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1 Mishra, A. 1997. Performance evaluation, operational policies and flow hydraulics of canal delivery and on-farm irrigation system. In Water Technology Centre for Eastern Region, WTCER annual report 1996 - 97. Bhubaneswar, India: WTCER. pp.29-39.
Performance evaluation ; Irrigation operation ; Policy ; Flow control ; Hydraulics ; Irrigation canals ; Water delivery ; Sedimentation ; Simulation / India / Puri Main Canal / Phulnakhara Distributary
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G635 WAT Record No: H022000)
2 Casangcapan, M. E.; Chilcott, R. E. 1993. DACL System dynamic performance. I: Response-prediction analysis. Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 119(1):50-63.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H012117)
3 Casangcapan, M. E.; Bright, J. C.; Chilcott, R. E. 1993. DACL System dynamic performance. II: Laboratory model testing. Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 119(1):64-73.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H012118)
4 Rodellar, J.; Gomez, M.; Bonet, L. 1993. Control method for on-demand operation of open-channel flow. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 119(2):225-241.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H012400)
5 Ankum, P. 1993. Self-management in irrigation systems. In HR Wallingford. Maintenance and operation of irrigation/drainage schemes for improved performance: papers presented to the Asian Regional Symposium held in Beijing, People's Republic of China, 24-27 May 1993. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: HR Wallingford. pp.2:51-64.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G570 MAI Record No: H010816)
Flow control in irrigation canals is a special subject of "control systems engineering" as developed in mechanical engineering for industries. A major division can be made into flow control systems with (i) no-management, (ii) self-management, and (iii) central-management. Self-management means that the hydraulic system itself converges into a new equilibrium state, and is obtained in downstream control, volume control and ELFLO/CARDD control. Downstream and volume control have "positive" storage wedges in the canal reaches. The effect is that the water is instantaneous available at increasing demands, while the operation efficiency becomes 100%. ELFLO/CARDD control has a "negative" storage wedge in the canal reaches. The effect is that the canal storage has to be filled first before a new equilibrium state is reached. This introduces a time lag in the system, while there are also operational losses during decreasing discharges.
6 Uyumaz, A.; Smith, R. H. 1992. Design procedure for flow over side-weirs. Water Resources Journal, March:49-55.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H012979)
Numerical investigations of flow over side-weirs in rectangular and circular channels are reported. Numerical models are obtained from energy principles and solved by a finite difference method. The results are presented in graphic form. Theoretical and experimental equations are presented for the determination of the length of side-weirs for rectangular and circular delivery channels. Comparative analyses of side-weir lengths computed for several example cases show that rectangular-channel side-weir procedures generally should not be used for design purposes or for obtaining approximate water-surface profiles along side-weirs in a circular channel (except for special case of a side-weir-height-to channel-diameter ratio of P/D = 0.66). For all other ratios of P/D, the per cent error incurred depends on the basic assumptions involved with the rectangular approximation procedure.
7 ASCE Task Committee on Irrigation Canal System Hydraulic Modeling. 1993. Unsteady-flow modeling of irrigation canals. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 119(4):615-630.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H013053)
Historically, the distribution of water in irrigation-canal networks has been poor in many irrigation projects around the world. This has lead to poor use of the water supply. Unsteady-flow mathematical models of irrigation-canal networks are needed to examine the transient nature of canal flows. Use for such models applied to canal networks are real-time control, gate scheduling, analysis of operations, and training. The task committee on Irrigation Canal System Hydraulic Modeling examined a number of the computer programs available for simulating unsteady open-channel flow. A number of evaluation and comparison criteria were developed related to technical merit, modeling capabilities, and user considerations. The committee identified current limitations of these models and needs for improvements. Limitations of these canal models are lack of publicity, poor documentation, user confidence and knowledge, and the difficulty of calibration.
8 Strelkoff, T. S.; Falvey, H. T. 1993. Numerical methods used to model unsteady canal flow. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 119(4):637-655.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H013055)
This paper presents a critical review of numerical methods used to model unsteady flow in canals. The significance of the various forms of the governing equations is outlined, and the problems associated with the evaluation of boundary drag and head loss are introduced. The attributes of the numerical solution techniques are described. The attributes include applicability, accuracy, convenience, and robustness. Both legitimate and nonlegitimate methods of achieving robustness are considered. Approximate hydrologic techniques are viewed from the perspective gained by a review of the complete equations. Characteristic and finite-difference techniques for solving the full equations are compared. Practical difficulties in detecting bore-wave formation during a simulation are noted. Specific techniques are recommended for difficult problems such as the computation of very shallow flows. Practical considerations concerning testing of the techniques and a cautionary note for users of computer-simulation models are given. Also published in Ritter, W. F. (Eds.) 1991. Irrigation and drainage: Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference sponsored by the Irrigation and Drainage Division of the ASCE, and the Hawaii Section, ASCE, Honolulu, Hawaii, July 22-26, 1991. New York, NY, USA: ASCE. pp.244-252.
9 Forrest, M. H.; Merkley, G. P. 1993. Unique problems in modeling irrigation canals. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 119(4):656-662.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H013056)
This is one of several introductory papers resulting from work by the ASCE Task Committee on Irrigation Canal System Hydraulic Modeling. It is intended to serve as background for analyses by the Task Committee of several available programs. Irrigation-canal modeling is based on the same unsteady-flow equations used for river modeling. However, the canal and irrigation environment present several unique simulation problems generally not encountered in river modeling. These include zero-depth conditions, mixed- regime and reversing flow, gate submergence, flow in inverted siphons and culverts, multiple flow paths, and control-system interfaces. This paper outlines some of these special problems, discusses their importance, and reviews some solution approaches in general terms.
10 Contractor, D. N.; Schuurmans, W. 1993. Informed use and potential pitfalls of canal models. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 119(4):663-672.
Irrigation canals ; Mathematical models ; Flow control ; Hydraulics ; Calibrations ; Models ; Computer techniques
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H013057)
Numerical models of unsteady flow in canals are used in the design, analysis, and operation of irrigation-canal systems. Their informed use requires knowledge of the potential pitfalls and sources of error. There are three model parameters that influence errors in the model output. The influence of the Courant number on the accuracy of the results is studied. Calibration of topographical and hydraulic parameters and verification of the model are important steps in the successful implementation of canal models. Two tests are presented that can be used to check the accuracy and stability of the programs. The first is a mass-conservation test, and the second is ramp-discharge test. The results of these tests on several commercially available programs are presented. The intricacies of model calibration, model interpretation, and performance parameters are also discussed. Also published in Ritter, W. F. (Eds.) 1991. Irrigation and drainage: Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference sponsored by the Irrigation and Drainage Division of the ASCE, and the Hawaii Section, ASCE, Honolulu, Hawaii, July 22-26, 1991. New York, NY, USA: ASCE. pp.311-322.
11 Shanan, L. 1986. Design and operating guidelines for structured irrigation networks. 4th draft from Irrigation II Division, South Asia Projects Department. v, 194p.
Irrigation programs ; Water distribution ; Networks ; Irrigation design ; Cropping systems ; Flow control ; Hydraulics ; Irrigation scheduling ; Canals / India
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 2948 Record No: H013609)
Guidelines from a series of lecture notes given at Workshops in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, in India
12 Rijo, M.; Almeida, A. B. 1993. Performance of an automatic upstream controlled irrigation system: Conveyance efficiencies. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 7(3):161-172.
Water conveyance ; Flow measurement ; Flow control ; Water delivery performance ; Irrigation management / Portugal
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H013081)
This paper presents a study of conveyance efficiencies in the Sorraia Irrigation Project, Portugal. The Irrigation Project is briefly described and flow measurement techniques are analyzed. Results show that efficiencies are higher during week days and normal labor hours and lower during weekends and at night. Water losses are higher than in other similar systems and the main reason is the substitution of the flow rotation method by restricted arranged schedules. An improvement process for saving water and accommodating deliveries to demands is also briefly presented.
13 Ankum, P. 1992. Desired behavior of irrigation systems. In Feyen, J.; Mwendera, E.; Badji, M. (Eds.), Advances in planning, design and management of irrigation systems as related to sustainable land use: Proceedings of an International Conference organized by the Center for Irrigation Engineering of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in cooperation with the European Committee for Water Resources Management, Leuven, Belgium, 14-17 September 1992. Vol. 1. Leuven, Belgium: Center for Irrigation Engineering. pp.245-254.
Irrigation management ; Irrigation scheduling ; Water allocation ; Water delivery ; Water demand ; Flow control ; Policy
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G000 FEY Record No: H014353)
In literature, different classifications on irrigation main system management are used at present. It is concluded that these classifications are not logic in their concepts, and that they depend heavily on concepts as developed at farm level. A new classification is proposed here, based on the water allocation at the "tertiary offtake." A distinction is made between (i) the parameters related to the decision-making on the water allocation (on-demand, semi-demand, arranged), and (ii) the parameters related to the method of water allocation (fixed, intermittent, varied discharge). The term "on-demand" is used when water is immediately available at the wish of the user. The term "semi-demand" is used when this water is only available after some time, e.g. because of the time-lag in the (upstream) control system. The term "arranged" refers to a water delivery that is not based on water requests of the users, but on pre-set arrangements. The above parameters can be translated into a water management plan (no management, central management, self management), and ultimately into the required hardware of the flow control system and its operation rules.
14 Mihic, D. 1992. The role of real time control in irrigation channel design and management. In Feyen, J.; Mwendera, E.; Badji, M. (Eds.), Advances in planning, design and management of irrigation systems as related to sustainable land use: Proceedings of an International Conference organized by the Center for Irrigation Engineering of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in cooperation with the European Committee for Water Resources Management, Leuven, Belgium, 14-17 September 1992. Vol. 1. Leuven, Belgium: Center for Irrigation Engineering. pp.255-264.
Open channels ; Flow control ; Control systems ; Mathematical models ; Simulation ; Irrigation design
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G000 FEY Record No: H014354)
This paper discusses the introduction of control system in design technology which enable better assessment of irrigation channel systems' operation under real conditions. The open channel network configuration and its control system are closely connected. This means that the control system must suit the configuration, but the configuration also depends on the control system. Therefore, the analysis of their interaction is very important. In this approach to the irrigation channel design it is not acceptable to make a final decision on which systems configuration to adopt before the control system has been successfully applied. An important part of the overall process is to provide an appropriate mathematical model of the irrigation channel network.
15 Ankum, P. 1992. Classification of flow control systems for irrigation. In Feyen, J.; Mwendera, E.; Badji, M. (Eds.), Advances in planning, design and management of irrigation systems as related to sustainable land use: Proceedings of an International Conference organized by the Center for Irrigation Engineering of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in cooperation with the European Committee for Water Resources Management, Leuven, Belgium, 14-17 September 1992. Vol. 1. Leuven, Belgium: Center for Irrigation Engineering. pp.265-274.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G000 FEY Record No: H014355)
In order to maintain an effective water management in irrigation systems, methods and means of flow control have developed significantly in the past decades. However, it is still not yet understood what type of flow control system should be applied in a specific irrigation system, and under what circumstances. This article presents a classification of flow control in irrigation main systems, based on the different control parameters. A major division can be made into systems with (i) no management, (ii) central management, and (iii) self management. The term "self management" means that the system itself converges to a new equilibrium state. The regulation of these systems can be either (i) no regulation, (ii) manually or (iii) automatically, whereas automatic regulation is not similar to self management. Control systems can be classified into: proportional control, upstream control, downstream control, volume control, ELFLO control and CARDD control, each of them having their advantages and disadvantages.
16 van den Bosch, B. E.; Snellen, W. B.; Brouwer, C.; Hatcho, N. 1993. Structures for water control and distribution. Rome, Italy: FAO. viii, 67p. (Irrigation water management training manual no.8)
Water control ; Water distribution ; Training ; Weirs ; Open channels ; Flow control ; Flow measurement ; Discharges ; Maintenance
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G000 VAN Record No: H014549)
17 Wurbs, R. A.; Yerramreddy, A. 1994. Reservoir/river system analysis models: Conventional simulation versus network flow programming. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 10(2):131-142.
Reservoirs ; Rivers ; Simulation models ; Flow control ; Computer models ; Computer techniques ; Optimization ; Case studies ; Water rights
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H014793)
18 Odgaard, A. J.; Mosconi, C. E. 1987. Streambank protection by Iowa vanes. ISWRRI report no.146; IIHR report no.306. viii, 34p.
Flow control ; Velocity ; Flow channels ; Performance evaluation ; Design ; Rivers ; Erosion / USA / Iowa
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 3552 Record No: H014804)
19 Khan, M. Y. 1991. Irrigation water management in Indus River System of Pakistan. In ICID, The Special Technical Session: Proceedings, Beijing, China, April 1991. Vol.1-C: Irrigation management. New Delhi, India: ICID. pp.298-311.
Water management ; Water allocation ; Reservoirs ; River basin development ; Irrigation canals ; Flow control ; Flood control ; Government managed irrigation systems / Pakistan / Indus River
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: ICID 631.7 G000 ICI Record No: H014935)
20 Ankum, P. 1993. Canal storage and flow control methods in irrigation. In ICID, 15th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage, The Hague, The Netherlands, 1993: Water management in the next century. Transactions: Vol.1-B, Question 44, R36-R72: Planning and design of irrigation and drainage systems. New Delhi, India: ICID. pp.663-679.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: ICID 631.7 G000 ICI Record No: H015236)
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