ed. London, UK: Spon Press. 543p.
Hydrology ; Measurement ; Analysis ; Hydrological cycle ; Hydrometeorology ; Evaporation ; Evapotranspiration ; Precipitation ; Aquifers ; Climate change ; Networks ; Rain ; Hydraulic conductivity ; Moisture content ; Rivers ; Flow ; Water quality ; Models ; Soil water content ; Flooding ; Risk management ; Drought ; Runoff ; Groundwater ; Water resource management ; Policy ; Legal aspects ; Remote sensing / UK
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.48 G000 SHA Record No: H043491)
(0.42 MB)
3 Thenkabail, P. S.; Lyon, J. G.; Huete, A. (Eds.) 2012. Hyperspectral remote sensing of vegetation. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press. 705p.
Remote sensing ; Vegetation ; Indicators ; Multispectral imagery ; Satellite observation ; Satellite imagery ; Image analysis ; Data processing ; Data analysis ; Algorithms ; Models ; Sensors ; Water use ; Agriculture ; Crop management ; Cereal crops ; Cotton ; Botany ; Tissue analysis ; Nitrogen content ; Moisture content ; Plant diseases ; Pastures ; Indicator plants ; Species ; Canopy ; Forest management ; Tropical forests ; Wetlands ; Ecosystems ; Soil properties ; Land cover ; Reflectance
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 621.3678 G000 THE Record No: H044548)
(0.54 MB)
4 Nikiema, Josiane; Cofie, Olufunke; Impraim, Robert; Drechsel, Pay. 2012. Fortified excreta pellets for agriculture. Paper presented at the Second International Faecal Sludge Management Conference, Durban, South Africa, 29 October - 1 November 2012. 5p.
Excreta ; Agricultural production ; Fertilizers ; Composts ; Faeces ; Irradiation ; Pellets ; Starch crops ; Cassava ; Clay ; Moisture content / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045351)
https://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H045351.pdf
http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-1624-nikiema.pdf
http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-1624-nikiema.pdf
(0.34 MB)
This paper describes the pelletization process of fecal sludge-based fertilizers. The equipment used for the process was fabricated locally in Ghana. Each fertilizer product was individually used for the production of cylindrical pellets. From the current study, the binding material type (cassava starch, either pregelatinized or pretreated by gamma irradiation, or kaolin clay) and concentration (0 to 10 % in mass) as well as moisture content (20-47%) appeared to be the most critical factors during pellets production. It was noticed that the higher the binder concentration, the higher the stability of pellets. This study confirmed that cassava starch is a preferred binding material and that fixing its concentration at 1-3 % could be enough during the pelletization process. The pellets produced in this project had 7.5 to 7.7 mm in diameter, but their length distribution varied depending on the material used.
5 Allan, T.; Keulertz, M.; Sojamo, S.; Warner, J. 2012. Handbook of land and water grabs in Africa: foreign direct investment and food and water security. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. 488p.
Land acquisition ; Land tenure ; Land ownership ; Land development ; Soil erosion ; Customary law ; History ; Water availability ; Water acquisition ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water scarcity ; Water security ; Virtual water ; Water balance ; Water productivity ; Food security ; Food prices ; Agricultural production ; Rainfed farming ; Catchment areas ; Moisture content ; Pastures ; Foreign investment ; Organizations ; International cooperation ; Irrigation projects ; Water power ; Oils ; Biofuels ; Climate change ; Evapotranspiration ; Environmental effects ; Dams ; Human rights ; Case studies ; Rural poverty ; Social aspects ; Economic aspects ; Environmental effects / Africa / Sudan / Liberia / China / Ethiopia / Morocco / Zambia / Egypt / Ghana / Mali
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G100 ALL Record No: H045667)
6 Nikiema, Josiane; Cofie, Olufunke; Impraim, Robert; Adamtey, N. 2013. Processing of fecal sludge to fertilizer pellets using a low-cost technology in Ghana. Environment and Pollution, 2(4):70-87. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5539/ep.v2n4p70]
Fertilizers ; Faecal coliforms ; Sewage sludge ; Pellets ; Composts ; Gamma irradiation ; Moisture content ; Public health ; Analytical methods / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046116)
http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ep/article/download/28987/17903
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046116.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046116.pdf
(1.50 MB) (1.51MB)
This paper describes a study that was aimed at optimizing the pelletization of fecal sludge-based fertilizers for agricultural use. The process developed is easy to implement and increases the marketability of the products while also addressing a serious health and environmental challenge. The study took place during the period 2011-2012 in Ghana. The fecal sludge, rich in nutrients and organic matter, was dried and used to produce five different fertilizers (i.e., four formulations of compost and one with gamma irradiated material). Each material was then pelletized using locally constructed machinery. Key operating parameters, such as moisture content (10-55% in mass), binder type (clay or starch) and concentration (0-10% in mass), were varied and their impacts on the characteristics of pellets (e.g., amount of fine materials generated, length distribution or stability of pellets, and pellet disintegration rate) were also followed. Given the low analyzing capabilities of developing countries, some simple analytical methods were developed and used to compare pellets produced under different conditions. The results confirmed that the addition of 3% of pregelatinized starch is recommended during pelletization of fecal sludge-based fertilizers. Applicable moisture contents were also identified per fertilizer type, and were found to comprise between 21 and 43%.
7 Davis, A.; Munday, T.; Somaratne, N. 2013. Characterisation of a coastal aquifer system in the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, using nuclear magnetic resonance methods. In Wetzelhuetter, C. (Ed.). Groundwater in the coastal zones of Asia-Pacific. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.89-120. (Coastal Research Library Volume 7)
Groundwater ; Aquifers ; Coastal area ; NMR spectroscopy ; Moisture content ; Case studies / Australia / Eyre Peninsula / Uley Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.457 G570 WET Record No: H046330)
The coastal aquifers of the Uley Basin, which are the most important source of potable groundwater for the Eyre Peninsula, consist of unconfined Quaternary limestone overlying Tertiary clays and sandstones. Despite its importance, elements of the connectivity and total water resource basin remain relatively poorly understood. To address this, hydrogeophysical methods have been employed to better characterise the aquifer systems present. Interpretation of airborne electromagnetic data provided evidence for the delineation of the base of the Quaternary (limestone) aquifer and a basement low in the southwest corner of the South Uley Groundwater Lens, where there is a limited number of lithological bores or groundwater wells. The basement low, adjacent to the coast, suggests a preferential groundwater flow path and a possible connection between the Basin aquifers and the Southern Ocean. Geophysical methods are routinely employed for groundwater exploration, assessment, and aquifer characterisation, particularly where access to land is limited and where other investigation techniques such as drilling may be limited or prohibited. In areas of environmental significance, or where access is generally difficult, non-invasive hydrogeophysical methods offer an alternative to exploratory drilling, by targeting areas of interest and better defining groundwater and aquifer characteristics in advance. We discuss the application of the hydrogeophysical technique of surface nuclear magnetic resonance (sNMR) for groundwater assessment. Presently, sNMR is the only hydrogeophysical technique that allows for direct detection of groundwater in the subsurface. To better understand the possible inter-connectivity between the Uley Basin and the Southern Ocean; and as a precursor to considering whether new groundwater resources could be tapped, we investigate a series of (sNMR) soundings along a transect and also at locations where information about the aquifer is better known. We confirm the presence of a Quaternary limestone aquifer containing potable water, extending 1–2 km across the south western corner of the Uley South Basin. The aquifer is defined to be about 15–20 m in thickness and possesses an effective porosity of around 20 %; it overlies clay layers that separate the limestone from a brackish Tertiary sandstone aquifer beneath. In conjunction with conductivity-depth sections derived from AEM data, our sNMR results deliver completely new knowledge and extend the hydrogeological understanding of this corner of the Uley Basin at a relatively low cost and minimal environmental impact.
8 Cofie, Olufunke; Nikiema, Josiane; Impraim, Robert; Adamtey, N.; Paul, Johannes; Kone, D. 2016. Co-composting of solid waste and fecal sludge for nutrient and organic matter recovery. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 47p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 03) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2016.204]
Resource recovery ; Environmental effects ; Nutrients ; Solid wastes ; Recycling ; Composting ; Faecal coliforms ; Sewage sludge ; Urbanization ; Urban wastes ; Food wastes ; Waste management ; Developing countries ; Farmyard manure ; Excreta ; Soil organic matter ; Organic wastes ; Organic fertilizers ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Sanitation ; Moisture content ; Temperature ; pH ; Microorganisms ; Aeration ; Pathogens ; Emission ; Livestock ; Heavy metals
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047536)
(3 MB)
Biological treatment, composting, in particular, is a relatively simple, durable and inexpensive alternative for stabilizing and reducing biodegradable waste. Co-composting of different waste sources allows to enhance the compost nutrient value. In particular, integration of ‘biosolids’ from the sanitation sector as potential input material for co-composting would provide a solution for the much needed treatment of fecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems, and make use of its high nutrient content. This research paper elaborates in detail the main parameters that govern the co-composting process as well as factors that control the production of a safe and valuable quality compost. It further explains technological options to tailor the final product to crop and farmer needs.
9 Tubeileh, A.; Bruggeman, A.; Turkelboom, F. 2016. Water-harvesting designs for fruit tree production in dry environments. Agricultural Water Management, 165:190-197. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.11.006]
Water harvesting ; Fruit trees ; Crop production ; Olives ; Water storage ; Arid zones ; Soil profiles ; Soil moisture ; Moisture content ; Sloping land ; Precipitation ; Rain ; Catchment areas / Syria / Mediterranean Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047630)
(0.70 MB)
Water scarcity and increasing demand coupled with climate change require maximizing the use of available resources. Water harvesting (WH) systems are currently being used in many areas to sustain crops and increase water productivity. This study investigated the effect of three treatments (S15: 50-m2 catchment area with 15% slope, S8: 50-m2 catchment area with 8% slope, and L8: 70-m2 catchment area with 8% slope) on the amount of water harvested in tree basin for young olive (Olea europaea L.) trees from November 2002 to July 2003. Soil moisture was monitored weekly during the rainy season and bi-weekly afterwards. To determine moisture changes in the catchment and target areas and amount of water harvested (in liters) for each tree, volumetric soil moisture content was measured at three or four points along the slope using a neutron probe down to a maximum depth of 120 cm, as soil depth allowed. WH structures increased soil moisture content in the rootzone compared to the catchment area. The rainfall threshold for runoff generation was less than 15 mm. Land slope was more important than micro-catchment size for increasing the amount of water harvested. Compared to the 8% slope, the 15% slope resulted in larger harvested amounts for small storms, but the two were comparable when storms were large. The large micro-catchment size resulted in higher amounts of harvested water only in the presence of storms greater than 26 mm. After adding the amounts lost by evapotranspiration, the net amount of water harvested in the tree basin of each tree for the 2002–2003 rainy season reached 722 and 688 l (or 361 and 344 mm) for treatments S15 and S8, respectively. Deeper soil profiles (i.e., >90 cm) were important to ensure longer storage periods. By early July, soil moisture content in the tree basin for treatments S15, L8 and S8 was still higher by 38, 13, and 5% respectively, than the levels recorded at the onset of the experiment. WH increased soil moisture content during the spring and early summer, a critical period for olive production.
10 Zikalala, P.; Kisekka, I.; Grismer, M. 2019. Calibration and global sensitivity analysis for a salinity model used in evaluating fields irrigated with treated wastewater in the Salinas Valley. Agriculture, 9(2):31. (Special issue: Agricultural Irrigation). [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9020031]
Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Sensitivity analysis ; Soil salinity ; Models ; Saline water ; Irrigation water ; Moisture content ; Groundwater ; Crops ; Evapotranspiration ; Rain ; Runoff ; Fertilizers / USA / California / Salinas Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049566)
(3.58 MB) (3.58 MB)
Treated wastewater irrigation began two decades ago in the Salinas Valley of California and provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the long-term effects of this strategy on soil salinization. We used data from a long-term field experiment that included application of a range of blended water salinity on vegetables, strawberries and artichoke crops using surface and pressurized irrigation systems to calibrate and validate a root zone salinity model. We first applied the method of Morris to screen model parameters that have negligible influence on the output (soil-water electrical conductivity (ECsw)), and then the variance-based method of Sobol to select parameter values and complete model calibration and validation. While model simulations successfully captured long-term trends in soil salinity, model predictions underestimated ECsw for high ECsw samples. The model prediction error for the validation case ranged from 2.6% to 39%. The degree of soil salinization due to continuous application of water with electrical conductivity (ECw) of 0.57 dS/m to 1.76 dS/m depends on multiple factors; ECw and actual crop evapotranspiration had a positive effect on ECsw, while rainfall amounts and fallow had a negative effect. A 50-year simulation indicated that soil water equilibrium (ECsw = 2dS/m, the initial ECsw) was reached after 8 to 14 years for vegetable crops irrigated with ECw of 0.95 to 1.76. Annual salt output loads for the 50-year simulation with runoff was a magnitude greater (from 305 to 1028 kg/ha/year) than that in deep percolation (up to 64 kg/ha/year). However, for all sites throughout the 50-year simulation, seasonal root zone salinity (saturated paste extract) did not exceed thresholds for salt tolerance for the selected crop rotations for the range of blended applied water salinities.
11 Mwinuka, P. R.; Mbilinyi, B. P.; Mbungu, W. B.; Mourice, S. K.; Mahoo, H. F.; Schmitter, Petra. 2021. The feasibility of hand-held thermal and UAV-based multispectral imaging for canopy water status assessment and yield prediction of irrigated African eggplant (Solanum aethopicum L). Agricultural Water Management, 245:106584. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106584]
Water stress ; Eggplants ; Canopy ; Water requirements ; Crop yield ; Forecasting ; Infrared imagery ; Multispectral imagery ; Unmanned aerial vehicles ; Remote sensing ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation water ; Performance evaluation ; Moisture content ; Vegetation index ; Plant developmental stages ; Temperature / Africa / United Republic of Tanzania / Rudewa Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050054)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377420321314/pdfft?md5=25877087dd8e72a2377978976c8abc33&pid=1-s2.0-S0378377420321314-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050054.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050054.pdf
(6.03 MB) (6.03 MB)
This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of a mobile phone-based thermal and UAV-based multispectral imaging to assess the irrigation performance of African eggplant. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with sub-plots being irrigated at 100% (I100), 80% (I80) and 60% (I60) of the calculated crop water requirements using drip. The leaf moisture content was monitored at different soil moisture conditions at early, vegetative and full vegetative stages. The results showed that, the crop water stress index (CWSI) derived from the mobile phone-based thermal images is sensitive to leaf moisture content (LMC) in I80 and I60 at all vegetative stages. The UAV-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI) correlated with LMC at the vegetative and full vegetative stages for all three irrigation treatments. In cases where eggplant is irrigated under normal conditions, the use of NDVI or OSAVI at full vegetative stages will be able to predict eggplant yields. In cases where, eggplant is grown under deficit irrigation, CWSI can be used at vegetative or full vegetative stages next to NDVI or OSAVI depending on available resources.
12 Ahmed, S. S.; Bali, R.; Khan, H.; Mohamed, H. I.; Sharma, S. K. 2021. Improved water resource management framework for water sustainability and security. Environmental Research, 201:111527. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111527]
Water resource management ; Frameworks ; Water security ; Sustainability ; Water distribution systems ; Rural area ; Monitoring systems ; Technology ; Ultrasonic devices ; Water supply ; Water demand ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Water levels ; Moisture content ; Forecasting
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050472)
(6.53 MB)
The water resource is an essential field of economic growth, social progress, and environmental integrity. A novel solution is offered to meet water needs, distribution, and IoT-based quality management requirements. With technological growth, this paper presents an IoT-enabled Water Resource Management and Distribution Monitoring System (IWRM-DMS) using sensors, gauge meters, flow meters, ultrasonic sensors, motors to implement in rural cities. Thus, research proposes that the IWRM-DMS establish the rural demand for water and the water supply system to minimize water demand. The system proposed includes different sensors, such as the water flow sensor, the pH sensor, the water pressure valve, the flow meters, and ultrasound sensors. This water system has been developed, which addresses the demand for domestic water in the village. Machine Intelligence has been designed for demand prediction in the decision support system. The simulation results confirm the applicability of the proposed framework in real-time environments. The proposed IWRM-DMS has been proposed to analyse the water quality to ensure water distribution in a rural area to achieve less MAPE (21.41%) and RMSE(15.12%), improve efficiency (96.93%), Reliability (98.24%), enhance prediction (95.29%)), the overall performance (97.34%), moisture content ratio (7.4%), cost-effectiveness ratio (95.7%) when compared to other popular methods.
13 Chandrasekharan, Kiran M.; Subasinghe, Chandima; Haileslassie, Amare. 2021. Mapping irrigated and rainfed agriculture in Ethiopia (2015-2016) using remote sensing methods. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 31p. (IWMI Working Paper 196) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.206]
Irrigated farming ; Rainfed agriculture ; Mapping ; Remote sensing ; Irrigated land ; Farmland ; Water management ; Biomass ; Dry season ; Moisture content ; Land cover ; Satellite imagery ; Landsat ; Weather data ; Rainfall patterns ; Datasets ; Normalized difference vegetation index ; Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer ; Time series analysis / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050838)
(5.78 MB)
Irrigation expansion is a critical development intervention to address food security challenges in Ethiopia. However, only a fraction of the country’s irrigation potential has been utilized so far. Information about the location and spatial extent of irrigated and rainfed areas is an important requirement for sustainable water resources development and agricultural planning.
Currently, considerable variations exist in the irrigated area estimates made by different government agencies. In addition, irrigated area maps created as part of global mapping efforts have a spatial resolution of anywhere between 10 kilometers and 250 meters, making them too coarse for planning and management at a subnational scale.
This study aims to develop an irrigated area map of Ethiopia using satellite images to support agricultural water management practices in the country, using multi-temporal, multi-resolution data sets from 2015 to 2016 with a spatial resolution of 30 m. The total area of croplands was estimated as 21.8 million hectares (Mha), of which only 1.11 Mha were mapped as the irrigated area. This is only around 5% of the estimated total agricultural area.
The accuracy of the results was evaluated using geographic coordinates of irrigated areas provided by the Ethiopian Ministry of Agriculture. The results confirmed that irrigated areas can be identified reasonably well by analyzing seasonal trends in vegetation and moisture levels.
Currently, considerable variations exist in the irrigated area estimates made by different government agencies. In addition, irrigated area maps created as part of global mapping efforts have a spatial resolution of anywhere between 10 kilometers and 250 meters, making them too coarse for planning and management at a subnational scale.
This study aims to develop an irrigated area map of Ethiopia using satellite images to support agricultural water management practices in the country, using multi-temporal, multi-resolution data sets from 2015 to 2016 with a spatial resolution of 30 m. The total area of croplands was estimated as 21.8 million hectares (Mha), of which only 1.11 Mha were mapped as the irrigated area. This is only around 5% of the estimated total agricultural area.
The accuracy of the results was evaluated using geographic coordinates of irrigated areas provided by the Ethiopian Ministry of Agriculture. The results confirmed that irrigated areas can be identified reasonably well by analyzing seasonal trends in vegetation and moisture levels.
14 Nikiema, Josiane; Asamoah, Bernice; Egblewogbe, M. N. Y. H.; Akomea-Agyin, J.; Cofie, Olufunke O.; Hughes, A. F.; Gebreyesus, G.; Asiedu, Kerewaa Zipporah; Njenga, M. 2022. Impact of material composition and food waste decomposition on characteristics of fuel briquettes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling Advances, 15:200095. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcradv.2022.200095]
Food wastes ; Fuels ; Briquettes ; Solid wastes ; Urban wastes ; Kitchen waste ; Decomposition ; Moisture content ; Calorific value ; Temperature ; Ash content ; Burning ; Sawdust ; Composting / Ghana / Kenya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051233)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667378922000335/pdfft?md5=4b575de9c74f8d55139a21a18d728dec&pid=1-s2.0-S2667378922000335-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051233.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051233.pdf
(0.87 MB) (889 KB)
This study investigated the potential of using locally available municipal solid wastes (MSW) (such as food wastes from restaurants, charcoal dust, coconut husk and shell, and sawdust) as feedstock to produce noncarbonized fuel briquettes. A low-cost briquetting machine sourced from Alfaster Industries in Kenya served to demonstrate the concept. Using decomposed food waste resulted in briquettes with higher bulk density (+4%), greater net calorific value (+18%) and lower burning rate (-24%), compared to the use of regular food waste. There was no significant difference in ash content from the two briquette types. The results also indicate that decomposing food waste and mixing it with tree-based raw materials such as coconut waste, charcoal waste or sawdust improves the quality of briquettes, and enhances the temperatures achieved during combustion. This recycling solution has the potential to serve multiple benefits in MSW management for sustainable cities while reducing rural land degradation and deforestation.
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