Your search found 15 records
1 Hassan, A. A.; Birley, M. H.; Giroult, E.; Zghondi, R.; Khan, M. Z. A.; Bos, R. 2005. Environmental health impact assessment of development projects: A practical guide for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. Cairo, Egypt: WHO Regional office for the Eastern Mediterranean. 131p.
Health ; Risks ; Epidemiology ; Impact assessment ; Environmental effects ; Water pollution ; Pollution control ; Air pollution ; Soil pollution ; Urbanization ; Irrigation programs / Eastern Mediterranean Region
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 628 GG20 HAS Record No: H038960)
2 Klinkenberg, Eveline; McCall, P. J.; Wilson, M. D.; Amerasinghe, F. P.; Donnelly, M. J. 2008. Impact of urban agriculture on malaria vectors in Accra, Ghana. Malaria Journal, 7(151): 9p.
Malaria ; Epidemiology ; Entomology ; Surveys ; Disease vectors ; Waterborne diseases ; Urban agriculture ; Public health ; Control methods / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 614.532 G200 KLI Record No: H041483)
http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-7-151.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041483.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041483.pdf
3 Kibret, S.; McCartney, Matthew; Lautze, Jonathan; Jayasinghe, G. 2009. Malaria transmission in the vicinity of impounded water: evidence from the Koka Reservoir, Ethiopia. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 39p. (IWMI Research Report 132) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3910/2009.129]
Malaria ; Waterborne diseases ; Disease vectors ; Habitats ; Disease control ; Entomology ; Epidemiology ; Surveys ; Dams ; Reservoirs ; Villages ; Case studies / Africa / Ethiopia / Koka Reservoir / Rift Valley / Awash River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 614.532 G100 KIB Record No: H042338)
(1.26 MB)
The construction of dams in Africa is often associated with adverse malaria impacts in surrounding communities. However, the degree and nature of these impacts are rarely quantified and the feasibility of manipulating reservoir water levels to control mosquito breeding has not been previously investigated in Africa. This report describes entomological and epidemiological studies conducted around the Koka Dam and Reservoir in Ethiopia. The research findings confirm the role of the reservoir in increasing malaria transmission and provide evidence that there is potential to use dam operation in integrated malaria control strategies.
4 Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. (Eds.) 2010. Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC). 404p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Epidemiology ; Sewage sludge ; Excreta ; Diseases ; Vegetables ; Leaf vegetables ; Economic impact ; Wastewater treatment ; Irrigation methods ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042600)
(5.45 MB)
In most developing countries wastewater treatment systems have very low coverage or function poorly, resulting in large-scale water pollution and the use of poor-quality water for crop irrigation, especially in the vicinity of urban centres. This can pose significant risks to public health, particularly where crops are eaten raw. Wastewater Irrigation and Health approaches this serious problem from a practical and realistic perspective, addressing the issues of health risk assessment and reduction in developing country settings. The book therefore complements other books on the topic of wastewater which focus on high-end treatment options and the use of treated wastewater. This book moves the debate forward by covering also the common reality of untreated wastewater, greywater and excreta use. It presents the state-of-the-art on quantitative risk assessment and low-cost options for health risk reduction, from treatment to on-farm and off-farm measures, in support of the multiple barrier approach of the 2006 guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation published by the World Health Organization. The 38 authors and co-authors are international key experts in the field of wastewater irrigation representing a mix of agronomists, engineers, social scientists and public health experts from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. The chapters highlight experiences across the developing world with reference to various case studies from sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Mexico and the Middle East. The book also addresses options for resource recovery and wastewater governance, thus clearly establishes a connection between agriculture, health and sanitation, which is often the missing link in the current discussion on ‘making wastewater an asset’.
5 Mara, D.; Bos, R. 2010. Risk analysis and epidemiology: the 2006 WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.51-62. (Also in French).
Risk analysis ; Epidemiology ; Pathogens ; Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Diseases ; Public health ; Guidelines ; Risk assessment ; Simulation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042603)
(0.13 MB)
This chapter reviews the required pathogen reductions recommended in the 2006 WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater in agriculture, which are based on a tolerable additional burden of disease of =10–6 Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) loss per person per year. The quantitative microbial risk-analysis technique, combined with 10,000-trial Monte Carlo risk simulations, is detailed here and the resulting estimates of median risk for various levels of pathogen reduction for exposure via restricted and unrestricted irrigation are also presented. This enables the selection of suitable combinations of pathogen reduction measures (wastewater treatment and post-treatment health-protection measures) to be selected, so that the resulting additional burden of disease does not exceed 10–6 DALY loss per person per year.
6 Boelee, Eline; Laamrani, Hammou. 2009. Epidemiological survey. In Andreini, Marc; Schuetz, Tonya; Harrington, Larry (Eds.). Small reservoirs toolkit, theme 3: ecosystems and health. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Brasilia, DF, Brasil: Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Cerrados Center); Harare, Zimbabwe: University of Zimbabwe (UZ); Accra, Ghana: Ghana Water Research Institution (WRI); Delft, The Netherlands: Delft University of Technology (TUD); Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI); Marseille, France: Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Bonn, Germany: Center for Development Research, University of Bonn; Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell University. 9p.
Epidemiology ; Surveys ; Waterborne diseases ; Schistosomiasis ; Malaria ; Reservoirs / Africa / Burkina Faso
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042668)
This tool uses standard biomedical methodologies to determine infection rates for key water-related (or “reservoir-related”) diseases including schistosomiasis and other intestinal parasites, and malaria. In any particular locale there may be a completely different set of priorities with regard to reservoir-related health issues. Therefore, it is always wise to check with local health personnel about priorities, and to sample local communities’ perceptions with respect to reservoir-related problems. For diseases and infections not described in this tool, local health professionals, literature, and the internet provide good starting points.
7 Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. (Eds.) 2010. Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 404p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Epidemiology ; Sewage sludge ; Excreta ; Diseases ; Vegetables ; Leaf vegetables ; Economic impact ; Wastewater treatment ; Irrigation methods ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE c2 Record No: H042759)
In most developing countries wastewater treatment systems have very low coverage or function poorly, resulting in large-scale water pollution and the use of poor-quality water for crop irrigation, especially in the vicinity of urban centres. This can pose significant risks to public health, particularly where crops are eaten raw. Wastewater Irrigation and Health approaches this serious problem from a practical and realistic perspective, addressing the issues of health risk assessment and reduction in developing country settings. The book therefore complements other books on the topic of wastewater which focus on high-end treatment options and the use of treated wastewater. This book moves the debate forward by covering also the common reality of untreated wastewater, greywater and excreta use. It presents the state-of-the-art on quantitative risk assessment and low-cost options for health risk reduction, from treatment to on-farm and off-farm measures, in support of the multiple barrier approach of the 2006 guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation published by the World Health Organization. The 38 authors and co-authors are international key experts in the field of wastewater irrigation representing a mix of agronomists, engineers, social scientists and public health experts from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. The chapters highlight experiences across the developing world with reference to various case studies from sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Mexico and the Middle East. The book also addresses options for resource recovery and wastewater governance, thus clearly establishes a connection between agriculture, health and sanitation, which is often the missing link in the current discussion on ‘making wastewater an asset’.
8 Lal, R.; Sivakumar, M. V. K.; Faiz, S. M. A.; Rahman, A. H. M. M.; Islam, K. R. (Eds.) 2010. Climate change and food security in South Asia. New York, NY, USA: Springer. 600p.
Climate change ; Adaptation ; Global warming ; Glaciers ; Food security ; Water storage ; Soil degradation ; Carbon cycle ; Erosion ; Solar energy ; Greenhouse effect ; Land management ; Land use ; Food production ; Population growth ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture ; Irrigation management ; Crop production ; Rice ; Farming systems ; Cereals ; Pests ; Models ; Sea level ; Waste management ; Composting ; Forest management ; Economic impact ; Epidemiology / South Asia / India / Australia / Bangladesh / Himalayas
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.19 G570 LAL Record No: H043442)
(0.38 MB)
9 Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. 2011. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. In French. [Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries]. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. 440p. (Also in English).
Wastewater irrigation ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Epidemiology ; Sewage sludge ; Excreta ; Diseases ; Vegetables ; Leaf vegetables ; Economic impact ; Wastewater treatment ; Irrigation methods ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044457)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Research_Themes/Theme_3/PDF/French%20book.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044457.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044457.pdf
(5.96 MB) (5.96MB)
In most developing countries wastewater treatment systems have very low coverage or function poorly, resulting in large-scale water pollution and the use of poor-quality water for crop irrigation, especially in the vicinity of urban centres. This can pose significant risks to public health, particularly where crops are eaten raw. Wastewater Irrigation and Health approaches this serious problem from a practical and realistic perspective, addressing the issues of health risk assessment and reduction in developing country settings. The book therefore complements other books on the topic of wastewater which focus on high-end treatment options and the use of treated wastewater. This book moves the debate forward by covering also the common reality of untreated wastewater, greywater and excreta use. It presents the state-of-the-art on quantitative risk assessment and low-cost options for health risk reduction, from treatment to on-farm and off-farm measures, in support of the multiple barrier approach of the 2006 guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation published by the World Health Organization. The 38 authors and co-authors are international key experts in the field of wastewater irrigation representing a mix of agronomists, engineers, social scientists and public health experts from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. The chapters highlight experiences across the developing world with reference to various case studies from sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Mexico and the Middle East. The book also addresses options for resource recovery and wastewater governance, thus clearly establishes a connection between agriculture, health and sanitation, which is often the missing link in the current discussion on ‘making wastewater an asset’.
10 Mara, D.; Bos, R. 2011. Analyse et epidemiologie des risques: les directives de 2006 de l’OMS pour l’utilisation sans risque des eaux usees en agriculture. In French. [Risk analysis and epidemiology: the 2006 WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.53-65. (Also in English).
Risk analysis ; Epidemiology ; Pathogens ; Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Diseases ; Public health ; Guidelines ; Risk assessment ; Simulation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044460)
(5.96MB)
This chapter reviews the required pathogen reductions recommended in the 2006 WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater in agriculture, which are based on a tolerable additional burden of disease of =10–6 Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) loss per person per year. The quantitative microbial risk-analysis technique, combined with 10,000-trial Monte Carlo risk simulations, is detailed here and the resulting estimates of median risk for various levels of pathogen reduction for exposure via restricted and unrestricted irrigation are also presented. This enables the selection of suitable combinations of pathogen reduction measures (wastewater treatment and post-treatment health-protection measures) to be selected, so that the resulting additional burden of disease does not exceed 10–6 DALY loss per person per year.
11 Knipe, D. W.; Padmanathan, P.; Muthuwatta, Lal. 2017. Regional variation in suicide rates in Sri Lanka between 1955 and 2011: a spatial and temporal analysis. Bmc Public Health, 17:1-14. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3961-5]
Socioeconomic environment ; Social behaviour ; Social change ; Social phenomena ; Suicide ; Pesticides ; Poisoning ; Temporal variation ; Epidemiology / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048135)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2Fs12889-016-3961-5.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048135.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048135.pdf
(3.87 MB)
Background: Between 1955 and 2011 there were marked fluctuations in suicide rates in Sri Lanka; incidence increased six-fold between 1955 and the 1980s, and halved in the early 21st century. Changes in access to highly toxic pesticides are thought to have influenced this pattern. This study investigates variation in suicide rates across Sri Lanka’s 25 districts between 1955 and 2011. We hypothesised that changes in the incidence of suicide would be most marked in rural areas due to the variation in availability of highly toxic pesticides in these locations during this time period. Methods: We mapped district-level suicide rates in 1955, 1972, 1980 and 2011. These periods preceded, included and postdated the rapid rise in Sri Lanka’s suicide rates. We investigated the associations between district-level variations in suicide rates and census-derived measures of rurality (population density), unemployment, migration and ethnicity using Spearman’s rank correlation and negative binomial models. Results: The rise and fall in suicide rates was concentrated in more rural areas. In 1980, when suicide rates were at their highest, population density was inversely associated with area variation in suicide rates (r = -0.65; p < 0.001), i.e. incidence was highest in rural areas. In contrast the association was weakest in 1950, prior to the rise in pesticide suicides (r = -0.10; p = 0.697). There was no strong evidence that levels of migration or ethnicity were associated with area variations in suicide rates. The relative rates of suicide in the most rural compared to the most urban districts before (1955), during (1980) and after (2011) the rise in highly toxic pesticide availability were 1.1 (95% CI 0.5 to 2.4), 3.7 (2.0 to 6.9) and 2.1 (1.6 to 2.7) respectively. Conclusions: The findings provide some support for the hypothesis that changes in access to pesticides contributed to the marked fluctuations in Sri Lanka’s suicide rate, but the impact of other factors cannot be ruled out.
12 La Rosa, G.; Iaconelli, M.; Mancini, P.; Ferraro, G. B.; Veneri, C.; Bonadonna, L.; Lucentini, L.; Suffredini, E. 2020. First detection of SARS-CoV-2 [Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2] in untreated wastewaters in Italy. Science of the Total Environment, 736:139652. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139652]
Coronavirus disease ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Sewage ; Monitoring ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Public health ; Epidemiology ; Surveillance / Italy / Milan / Rome
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049817)
(0.67 MB)
Several studies have demonstrated the advantages of environmental surveillance through the monitoring of sewage for the assessment of viruses circulating in a given community (wastewater-based epidemiology, WBE). During the COVID-19 public health emergency, many reports have described the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stools from COVID-19 patients, and a few studies reported the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewaters worldwide. Italy is among the world's worst-affected countries in the COVID-19 pandemic, but so far there are no studies assessing the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in Italian wastewaters. To this aim, twelve influent sewage samples, collected between February and April 2020 from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Milan and Rome, were tested adapting, for concentration, the standard WHO procedure for Poliovirus surveillance. Molecular analysis was undertaken with three nested protocols, including a newly designed SARS-CoV-2 specific primer set. SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection was accomplished in volumes of 250 ml of wastewaters collected in areas of high (Milan) and low (Rome) epidemic circulation, according to clinical data. Overall, 6 out of 12 samples were positive. One of the positive results was obtained in a Milan wastewater sample collected a few days after the first notified Italian case of autochthonous SARS-CoV-2.
The study confirms that WBE has the potential to be applied to SARS-CoV-2 as a sensitive tool to study spatial and temporal trends of virus circulation in the population.
The study confirms that WBE has the potential to be applied to SARS-CoV-2 as a sensitive tool to study spatial and temporal trends of virus circulation in the population.
13 Mahendran, R.; Pathirana, S.; Piyatilake, I. T. S.; Perera, S. S. N.; Weerasinghe, M. C. 2020. Assessment of environmental variability on malaria transmission in a malaria-endemic rural dry zone locality of Sri Lanka: the wavelet approach. PLoS ONE, 15(2):e0228540. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228540]
Malaria ; Disease transmission ; Endemics ; Environmental factors ; Rural areas ; Arid zones ; Epidemiology ; Rivers ; Rain ; Humidity ; Models / Sri Lanka / Kataragama / Menik Ganga
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049856)
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0228540&type=printable
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049856.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049856.pdf
(3.19 MB) (3.19 MB)
Malaria is a global public health concern and its dynamic transmission is still a complex process. Malaria transmission largely depends on various factors, including demography, geography, vector dynamics, parasite reservoir, and climate. The dynamic behaviour of malaria transmission has been explained using various statistical and mathematical methods. Of them, wavelet analysis is a powerful mathematical technique used in analysing rapidly changing time-series to understand disease processes in a more holistic way. The current study is aimed at identifying the pattern of malaria transmission and its variability with environmental factors in Kataragama, a malaria-endemic dry zone locality of Sri Lanka, using a wavelet approach. Monthly environmental data including total rainfall and mean water flow of the “Menik Ganga” river; mean temperature, mean minimum and maximum temperatures and mean relative humidity; and malaria cases in the Kataragama Medical Officer of Health (MOH) area were obtained from the Department of Irrigation, Department of Meteorology and Malaria Research Unit (MRU) of University of Colombo, respectively, for the period 1990 to 2005. Wavelet theory was applied to analyze these monthly time series data. There were two significant periodicities in malaria cases during the period of 1992–1995 and 1999–2000. The cross-wavelet power spectrums revealed an anti-phase correlation of malaria cases with mean temperature, minimum temperature, and water flow of “Menik Ganga” river during the period 1991–1995, while the in-phase correlation with rainfall is noticeable only during 1991–1992. Relative humidity was similarly associated with malaria cases between 1991–1992. It appears that environmental variables have contributed to a higher incidence of malaria cases in Kataragama in different time periods between 1990 and 2005.
14 Daughton, C. G. 2020. Wastewater surveillance for population-wide Covid-19: the present and future. Science of the Total Environment, 736:139631. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139631]
Wastewater ; Health hazards ; Coronavirus disease ; Pandemics ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Epidemiology ; Surveillance ; Public health ; Sewage ; Communities ; Monitoring
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049912)
(0.48 MB)
The Covid-19 pandemic (Coronavirus disease 2019) continues to expose countless unanticipated problems at all levels of the world's complex, interconnected society — global domino effects involving public health and safety, accessible health care, food security, stability of economies and financial institutions, and even the viability of democracies. These problems pose immense challenges that can voraciously consume human and capital resources. Tracking the initiation, spread, and changing trends of Covid-19 at population-wide scales is one of the most daunting challenges, especially the urgent need to map the distribution and magnitude of Covid-19 in near real-time. Other than pre-exposure prophylaxis or therapeutic treatments, the most important tool is the ability to quickly identify infected individuals. The mainstay approach for epidemics has long involved the large-scale application of diagnostic testing at the individual case level. However, this approach faces overwhelming challenges in providing fast surveys of large populations.
An epidemiological tool developed and refined by environmental scientists over the last 20 years (Wastewater-Based Epidemiology — WBE) holds the potential as a key tool in containing and mitigating Covid-19 outbreaks while also minimizing domino effects such as unnecessarily long stay-at-home policies that stress humans and economies alike. WBE measures chemical signatures in sewage, such as fragment biomarkers from the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), simply by applying the type of clinical diagnostic testing (designed for individuals) to the collective signature of entire communities. As such, it could rapidly establish the presence of Covid-19 infections across an entire community. Surprisingly, this tool has not been widely embraced by epidemiologists or public health officials. Presented is an overview of why and how governments should exercise prudence and begin evaluating WBE and coordinating development of a standardized WBE methodology — one that could be deployed within nationalized monitoring networks to provide intercomparable data across nations.
An epidemiological tool developed and refined by environmental scientists over the last 20 years (Wastewater-Based Epidemiology — WBE) holds the potential as a key tool in containing and mitigating Covid-19 outbreaks while also minimizing domino effects such as unnecessarily long stay-at-home policies that stress humans and economies alike. WBE measures chemical signatures in sewage, such as fragment biomarkers from the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), simply by applying the type of clinical diagnostic testing (designed for individuals) to the collective signature of entire communities. As such, it could rapidly establish the presence of Covid-19 infections across an entire community. Surprisingly, this tool has not been widely embraced by epidemiologists or public health officials. Presented is an overview of why and how governments should exercise prudence and begin evaluating WBE and coordinating development of a standardized WBE methodology — one that could be deployed within nationalized monitoring networks to provide intercomparable data across nations.
15 Hill, K.; Zamyadi, A.; Deere, D.; Vanrolleghem, P. A.; Crosbie, N. D. 2021. SARS-CoV-2 known and unknowns, implications for the water sector and wastewater-based epidemiology to support national responses worldwide: early review of global experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic. Water Quality Research Journal, 56(2):57-67. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2020.100]
COVID-19 ; Pandemics ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Wastewater treatment ; Epidemiology ; Monitoring ; Pathogens ; Public health ; Models / Australia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050461)
https://iwaponline.com/wqrj/article-pdf/56/2/57/893157/wqrjc0560057.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050461.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050461.pdf
(0.39 MB) (396 KB)
Wastewater surveillance of pathogens may be a useful tool to help determine whether clinical surveillance of disease is effective or inadequate due to under-reporting and under-detection. In addition, tracking of pathogen concentrations over time could potentially provide a measure of the effectiveness of public health control measures and the impact of the gradual relaxation of these controls. Analysis of wastewater using quantitative molecular methods offers a real-time measure of infections in the community, and thus is expected to provide a more sensitive and rapid indication of changes in infection rates before such effects become detectable by clinical health surveillance. Models may help to back-calculate wastewater prevalence to population prevalence or to correct pathogen counts for wastewater catchment-specific and temporal effects. They may also help to design the wastewater sampling strategy. This article provides a brief summary of the history of pathogen wastewater surveillance to help set the context for the SARS-CoV-2 wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) programmes currently being undertaken globally.
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