Your search found 8 records
1 Kabir, M. J.; Alauddin, M.; Crimp, S. 2017. Farm-level adaptation to climate change in western Bangladesh: an analysis of adaptation dynamics, profitability and risks. Land Use Policy, 64:212-224. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.02.026]
Climate change adaptation ; Farmers attitudes ; Strategies ; Risk analysis ; Cropping systems ; Sustainability ; Farm income ; Costs ; Profitability ; Nonfarm income ; Economic viability ; Budgets ; Environmental factors ; Drought ; Temperature ; Villages ; Case studies / Western Bangladesh / Durgapur
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048110)
(3.32 MB)
Using long-term district-level climate data and a case study from a drought-prone village in western Bangladesh, this research explored trends in climate change, and analysed farmers’ adaptation dynamics, profitability and risks. This is the first study of its kind for drought-prone areas in Bangladesh.
Farmers perceived climate changes included increases in temperature and decreases in rainfall which were as consistent with the trends of Chuadanga climate records. Farmers’ adaptation measures included changes in cropping systems, cropping calendars, crop varieties, agronomic practices, crop diversification and improved animal husbandry. Reducing environmental stress, ensuring self-sufficiency in staple crops (mainly rice) and other crop production practices, and enhancing economic viability of farm enterprises have underpinned these adaptations. Off-farm and non-farm wage employment, temporary migration, self-employment and educating children, constituted the core non-farm adaptation strategies.
Emerging cropping systems like maize/cucumber and maize/stem amaranth/rice were economically more viable than the traditional rice/rice and rice/maize systems. Despite some uncertainties, farming was preferred to off-farm work, generating higher returns to labour for all cropping systems. Limited access to stress-tolerant varieties, extension services and affordable agricultural credit, combined with high production costs, variability in crop yields and output prices, are the main barriers to adaptation. Stronger agricultural research and support services, affordable credit, community-focussed farming education and training are critically important for effective adaptation to climate change.
Farmers perceived climate changes included increases in temperature and decreases in rainfall which were as consistent with the trends of Chuadanga climate records. Farmers’ adaptation measures included changes in cropping systems, cropping calendars, crop varieties, agronomic practices, crop diversification and improved animal husbandry. Reducing environmental stress, ensuring self-sufficiency in staple crops (mainly rice) and other crop production practices, and enhancing economic viability of farm enterprises have underpinned these adaptations. Off-farm and non-farm wage employment, temporary migration, self-employment and educating children, constituted the core non-farm adaptation strategies.
Emerging cropping systems like maize/cucumber and maize/stem amaranth/rice were economically more viable than the traditional rice/rice and rice/maize systems. Despite some uncertainties, farming was preferred to off-farm work, generating higher returns to labour for all cropping systems. Limited access to stress-tolerant varieties, extension services and affordable agricultural credit, combined with high production costs, variability in crop yields and output prices, are the main barriers to adaptation. Stronger agricultural research and support services, affordable credit, community-focussed farming education and training are critically important for effective adaptation to climate change.
2 Bassi, N. 2018. Solarizing groundwater irrigation in India: a growing debate. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 34(1):132-145. (Special issue: Politics and Policies for Water Resources Management in India). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1329137]
Groundwater irrigation ; Solar energy ; Pumps ; Photovoltaic systems ; Carbon dioxide ; Emission ; Economic viability ; Technology assessment ; Metering ; Subsidies ; Social aspects ; Policy / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048481)
(1.22 MB)
India is on a path to reduce its carbon emission intensity with a major thrust on increasing the grid-connected solar photovoltaic capacity. However, the carbon footprint in agriculture is on the rise. Heavy subsidies for electricity and diesel to pump groundwater for irrigated agriculture, combined with lack of regulations on water withdrawal, are resulting in both groundwater over-exploitation and increased carbon emissions. Some researchers and practitioners have suggested large-scale promotion of solar pumps for well irrigation as a way to make agricultural growth carbon-neutral and groundwater use in farming sustainable. This article examines whether solar pumps for groundwater irrigation are technically feasible and economically viable in India.
3 Mekuria, Wolde; Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Lefore, Nicole. 2020. Exclosures for landscape restoration in Ethiopia: business model scenarios and suitability. Agricultural Water Management – Making a Business Case for Smallholders. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 62p. (IWMI Research Report 175) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.201]
Landscape conservation ; Exclosures ; Business models ; Land degradation ; Sustainable land management ; Natural resources management ; Ecosystem services ; Crop production ; Fruits ; Trees ; Apiculture ; Honey production ; Livestock production ; Fattening ; Feed production ; Forage yield ; Grazing lands ; Land use ; Land cover ; Horticulture ; Environmental sustainability ; Integrated systems ; Markets ; Supply chain ; Financing ; Income ; Incentives ; Cash flow ; Cost benefit analysis ; Economic viability ; Investment ; Institutions ; Strategies ; Regulations ; Policies ; Multi-stakeholder processes ; Private sector ; Government agencies ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Feasibility studies ; Rural areas ; Local communities ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Gender ; Women ; Living standards / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049614)
(2.88 MB)
Land degradation is a critical problem around the world. Intensive rain-fed and irrigated crop and livestock systems have contributed to the degradation of land and natural resources. Numerous institutional and socioeconomic challenges complicate attempts to reverse land degradation, including the lack of short-term incentives for investment; low investment by communities in natural resources management that offers little immediate financial reward; failure of public sector institutions to invest sufficiently in natural resources management because of low, immediate political rewards; and sectoral fragmentation, among others. In poor communities, the incentive to extract short-term economic returns from land and natural resources often outweighs perceived benefits from investing in long-term environmental restoration, and related economic and ecosystem returns.
Restoring degraded ecosystems through the establishment of exclosures – areas that are excluded from woodcutting, grazing and agricultural activities – is an increasingly common practice in the Ethiopian Highlands, and regional states are also following this practice. This report proposes and applies an adapted business model to explore the feasibility of exclosures for land restoration. It aims to identify short-term revenue streams from activities that can be carried out within exclosures, such as beekeeping, harvesting fodder for livestock fattening, and cultivating high-value plant species, including fruits and herbs. These are feasible, sustainable economic activities that could allow for the restoration of ecosystem services over the long term. Mobilization of financial resources, engagement of local communities, provision of training and continuous follow-up, as well as facilitation of market opportunities in the value chain for local communities and enterprises (e.g., creating market linkages and establishing innovation platform to engage with market actors) could support the sustainable implementation of the revenue streams.
Restoring degraded ecosystems through the establishment of exclosures – areas that are excluded from woodcutting, grazing and agricultural activities – is an increasingly common practice in the Ethiopian Highlands, and regional states are also following this practice. This report proposes and applies an adapted business model to explore the feasibility of exclosures for land restoration. It aims to identify short-term revenue streams from activities that can be carried out within exclosures, such as beekeeping, harvesting fodder for livestock fattening, and cultivating high-value plant species, including fruits and herbs. These are feasible, sustainable economic activities that could allow for the restoration of ecosystem services over the long term. Mobilization of financial resources, engagement of local communities, provision of training and continuous follow-up, as well as facilitation of market opportunities in the value chain for local communities and enterprises (e.g., creating market linkages and establishing innovation platform to engage with market actors) could support the sustainable implementation of the revenue streams.
4 Coates, D.; Connor, R.; Dickens, Chris; Villholth, Karen; Dhot, N.; O’Brien, G. 2021. Valuation of hydraulic infrastructure. In UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP); UN-Water. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2021: valuing water. Paris, France: UNESCO. pp.43-54.
Hydraulic structures ; Infrastructure ; Valuation ; Dams ; Reservoirs ; Aquifers ; Water storage ; Water supply ; Economic viability ; Cost benefit analysis ; Resilience ; Risk assessment ; Decision making ; Social aspects ; Environmental factors
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050379)
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/documentViewer.xhtml?v=2.1.196&id=p::usmarcdef_0000375724&file=/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_db06f7c4-b33f-4833-be56-bbf54afdee3f%3F_%3D375724eng.pdf&locale=en&multi=true&ark=/ark:/48223/pf0000375724/PDF/375724eng.pdf#page=58
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050379.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050379.pdf
(1.03 MB) (15.9 MB)
5 Malik, Ravinder Paul Singh; Amarnath, Giriraj. 2021. Economics of Index-based Flood Insurance (IBFI): scenario analysis and stakeholder perspectives from South Asia. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 34p. (IWMI Working Paper 199) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.228]
Flooding ; Agricultural insurance ; Crop insurance ; Economic analysis ; Stakeholders ; Disaster risk management ; Farmers ; State intervention ; Flood damage ; Crop losses ; Compensation ; Subsidies ; Insurance premiums ; Cost benefit analysis ; Economic viability ; Sustainability ; Villages ; Remote sensing ; Datasets ; Models ; Developing countries ; Case studies / South Asia / India / Bihar / Katihar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050736)
(1.32 MB)
The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) has recently developed an innovative Index-based Flood Insurance (IBFI) product to facilitate the scaling of flood insurance particularly in vulnerable economies, to provide risk cover to poor farmers against crop losses that occur due to floods. While the product developed is technically very sound, the economics of such an intervention is important to ensure the large-scale acceptance and adoption of the product by different stakeholders and for its sustenance in the long term. This paper attempts at conducting an ex ante assessment of the economics of IBFI from the perspectives of the three main stakeholders: farmers, the insurance company and the government. The paper discusses the methodological challenges and data issues encountered in undertaking an economic analysis of such a product. The issues and processes involved have been empirically demonstrated using a theoretical case study based on a synthesis of information drawn from a host of sources and certain assumptions. Field-based data are now being collected and analyzed from the locations where IBFI has recently been piloted by IWMI. This will help in further refining the process of economic evaluation and identifying the experiences of different stakeholders.
6 Mateva, K. I.; Tan, X. L.; Halimi, R. A.; Chai, H. H.; Makonya, G. M.; Gao, X.; Shayanowako, A. I. T.; Ho, W. K.; Tanzi, A. S.; Farrant, J.; Mabhaudhi, T.; King, G. J.; Mayes, S.; Massawe, F. 2023. Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.). In Farooq, M.; Siddique, K. H. M. (Eds.). Neglected and underutilized crops: future smart food. London, UK: Academic Press. pp.557-615. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90537-4.00021-1]
Bambara groundnut ; Vigna subterranea ; Underutilized species ; Food systems ; Nutritive value ; Value chain analysis ; Economic viability ; Policies ; Food security ; Genomics ; Plant growth ; Climate change ; Climate resilience ; Abiotic stress ; Drought resistance ; Biotic stress ; Pest resistance ; Photoperiodicity ; Farmers ; Consumers / Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051766)
(0.79 MB)
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) represents an untapped potential for developing robust food systems. This promising but underutilized African grain legume has high nutritional qualities comparable to popular and widely consumed legumes, as well as exceptional resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, the crop can grow on a range of soils, fix atmospheric nitrogen, and enhance soil fertility, making its production truly climate-resilient. Third to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) and cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) in terms of production and consumption in sub-Saharan Africa, Bambara groundnut is set to increase in importance as current food production systems become more diverse, and this is also evident in the steady increase in yield and area harvested across the west, east, and southern Africa over the past 25 years. Despite these relevant characteristics, the potential of Bambara groundnut in improving food systems is hindered by a lack of agricultural policy around the value chain, consistent phenological development, i.e., sensitivity to long photoperiods, and a phenomenon referred to as hard-to-cook (HTC) during poststorage processing. Over the years, research efforts have led to a more optimistic outlook for Bambara groundnut’s ability to overcome these challenges. However, a concerted policy push by African governments, with technical and financial support from regional organizations, is still required to boost research uptake to realize the crop's full potential. This chapter provides comprehensive evidence of Bambara groundnut as a “future smart food.” It details the challenges that need to be addressed and production systems thinking solutions to harness the full potential of this less-mainstream crop.
7 Taron, Avinandan; Majumder, A.; Bodach, Susanne; Agbefu, Dzifa. 2023. Public-private partnerships for the circular bio-economy in the Global South: lessons learned. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 50p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 22) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2023.205]
Resource recovery ; Resource management ; Reuse ; Circular economy ; Bioeconomy ; Public-private partnerships ; Developing countries ; Case studies ; Waste management ; Solid wastes ; Recycling ; Composting ; Organic wastes ; Organic fertilizers ; Bioenergy ; Biogas ; Briquettes ; Business models ; Markets ; Scaling up ; Appropriate technology ; Innovation ; Financial analysis ; Risk management ; Policies ; Regulations ; Legal frameworks ; Economic viability ; Feasibility studies ; Project design ; Costs ; Environmental assessment ; Social analysis ; Infrastructure ; Investment ; Marketing ; Small and medium enterprises ; Stakeholders ; Municipal authorities ; Procurement planning ; Contracts ; Sustainability ; Carbon credits ; Climate change mitigation ; Agricultural wastes ; Faecal sludge ; Soil quality ; Communities ; Awareness / Asia / Africa / India / Bangladesh / Ghana / Sri Lanka / Pakistan / Rwanda / Indonesia / Somanya / Bulta / Matara / Lahore / Pune / Kigali / Karnataka / New Delhi / Sakhipur / Kolkata / Temesi / Tema / Timarpur
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H052155)
(6.20 MB)
Processing biomass from different waste streams into marketable products such as organic fertilizer and bio-energy is increasingly realized through public-private partnerships (PPPs). In developing countries, the private sector can be expected to contribute technical skills, organizational capabilities and marketing expertise, and leverage capital inflow. In contrast, the public sector will provide the regulatory framework and help its enforcement, plan public investment, involve and educate stakeholders, and ensure waste supply.
This report reviews case studies that implemented PPPs in resource recovery and reuse (RRR) from waste streams with a particular focus on Asia and Africa, including those PPPs facilitated by the authors. Critical factors behind the success and failure of these cases are analyzed. The review indicates three key barriers to success: (i) waste-related bottlenecks, (ii) limited awareness about RRR products and their market(ing), and (iii) lack of proper institutional frameworks. Common shortfalls concern failure to meet commitments related to the quality and quantity of waste, missing understanding of the reuse market, etc. The report points out mitigation measures addressing possible challenges around appropriate technologies, finance and revenue streams, legal issues, as well as social and environmental concerns. It is required to establish close monitoring, appropriate procurement mechanisms and due diligence during the project preparation and pre-bid. If possible, such a PPP project should consider risk and commercial viability assessment as well as financial strategy planning (scaling).
Successful involvement of the private sector in the RRR market is critical to close the resource loop and safeguard human and environmental health, which is the overarching objective of sustainable waste management.
This report reviews case studies that implemented PPPs in resource recovery and reuse (RRR) from waste streams with a particular focus on Asia and Africa, including those PPPs facilitated by the authors. Critical factors behind the success and failure of these cases are analyzed. The review indicates three key barriers to success: (i) waste-related bottlenecks, (ii) limited awareness about RRR products and their market(ing), and (iii) lack of proper institutional frameworks. Common shortfalls concern failure to meet commitments related to the quality and quantity of waste, missing understanding of the reuse market, etc. The report points out mitigation measures addressing possible challenges around appropriate technologies, finance and revenue streams, legal issues, as well as social and environmental concerns. It is required to establish close monitoring, appropriate procurement mechanisms and due diligence during the project preparation and pre-bid. If possible, such a PPP project should consider risk and commercial viability assessment as well as financial strategy planning (scaling).
Successful involvement of the private sector in the RRR market is critical to close the resource loop and safeguard human and environmental health, which is the overarching objective of sustainable waste management.
8 Moges, A.; Yakob, G.; Girma, R.; Teshale, T.; Mekuria, Wolde; Haile, Alemseged Tamiru. 2023. Forest and landscape restoration opportunities in the western catchment of Lake Ziway, Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia: technical report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 64p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2023.219]
Forests ; Landscape conservation ; Land use ; Land cover ; Land degradation ; Land productivity ; Landforms ; Watersheds ; Agroforestry ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Farmland ; Carbon sequestration ; Cost benefit analysis ; Economic viability ; Ecosystem services ; Restoration ; Remote sensing ; Communities ; Freshwater ecosystems ; Biodiversity ; Water conservation ; Vegetation ; Rainfall / Ethiopia / Lake Ziway / Central Rift Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052314)
(1.41 MB)
Forest and landscape restoration measures could address landscape degradation, increase ecosystem services, and improve livelihoods. However, mapping potential areas for forest and landscape restoration measures and identifying enabling and constraining factors is crucial for effective implementation. This study was conducted in the western catchment of Lake Ziway, Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia, to identify potential forest and landscape restoration options, map potential areas, assess the benefits and cost of options, and investigate success and failure factors for implementing interventions. The study adopted the Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology (ROAM), which enables selecting and mapping forest and landscape restoration options. Data were collected using field surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussion and literature reviews. We also employed GIS and remote sensing methods to characterize the long-term land use and land-cover dynamics and changes in the status of land degradation. Cost–benefit analysis was conducted to assess the economic viability of identified restoration options. The results suggested that over the last 20 years (2002 to 2022), the western catchment of Lake Ziway experienced severe forest and landscape degradation due to anthropogenic and climatic factors, resulting in multiple environmental and socioeconomic consequences. This study identified seven context-specific forest and landscape restoration measures to address the problem. They vary in cost, trajectory and specific economic and social outcomes. Most options were economically viable with additional environmental and social benefits. For example, the benefit of carbon sequestration for home garden agroforestry was estimated at USD 27,032.5 ha-1 over 20 years. It was also found that a considerable portion of the catchment area was potentially suitable for agroforestry practices (40%), particularly for scattered trees on farmlands. However, the potential areas suitable for full afforestation or reforestation and tree buffers are smaller (6%). Integrating multiple forest and landscape restoration measures in the catchment could maximize the environmental and socioeconomic outcomes. Opportunities to effectively implement and scale up the identified forest and landscape restoration options include the availability of adequate active labor, the diverse benefits of measures, and the existence of supporting policies and strategies, multiple potential financing mechanisms and active development of governmental and non-governmental organizations. However, the absence of guidelines for implementing legal issues, weak coordination among responsible institutions, and inadequate finance and incentives have been identified as major constraints to scale up forest and landscape restoration measures. The findings of this study may serve as a guide for the planning, design and implementation of restoration measures in the study catchment and similar future projects in other catchments.
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