Your search found 12 records
1 Wang, X.; Tuppad, P.; Williams, J. R. 2011. Modelling agricultural management systems with APEX [Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender]. In Shukla, M. K. (Ed.) Soil hydrology, land use and agriculture: measurement and modelling. Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp.117-136.
Agricultural policy ; Simulation models ; Calibration ; Hydrology ; Water erosion ; Elements ; Cycling ; Watersheds ; Stream flow ; Crop yield ; Erosion ; Tillage / USA / Texas / Bosque River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H045776)
2 Brindha, Karthikeyan; Elango, L. 2014. Geochemical modelling of the effects of a proposed uranium tailings pond on groundwater quality. Technical article. Mine Water and the Environment, 33:110-120. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-014-0279-3]
Geochemistry ; Models ; Hydrology ; Hydraulic conductivity ; Elements ; Uranium ; Mining ; Ponds ; Groundwater ; Water quality ; Infiltration water ; Wells / India / Andhra Pradesh / Nalgonda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046501)
(2.60 MB)
The impact of a proposed uranium tailings pond on groundwater quality was assessed by geochemical modelling. Groundwater samples were collected from six dug wells in the Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, in southern India, once every 2 months from March 2008 to January 2010, and analysed for calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, and uranium. Prediction of groundwater quality was carried out for 100 years using PHREEQC to assess the effects of infiltration of water from the proposed tailings pond. The sensitivity of the model for variations in porosity, hydraulic gradient, hydraulic conductivity, and concentration of uranium in the tailings was evaluated. Geochemical modelling predicts that if the chemical composition of the tailings water is maintained at about the expected mean concentrations, and an appropriate liner is installed with an infiltration rate B1.0 9 10-9 m/s, the concentration of solutes in the groundwater will be increased from present background levels for a down-gradient distance of up to 500 m for the anticipated life of the mine, i.e. 16 years. The concentration of ions in groundwater would exceed background concentrations for up to 100 m at the end of 100 years. This study was used to predict the optimum chemical composition for the tailings and the extent, in terms of time and distance, that the groundwater concentration of various ions would be increased by infiltration of wastes from the tailings pond.
3 Brindha, Karthikeyan; Kavitha, R. 2015. Hydrochemical assessment of surface water and groundwater quality along Uyyakondan channel, South India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73(9):5383-5393. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3793-5]
Groundwater ; Surface water ; Water quality ; Hydrology ; Chemicals ; Assessment ; Water use ; Drinking water ; Irrigation water ; Elements ; Salinity / India / Tiruchirappalli
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046711)
(1.38 MB)
Groundwater and surface water quality is an important factor that determines its usage for drinking and irrigational use. This study was carried out along a major irrigation water source-Uyyakondan channel in Tiruchirappalli, south India. Fourteen surface water samples along the channel and fifteen groundwater samples close to the surface water sampling locations were collected to determine its suitability for drinking and irrigational purposes. Electrical conductivity, pH and concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, fluoride and nitrate were determined in the water samples. The chemical composition of the water samples were compared with the drinking water standards of World Health Organisation and Bureau of Indian Standards. Groundwater from this area was suitable for drinking based on magnesium, sulphate, bicarbonate, fluoride and nitrate, while the concentration of calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride exceeded the maximum permissible limits at few locations. Surface water was within the permissible limits for magnesium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulphate, fluoride and nitrate, while calcium, sodium and chloride exceeded the highest desirable limits. Sodium chloride was the dominant groundwater and surface water type. Irrigation water quality was assessed based on magnesium hazard, residual sodium carbonate, sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, permeability index and salinity hazard. Water was suitable for irrigation based on magnesium hazard and residual sodium carbonate. Most water samples were doubtful for irrigation use based on sodium percentage and good for irrigation depending on sodium adsorption ratio. Though 60 % of groundwater and 29 % of surface water samples were suitable for drinking based on water quality index, majority of the water samples were not suitable for irrigation. The water quality in this area needs to be monitored regularly and it is crucial to treat the water before consumption.
4 Rajesh, R.; Brindha, Karthikeyan; Elango, L. 2015. Groundwater quality and its hydrochemical characteristics in a shallow weathered rock aquifer of southern India. Water Quality, Exposure and Health, 7(4):515-524. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-015-0166-6]
Groundwater irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Water quality ; Hydrology ; Chemical analysis ; Geology ; Surface water ; Aquifers ; Domestic consumption ; Domestic water ; Drinking water ; Elements ; Salinity ; Alkalinity ; Wells / India / Telangana / Nalgonda District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047463)
(2.08 MB)
Suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes as well as its hydrochemical characteristics was estimated in a part of Nalgonda district, Telangana state in southern India. Water samples were collected from 45 wells once every 2 months from March 2008 to January 2010. EC and pH were measured in situ while concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulphate and chloride in groundwater were analysed using ion chromatograph. Carbonate and bicarbonate concentration were determined by acid base titration. General order of dominance of cations in the groundwater of this study area is Na?[Ca2?[Mg2?[ K? while that for anions is HCO3 -[Cl-[SO4-2. Ca–HCO3, Na–Cl, mixed Ca–Na–HCO3 and mixed Ca–Mg–Cl types of groundwater were dominant in this area. Groundwater is generally fresh with medium to high salinity and low alkalinity. Chloride and bicarbonate concentrations were present within the permissible limits for drinking whereas, some samples exceed the permissible limits of the Bureau of Indian Standards for pH, TDS, TH,sodium, calcium, magnesium and sulphate. Potassium exceeded the maximum permissible limits for drinking proposed by World Health Organisation. Sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate and permeability index indicates that the groundwater quality was suitable for irrigation in most parts of the study area.
5 Deshmukh, K. K.; Aher, S. P. 2016. Assessment of the impact of municipal solid waste on groundwater quality near the Sangamner city using GIS approach. Water Resources Management, 30(7):2425-2443. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1299-5]
Groundwater pollution ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Domestic water ; Irrigation water ; Urban wastes ; Solid wastes ; Waste disposal ; Dumping ; Chemicophysical properties ; Heavy metals ; Elements ; GIS ; Health hazards / India / Sangamner
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047904)
(1.05 MB)
The present work aims at assessing the impact of MSW on the groundwater quality around dumping yard site, located near the Sangamner city by water quality index (WQI) and its integration in geographical information system (GIS). Groundwater samples (n = 15) around the dumping yard were collected using Garmin GPS device in October 2013 and October 2014. Physico-chemical analysis of same samples was carried out for pH, EC, TDS, Na+ , K+ ,Ca2+, Mg2+, TH, Cl- , HCO3 - , SO4 2- and NO3 - along with the heavy metals like Fe, Zn, Cd and Cr by using standard methods. Similarly, SAR, KRs, RSC and SSP were also calculated to know the groundwater quality into irrigation perspective. WQI for 15 samples were calculated using physico-chemical results/data of 12 parameters and its desirable limit of BIS standard. Generated WQI (z) for October 2013 and October 2014 were integrated with latitude (y) and longitude (x) values, collected using GPS during the field work. Integrated xyz data were then interpolated in Surfer-10 GIS software using inverse distance weight (IDW) method to estimate the groundwater quality of the study area. Study revealed that the groundwater quality around the dumping yard area does not confirm to drinking and domestic purposes as per the WQI and BIS standard. However, the groundwater quality is marginally suitable for irrigation as per SAR, KRs, RSC and SSP. The influence of leachate from MSW dumping site to surrounding groundwater is creating a serious concern and susceptible to potential health hazards. Thus, continuous monitoring of groundwater is desperately required in order to minimize the groundwater pollution for control the pollution-caused MSW.
6 Woldetsadik, D.; Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B.; Itanna, F.; Gebrekidan, H. 2017. Heavy metal accumulation and health risk assessment in wastewater-irrigated urban vegetable farming sites of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. International Journal of Food Contamination, 4:1-13. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40550-017-0053-y]
Heavy metals ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Wastewater irrigation ; Urban areas ; Vegetable growing ; Irrigation water ; Soils ; Soil organic matter ; pH ; Crops ; Elements ; Farming systems / Ethiopia / Addis Ababa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048133)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2Fs40550-017-0053-y.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048133.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048133.pdf
(699 KB)
Background: Wastewater irrigation for vegetable production is a highly prevalent practice in Addis Ababa and a number of articles have been published on wastewater-irrigated soils and vegetables contaminated with heavy metals. However, to the best of our knowledge, an insight into assessment of human health risks associated with the consumption of vegetable crops grown on wastewater-irrigated soils is non-existent in the city. Long-term effect of wastewater irrigation on the build-up of heavy metals in soils and selected vegetable crops in Addis Ababa urban vegetable farming sites (10) was evaluated. By calculating estimated daily intakes (EDIs) and target hazard quotients (THQs) of metals, health risk associated with the consumption of the analyzed vegetables was also evaluated. Results: The heavy metal concentrations in irrigation water and soils did not exceed the recommended maximum limits (RMLs). Moreover, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn concentrations in all analyzed vegetables were lower than the RML standards. In contrast, Pb concentrations were 1.4–3.9 times higher. Results of two way ANOVA test showed that variation in metals concentrations were significant (p < 0.001) across farming site, vegetable type and site x vegetable interaction. The EDI and THQ values showed that there would be no potential health risk to local inhabitants due to intake of individual metal if one or more of the analyzed vegetables are consumed. Furthermore, total target hazard quotients (TTHQs) for the combined metals due to all analyzed vegetables were lower than 1, suggesting no potential health risk even to highly exposed local inhabitants. Conclusions: There is a great respite that toxic metals like Pb and Cd have not posed potential health risk even after long term (more than 50 years) use of this water for irrigation. However, intermittent monitoring of the metals from irrigation water, in soil and crops may be required to follow/prevent their build-up in the food chain.
7 Rango, T.; Jeuland, M.; Manthrithilake, Herath; McCornick, Peter. 2015. Nephrotoxic contaminants in drinking water and urine, and chronic kidney disease in rural Sri Lanka. Science of the Total Environment, 518-519:574-585. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.097]
Drinking water ; Nephrotoxicity ; Contamination ; Urine ; Kidney diseases ; Chronic course ; Collective farming ; Communities ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Water quality ; Elements ; Arsenic compounds ; Sampling ; Analytical methods / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048177)
Chronic kidney disease of unknown (“u”) cause (CKDu) is a growing public health concern in Sri Lanka. Prior research has hypothesized a link with drinking water quality, but rigorous studies are lacking. This study assesses the relationship between nephrotoxic elements (namely arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and uranium (U)) in drinking water, and urine samples collected from individuals with and/or without CKDu in endemic areas, and from individuals without CKDu in nonendemic areas. All water samples – from a variety of source types (i.e. shallow and deep wells, springs, piped and surface water) – contained extremely low concentrations of nephrotoxic elements, and all were well below drinking water guideline values. Concentrations in individual urine samples were higher than, and uncorrelated with, those measured in drinking water, suggesting potential exposure from other sources. Mean urinary concentrations of these elements for individuals with clinically diagnosed CKDu were consistently lower than individuals without CKDu both in endemic and nonendemic areas. This likely stems from the inability of the kidney to excrete these toxic elements via urine in CKDu patients. Urinary concentrations of individuals were also found to be within the range of reference values measured in urine of healthy unexposed individuals from international biomonitoring studies, though these reference levels may not be safe for the Sri Lankan population. The results suggest that CKDu cannot be clearly linked with the presence of these contaminants in drinking water. There remains a need to investigate potential interactions of low doses of these elements (particularly Cd and As) with other risk factors that appear linked to CKDu, prior to developing public health strategies to address this illness.
8 Jeelani, G.; Shah, R. A.; Deshpande, R. D.; Fryar, A. E.; Perrin, J.; Mukherjee, A. 2017. Distinguishing and estimating recharge to karst springs in snow and glacier dominated mountainous basins of the western Himalaya, India. Journal of Hydrology, 550:239-252. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.05.001]
Water springs ; Recharge ; Karst ; Highlands ; Precipitation ; Snow cover ; Glaciers ; Snowmelt ; Flow discharge ; Temperature ; Rain ; Hydrogeology ; Hydrography ; Isotope analysis ; Elements ; Ions ; Chlorides ; Uncertainty / India / Western Himalaya / Liddar Basin / Kuthar Basin / Bringi Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048190)
(4.76 MB)
Recharge assessment is a challenge in snow and glacier dominated Himalayan basins. Quantification of recharge to karst springs in these complex geological environments is important both for hydrologic understanding and for effective water resource management. We used spring hydrographs and environmental tracers (isotopes and solutes) to distinguish and estimate the sources of spring water and to identify the flow paths of the recharging waters in three mountainous basins of the western Himalaya. The karst springs are perennial with high discharge amplitudes. The results indicate that ambient temperature has a strong influence on the hydrological behavior of the springs. Although the spring flow is dominantly controlled by the melting of snow and/or glaciers, rain events produce sharp spikes in spring hydrographs. The facies patterns in springs within the Bringi basin (Ca-HCO3) and the Liddar basin (Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3) suggest flow dominantly through limestone and dolomite. Higher concentrations of SO4 2 and Na+ in warm springs of the Kuthar basin indicate flow through carbonate, silicate and other rocks. The isotopic composition (d18O, d2 H) of precipitation, snowpacks, glacier melt and karst springs show wide variation both in space and time, and are strongly influenced by the basin relief and meteorology. The tracer-based two- and three-component mixing models suggest that the snowmelt dominantly contributes to the spring flow (55–96%), followed by glacier melt (5–36%) and rain (4–34%). Based on tracer tests with good recovery rates, springs are dominantly recharged through point sources rather than by diffuse infiltration. Changes in the timing, form, and amount of winter precipitation substantially affect the timing and magnitude of spring discharge during the rest of the year.
9 Rajmohan, N.; Patel, N.; Amarasinghe, Upali A. 2017. Hydrochemical evaluation and identification of geochemical processes in the shallow and deep wells in the Ramganga Sub-Basin, India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24:21459-21475. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9704-z]
Hydrology ; Chemical compounds ; Geochemical prospecting ; Wells ; Groundwater management ; Water quality ; River basins ; Aquifers ; Elements ; Minerals ; Ion exchange ; Contamination ; Carbonates ; Weathering / India / Ramganga Sub-Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048205)
Groundwater samples were collected from 44 wells in the Ramganga Sub-Basin (RSB), India, and analysed for major ions, nutrients and trace metals. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the hydrochemistry and to identify the geochemical processes that govern the water chemistry in the shallow and deep tube wells in the study area using geochemical methods. The knowledge of changes in hydrochemistry of the aquifers is important for both groundwater recharge and use in the region. This study found that there are substantial differences of water chemistry between shallow and deep wells. In the shallow wells, the average concentrations of total dissolved solid (TDS), Na, K, Ca, Mg, HCO3, Cl, SO4, NO3, PO4, F, Cu, Mn, Fe and Cr are twofold higher than the deep wells. The concentrations of dissolved silica in the groundwater do not vary with the depth, which implies that the variation in the water chemistry is not due to mineral dissolution alone. Major ion ratios and saturation indices suggest that the water chemistry is predominantly controlled by dissolution of carbonate minerals, silicate weathering and ion exchange reactions. Thermodynamic evaluation (ion activity ratios and stability filed diagrams) indicates that the kaolinite and gibbsite controlled the water chemistry in the both shallow and deep wells. In addition, the groundwater chemistry in the shallow wells is affected by the vertical infiltration of contaminated water from surface contamination sources and nitrification process. In the deep wells, absence of NO3 and low concentrations of Cl, SO4, PO4 and F imply the role of regional flow and denitrification in the groundwater. Results concluded that proper management plan is necessary to protect the shallow aquifer in the RSB since shallow aquifer pumping is less expensive than the deeper one.
10 Akale, A. T.; Dagnew, D. C.; Giri, S.; Belete, M. A.; Tilahun, S. A.; Mekuria, Wolde; Steenhuis, T. S. 2017. Groundwater quality in an upland agricultural watershed in the sub-humid Ethiopian Highlands. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 9(10):1199-1212. [doi: https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2017.910078]
Groundwater ; Water quality ; Water pollution ; Sampling ; Highlands ; Agriculture ; Intensification ; Watershed management ; Humid zones ; Surface water ; Drinking water ; Contamination ; Wells ; Electrical conductivity ; Elements / Ethiopia / Lake Tana / Tikur-Wuha Watershed / Ribb Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048459)
(3.75 MB)
Agricultural intensification to meet the food needs of the rapidly growing population in developing countries is negatively affecting the water quality. In most of these countries such as Ethiopia, information on surface and especially groundwater quality is lacking. This limits the measure that can be taken to stop pollution. We, therefore, investigated the spatial and temporal variation of groundwater quality in the upland watershed. Tikur-Wuha watershed was selected because it is located in the Lake Tana watershed, which is seeing the first signs of eutrophication. Groundwater samples were collected from July 2014 to June 2015 from 19 shallow wells located throughout the watershed. Collected water samples were analyzed both in situ and in the laboratory to determine pH, electric conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solid (TDS), concentration of chemicals (nitrate, dissolved phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, aluminum and iron) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). We found that shallow groundwater had greater chemical concentrations and E. coli level in the monsoon rain phase than in the dry phase. Wells located down slope exhibited greater concentrations than mid- and upper-slope positions, with the exception of the nitrate concentration that was less down slope, due to denitrification in the shallow groundwater. Only E. coli level was above the WHO drinking water quality standards. Further studies on groundwater quality should be carried out to understand the extent of groundwater contamination.
11 Natarajan, Rajmohan; Prathapar, S. A. 2016. Assessment of geochemical processes in the uncon ned and con ned aquifers in the Eastern Ganges Basin: a geochemical approach. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75:1-14.
Geochemistry ; Aquifers ; Groundwater management ; Water quality ; Contamination ; Wells ; Elements ; Heavy metals ; River basins ; Wastewater ; Minerals ; Ions ; Saturation ; Chemicophysical properties / Tibet / Nepal / India / Bangladesh / Ganges Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048904)
Groundwater quality is gaining more importance in groundwater management due to rapid growth in population, agriculture and industrial sectors worldwide. The goal of the present study is to evaluate the groundwater chemistry and to identify the geochemical processes governing the water chemistry in the shallow uncon ned and deeper con ned aquifers in the Eastern Ganges Basin using geochemical methods. Groundwater samples were analysed for major ions and metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and As). Shallow wells are found to have high pH, EC, TDS, Ca, Mg, Cl and SO4, and low HCO3/Cl ratio compared to the deep wells. However, the average concentration of Na, HCO3, NO 3, PO 4, F and Mn is not signi cantly varied with depth which indicates that the variation in the water chemistry between uncon ned and con ned aquifers is not only due to the natural processes but also indicates that surface contamination sources could have affected the water chemistry in the uncon ned aquifer. In the uncon ned aquifer, processes like wastewater in ltration, denitri cation, reverse ion exchange and mineral weathering govern the water chemistry. The water chemistry in the con ned aquifer is regulated by weathering of silicate and carbonate minerals and regional ow.
12 Tenebe, I. T.; Emenike, P. C.; Babatunde, E. O.; Neris, J. B.; Fred-Ahmadu, O. H.; Dede-Bamfo, N.; Etu, E.-E.; Ogarekpe, N. M.; Emakhu, J.; Benson, N. U. 2022. Assessing the state of rainwater for consumption in a community in dire need of clean water: human and health risk using HERisk. Water Practice and Technology, 17(10):2005-2022. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2022.109]
Rainwater harvesting ; Risk assessment ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Drinking water ; Chemical contamination ; Elements ; Water pollution ; Water quality standards ; Water use ; Communities ; Storage tanks / Nigeria / Edo State / Ekpoma
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051481)
https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article-pdf/17/10/2005/1126103/wpt0172005.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051481.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051481.pdf
(0.94 MB) (964 KB)
This study examines the case of Ekpoma community, Edo State, Nigeria, where roof-harvested rainwater is the primary source of water for drinking and domestic purposes. Eight potentially toxic elements (PTEs), namely aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc, were detected in rainwater samples, collected and analyzed from 54 sampling locations across the community. The elemental concentrations were quantified using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and compared using the regulatory standards of the World Health Organization, United States Environmental Protection Agency, and Nigerian Drinking Water Quality Standards. The PTEs detected in the rainwater samples can be attributed to the nature of the materials used in the roof catchment systems, storage tank conditions, anthropogenic effects from industrial and agricultural processes, and fossil fuel emissions. However, only 20% of the evaluated samples contained PTE concentrations below the allowable regulatory limits. Spatio-temporal health risk analysis conducted using HERisk software showed that children in the development phase (1–18 years) are most vulnerable to health risks in the community. After age 18, the risk increased by approximately 10% and remained constant until old age. In addition, the evaluation of the studied sites showed that 33% of the evaluated sites had negligible carcinogenic risks, while the other 61% were sites with low carcinogenic risks to residents.
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