Your search found 31 records
1 McAleer, M.; Jakeman, A. (Eds.) 1993. International Congress on Modelling and Simulation: Proceedings, Volume 2, The University of Western Australia, 6-10 December 1993. Perth, Australia: University of Western Australia. pp.455-916.
Simulation models ; Ecology ; Ecosystems ; Mangroves ; Monitoring ; Statistical methods ; Time series analysis ; Rainfall-runoff relationships ; Stream flow ; Watersheds ; Water quality ; Climate change ; Econometric models ; Water pollution ; Salt water intrusion ; Groundwater ; Recharge ; Rain ; Forecasting ; Forestry ; Deforestation ; Industrialization / China / USA / Canada / Australia / Japan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 003.3 G000 MCA Record No: H040379)
International Congress organised by Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia (MSSA), Inc., International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (IMACS), International Society for Ecological Modelling, and The International Environmetrics Society.
2 McAleer, M.; Jakeman, A. (Eds.) 1993. International Congress on Modelling and Simulation: Proceedings, Volume 3, The University of Western Australia, 6-10 December 1993. Perth, Australia: University of Western Australia. pp.917-1352.
Simulation models ; Econometric models ; Mathematical models ; GIS ; Decision support tools ; Ecosystems ; Environmental effects ; Evapotranspiration ; Soil-water-plant relationships ; Health hazards ; Risks ; Water quality ; Pest insects ; Pollution control ; Lakes ; Hydrodynamics ; Rivers ; Estuaries ; Pastoralism
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 003.3 G000 MCA Record No: H040380)
International Congress organised by Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia (MSSA), Inc., International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (IMACS), International Society for Ecological Modelling, and The International Environmetrics Society.
3 Alemayehu, B.; Hagos, Fitsum; Haileslassie, A.; Mapedza, Everisto; Gebreselasse, S.; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Peden, D. 2008. Prospects for payment for environmental services: the case of Blue Nile. In Humphreys, E.; Bayot, R. S.; van Brakel, M.; Gichuki, F.; Svendsen, M.; Wester, P.; Huber-Lee, A.; Cook, S. Douthwaite, B.; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Johnson, N.; Nguyen-Khoa, Sophie; Vidal, A.; MacIntyre, I.; MacIntyre, R. (Eds.). Fighting poverty through sustainable water use: proceedings of the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food, 2nd International Forum on Water and Food, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 10-14 November 2008. Vol.3. Water benefits sharing for poverty alleviation and conflict management; Drivers and processes of change. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food. pp.56-60.
Environmental protection ; User charges ; Households ; Sedimentation ; Flooding ; Watershed management ; Cost benefit analysis ; Farmers attitudes ; Stakeholders ; Land management ; Water management ; River basins ; Econometric models / Ethiopia / Blue Nile River Basin / Gumera watersheds / Koga watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 333.91 G000 HUM Record No: H041696)
http://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/3708/IFWF2_proceedings_Volume%20III.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041696.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041696.pdf
(4.879MB)
4 Mi, J.; Huang, J.; Wang, J.; Mukherji, Aditi. 2008. Participants in groundwater markets: who are sellers? Journal of Natural Resources, 23(6):1-12.
Water market ; Groundwater ; Groundwater irrigation ; Tube wells ; Collective ownership ; Private ownership ; Households ; Villages ; Rural areas ; Water table ; Drought ; Surveys ; Farmers ; Income ; Economic analysis ; Econometric models / China / Hebei / Henan / Xian county / Ci county / Yanjin county
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042256)
(0.81 MB)
Few studies have paid attention to the groundwater market in rural China though it has developed rapidly in recent decades. The main objectives of this paper are to describe the main characteristics of participants of rural groundwater market and identify the determinants of selling water. Data used in this research comes from 150 households in two provinces in northern China. Based on our field survey, we find that the farmers with higher wealth, more advantaged in agricultural activity, and higher social position are more likely to be the sellers. Transaction costs also have impacts on participants in the groundwater market.
5 Weldesilassie, A. B.; Boelee, Eline; Drechsel, Pay; Dabbert, S. 2010. Wastewater use in crop production in peri-urban areas of Addis Ababa: impacts on health in farm households. Environment and Development Economics, 16(1):25-49. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X1000029X]
Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Health hazards ; Farmers ; Households ; Income ; Rivers ; Water pollution ; Urban agriculture ; Vegetables ; Surveys ; Econometric models / Ethiopia / Addis Ababa / Akaki River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043154)
(0.12 MB)
Using stream water polluted with untreated wastewater in agriculture is controversial due to its combination of benefits and negative health impacts. Using data from a household survey, ‘wastewater’ and ‘freshwater’ farmers were analysed comparatively to examine the perceived impacts of irrigation water quality on farmers’ health and to evaluate the extent of health damage. Probability of illness was estimated using the theory of utility-maximising behaviour of households subject to the conventional farm household production model, augmented by adding a health production function. Reduced model and instrumental variable probit specifications both show that perceived illness prevalence is significantly higher for household members working on wastewater irrigation farms than for those working with freshwater. Our data entails econometric complications (e.g., endogeneity of farmers’ behaviour, unobserved location-specific characteristics). Ignoring these will result in underestimation of the value of policy interventions designed to reduce potential health damage of wastewater use in irrigation.
6 Kassahun, H. T.; Nicholson, C. F.; Jacobsen, J. B.; Steenhuis, T. S. 2016. Accounting for user expectations in the valuation of reliable irrigation water access in the Ethiopian highlands. Agricultural Water Management, 168:45-55. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.01.017]
Irrigation water ; Water availability ; Water users ; User charges ; Farmers attitudes ; Contingent valuation ; Watersheds ; Econometric models ; Highlands ; Irrigated land ; Crop yield ; Households ; Developing countries / Ethiopia / Koga Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047632)
(0.64 MB)
We estimate the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for reliable access to irrigation water for a sample of farmers in a watershed of the Ethiopian highlands who do not have prior experience with irrigation. To address the lack of previous irrigation experience, we account for underlying expectations of future irrigation productivity using an Integrated Choice and Latent Variable (ICLV) econometric model. We then compare the ICLV estimates with alternative models that do not account for expectations regarding productivity increases with irrigation. Our results indicate that both the ICLV and alternative provide similar conclusions with respect to the mean WTP for reliable irrigation water access. However, ignoring farmers’ perceptions would understate the uncertainty of the mean or aggregate WTP.
7 Hagos, Fitsum; Haileslassie, Amare; Getnet, Kindie; Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Bogale, A.; Getahun, Y. 2016. Marketing patterns of rainfed and irrigated systems: do they differ? Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) 29p. (Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) Working Paper 14)
Irrigation systems ; Rainfed farming ; Marketing techniques ; Economic aspects ; Farmers ; Irrigated farming ; Crops ; Cereal crops ; Grain legumes ; Vegetables ; Fruits ; Production possibilities ; Econometric models ; Households ; Irrigated land ; Land ownership / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047626)
(67.8 KB)
This study used nationwide dataset of 5000 households from four regions in Ethiopia to identify important determinants of market orientation, market participation and market outlet choices. The study used ordinary least square and instrumental regression and multivariate probit (MVP) techniques to do just that. Market-orientation was affected by productive capacity, oxen, total land area, irrigated land area, access to irrigation, and access to market information. Market participation is, in turn, affected by market oriented production, productive capacity and the availability of market information. With respect to outlet choices, the important role of market access conditions (mainly roads and storage facilities) and services (extension services and access to micro credit) were found to be important. Expanding the necessary infrastructure for irrigation development or creating the conditions for household adoption of different irrigation technologies is important for market production and participation and outlet choice decisions of households. Provision of adequate and timely marketing information is also another entry point to transform agriculture.
8 Tsiboe, F.; Zereyesus, Y. A.; Osei, E. 2016. Non-farm work, food poverty, and nutrient availability in northern Ghana. Journal of Rural Studies, 47(Part A):97-107. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.027]
Off farm employment ; Food security ; Nutrient availability ; Households ; Food consumption ; Poverty ; Gender ; Women's participation ; Labor ; Socioeconomic environment ; Econometric models ; Indicators / Northern Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047702)
(0.53 MB)
Despite the significant economic development in Ghana, northern Ghana has made little progress. Nationally, households engaged in the non-farm work are less likely to be categorized as poor, relative to those engaged in farming only. Given the well-established positive nexus between non-farm work and food security, this study extends the literature by analyzing the nexus between different types of non-farm work (own business, wage employment, and their combination) and household food nutrient availability in northern Ghana. Results from an application of a linear regression with endogenous treatment effects model to a sample of 3488 farming households and 5770 individuals indicate that, non-farm work positively affects food nutrient availability; and that farming households that own non-farm business are superior in terms of their nutrient availability and the extent of food security. Furthermore, households participating in the labor market in search of supplemental income do not appear to have better food security status relative to those engaged in farming only. Finally, females participating in non-farm work provide the largest contribution to household food nutrient availability. The study recommends the implementation of policies and building of infrastructure that foster the creation of non-farm income generating opportunities in northern Ghana, coupled with a framework that enables women to take advantage of these opportunities.
9 Olayide, O. E.; Tetteh, I. K.; Popoola, L. 2016. Differential impacts of rainfall and irrigation on agricultural production in Nigeria: any lessons for climate-smart agriculture? Agricultural Water Management, 178:30-36. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.08.034]
Farming systems ; Climate-smart agriculture ; Agricultural production ; Rainfed farming ; Irrigation ; Climate change ; Food security ; Crop production ; Livestock production ; Fishery production ; Forestry production ; Cotton ; Econometric models / Nigeria
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047851)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377416303286/pdfft?md5=f65b3851562c53c2e07f74d72c72ba55&pid=1-s2.0-S0378377416303286-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047851.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047851.pdf
(0.54 MB) (552 KB)
The rain-fed agriculture system is vulnerable to climate change impact. However, such impact may also vary by aggregate and sub-sectoral levels of agricultural production. The impact of climate change and variability on agricultural production would engender appropriate policies and practices towards a sustainable agricultural production system. We investigated the differential impacts of rainfall and irrigation on agricultural production in Nigeria, and drew lessons for climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in Nigeria. Using time series data that spanned 43 years and econometric analytical technique, we quantified the differential impacts of rainfall and irrigation on aggregate production and sub-sectors (all crops, staples, livestock, fisheries and forestry). Irrigation had positive and significant impact on aggregate agricultural production as well as all sub-sectors of agriculture. These findings suggest the need for the minimization of the impact of climate-induced production risks through CSA which would involve complementary development of more arable land areas under irrigation in Nigeria. Irrigation would also enhance complementary agricultural water management for the development of all the sub-sectors of agriculture, thereby enhancing food security and sustainable agricultural production under prevailing climate change and variability.
10 Joshi, J.; Ali, M.; Berrens, R. P. 2017. Valuing farm access to irrigation in Nepal: a hedonic pricing model. Agricultural Water Management, 181:35-46. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.11.020]
Irrigation water ; Irrigation systems ; Communal irrigation systems ; Economic value ; Market prices ; Econometric models ; Valuation ; Farmland ; Canals ; Rural communities ; Social institutions ; Governance ; Households ; Income ; Farmers ; Forestry ; Mountains / Nepal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047994)
(0.84 MB)
The objective of this research is to quantify the economic value of access to irrigation for agricultural lands in rural Nepal, while controlling for the effects of social institutions that can either enhance or detract from agricultural production and land values. The analysis employs the hedonic pricing method (HPM) and uses self-assessed land value data from the Nepal Living Standards Survey, 2011. For the econometric modeling, a Box-Cox transformation supports the selection of the double log HPM model. Results show that the value of land with access to irrigation water is approximately 46 percent higher than the value of non-irrigated lands with a marginal implicit price of approximately NRs. 150,840 in 2011, (representing about seven times the median rural annual per capita income). Results also show the importance of built irrigation infrastructure, such as canals and tube wells, as well as access to multiple sources of irrigation water. We find that land-owner membership in community-managed irrigation systems and forestry user groups has positive impacts on land values. In consideration of extensive 2015 earthquake damages across large areas of Nepal, the findings support the critical importance of repairing irrigation access, especially to built irrigation infrastructures, and supporting community-managed irrigation and forestry user groups, which often lack the initial capital to initiate projects, for restoring rural well-being.
11 Amoah, A. 2017. Demand for domestic water from an innovative borehole system in rural Ghana: stated and revealed preference approaches. Water Policy, 19(1):46-68. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.254]
Water supply ; Domestic water ; Drinking water ; Water demand ; Boreholes ; Economic value ; Rural areas ; Sustainable development ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Regression analysis ; Contingent valuation ; Econometric models ; Pricing ; Willingness to pay ; Estimation / Ghana / Greater Accra Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048024)
(0.23 MB)
This study investigates demand for domestic water supply from an innovative borehole system using the contingent valuation method (CVM). We further estimate demand for current service of domestic water supply in residences using the hedonic pricing method (HPM). This is achieved through a survey from rural districts of the Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Interval regression and ordinary least squares (OLS) are applied to investigate the determinants of willingness-to-pay (WTP). We find that monthly WTP values are GH¢35.90 (US$11.45) and GH¢17.59 (US$5.61) in the CVM and HPM, respectively. These values constitute approximately 3–6% of household monthly income which is consistent with earlier studies. For policy purposes, the study recommends the adoption of this cost effective technology to help ease the water burden on society.
12 Kpadonou, R. A. B.; Owiyo, T.; Barbier, B.; Denton, F.; Rutabingwa, F.; Kiema, A. 2017. Advancing climate-smart-agriculture in developing drylands: joint analysis of the adoption of multiple on-farm soil and water conservation technologies in West African Sahel. Land Use Policy, 61:196-207. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.10.050]
Sustainable agriculture ; Climate-smart agriculture ; Arid zones ; Water conservation ; Soil conservation ; Soil fertility ; Erosion control ; Technological changes ; Adoption ; Agricultural practices ; Farmer participation ; On farm research ; Policy ; Socioeconomic environment ; Households ; Econometric models ; Case studies / West Africa / Sahel / Burkina Faso
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048054)
(0.58 MB)
Water stress and soil infertility are the greatest constraining factors for higher agricultural productivity in drylands, prompting the current interest in soil and water conservation (SWC) practices in water-constrained regions. To provide a more comprehensive understanding of challenges surrounding the adoption of SWC practices in these regions, we used a joint analysis framework combining both multivariate and ordered probit models to analyze adoption-decisions for eleven on-farm SWC practices. Our case study, involving 500 farmers from a representative West African Sahelian zone, revealed that although the adoption of SWC practices is widespread in the West African drylands, there is still an important potential to improve and upscale their specific adoption rates. Almost all farmers (99%) used at least one of the eleven practices considered in this study, whereas specific adoption rates ranged from 5% for contour vegetation barriers to 87% for manure application. More than 70% of the farmers used up to three practices only, and less than 30% used between four to nine practices. Many practices are interdependent, with some practices being complementary and others substitutable. The analysis of the determinants of the adoption and the intensity of adoption revealed that SWC practices are labor-, knowledge- and capital-intensive. We found that the major drivers of farmers’ decisions to adopt, as well as to intensify the use of, most SWC practices are the presence of children (aged 6 to 14) in the household, land holding, land tenure, awareness and training on SWC and access to alternative – but non-agricultural labor constraining – cash sources such as remittance and cash farming. A higher number of migrating household members increases the probability of intensifying the use of SWC practices, but only when this is in line with the household’s land endowment and labor needs for farm activities. This comprehensive study will be of significance for a finer understanding of SWC practices in West African Sahel. More generally, it will likely help policy makers to upscale the adoption of sustainable SWC practices for the advance of climate-smart agriculture in developing drylands.
13 Varughese, S.; Prasad, K. V. D. 2017. Water trading opportunities and irrigation technology choice: an example from South India. Water Resources and Rural Development, 9:39-45. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wrr.2017.02.002]
Water market ; Irrigation methods ; Technology ; Water transfer ; Water supply ; Desalination ; Groundwater ; Prices ; Farmers ; Agricultural production ; Rice ; Profit ; State intervention ; Econometric models / India / Tamil Nadu / Puducherry / Varahanadi Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048195)
(0.27 MB)
Farmers as well as rural and urban consumers in India are facing water shortages. There is a need to increase efficiency in the supply and use of water. In this context, we consider the potential of a market in water, for improving water management in a small river basin wherein sixteen villages are the primary beneficiaries of a reservoir on the Varaha River.
Using secondary data and observations from a household survey, we estimate the financial implications to farmers of shifting from traditional methods of cultivation, in four different scenarios (shifting to a better technology for cultivation, shifting to a dry land crop, shifting to short term cash crops, or leaving the land fallow).
Our model suggests investing in better technology and less water intensive crops would not only benefit the farmers, adding to their income by selling the “saved” water, but also provide a cost efficient alternative water supply option to the government. Given that informal water markets already exist in the study area, formal transactions in water within the ambit of markets will not require a completely new institution and would be a ‘win-win’ situation for both the Government and the participating farmers.
Using secondary data and observations from a household survey, we estimate the financial implications to farmers of shifting from traditional methods of cultivation, in four different scenarios (shifting to a better technology for cultivation, shifting to a dry land crop, shifting to short term cash crops, or leaving the land fallow).
Our model suggests investing in better technology and less water intensive crops would not only benefit the farmers, adding to their income by selling the “saved” water, but also provide a cost efficient alternative water supply option to the government. Given that informal water markets already exist in the study area, formal transactions in water within the ambit of markets will not require a completely new institution and would be a ‘win-win’ situation for both the Government and the participating farmers.
14 Leshan, J.; He, L.; Ying, L.; Dan, D. 2017. Case study on the use of information and communication technology in the management of rural groundwater in China. Bangkok, Thailand: FAO; Beijing, China: China Agricultural University. 66p.
Groundwater management ; Rural areas ; Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) ; Technological changes ; Groundwater irrigation ; Water resources ; Irrigation water ; Agriculture ; Water use ; Water pricing ; Cost benefit analysis ; Cash flow ; Energy ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Villages ; State intervention ; Econometric models ; Case studies / China / Dashigezhuang / Nanzhaogezhuang / Xinjuntun / Fuxinzhuang / Xiaocuigezhuang / Nannie / Xiazhuang / Dacaozhuang
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048706)
(4.98 MB) (4.98 MB)
15 Najmuddin, O.; Rasul, G.; Hussain, A.; Molden, D.; Wahid, S.; Debnath, B. 2018. Low water productivity for rice in Bihar, India - a critical Analysis. Water, 10(8):1-17. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w10081082]
Water productivity ; Agricultural production ; Rice ; Water use ; Irrigation water ; Crop yield ; Groundwater ; Temperature ; Rain ; Socioeconomic environment ; Econometric models ; River basins / India / Bihar / Koshi River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048888)
(1.51 MB) (1.51 MB)
Rice is the most important crop for food security and livelihoods of the rural population in Bihar, India. In spite of good soil and water resources, rice water productivity (WP) is very low in Bihar. Trends in WP and key factors influencing WP over 20 years (1991–2010) in 11 Bihar districts were analysed using panel data to help elucidate reasons for low WP values. The annual average rice yield of 938 kg/ha, WP of 0.22 kg/m3 , and marginal physical productivity (MPP) of 249 g/m3 are very low in Bihar compared to both the national average for India and other rice growing areas in the world. Rice WP and MPP were higher for the garma (dry) season than for the kharif (monsoon) season. Temporal analysis showed that WP was slowly declining in most districts, while spatial analysis showed a significant variation in WP across the districts. Regression analysis showed that the availability of irrigation facilities, occurrence of flood and drought, and cropping intensity had significant influence on rice WP. Causes for temporal and spatial changes in WP are highlighted and actions to improve rice WP in Bihar are suggested.
16 Ndambiri, H.; Rotich, E. 2018. Valuing excess fluoride removal for safe drinking water in Kenya. Water Policy, 20(5):953-965. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.078]
Drinking water ; Fluorides ; Water quality ; Contingent valuation ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Willingness to pay ; Water policy ; Health hazards ; Fluorosis ; Econometric models / Kenya / Baringo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048951)
(0.18 MB)
The study uses contingent valuation framework to assess the welfare benefits of removing excess fluoride from drinking water among households in Baringo County, Kenya. A conventional payment card is used to draw preferences from households in order to estimate the mean and median willingness to pay for excess fluoride removal from drinking water in the county. Through interval regression analysis, the study found that households were, on average, willing to pay Kshs. 202.25 ($2.02) and a median of Kshs. 162.50 ($1.63) to remove excess fluoride from drinking water. The mean and median welfare values of removing excess fluoride from water were estimated at Kshs. 112.4 ($1.12) and Kshs. 90.3 ($0.90) million, respectively. These amounts were significantly found to increase with male gender, education, household income, living in own house, type of water source, perceived water quality, distance to nearest water source, payment vehicle used and whether household members had suffered from fluorosis. However, these amounts declined with age and household size. On the whole, the study found significant public support towards the removal of excess fluoride in drinking water among the concerned households, which is vital for effective formation and implementation of water quality improvement policies for the county.
17 Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhemachen, Charles; Nhlengenthwa, Sibusiso. 2018. Income growth, population and savings in the Southern Africa development community region. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 21(1):1-9. [doi: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v21i1.1772]
Community development ; Development programmes ; Economic growth ; Income generation ; Population growth ; Poverty ; Savings ; Human capital ; Econometric models ; Investment / Southern Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048959)
https://sajems.org/index.php/sajems/article/view/1772/1622
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048959.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048959.pdf
Background: The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) faces pervasive income stagnation, high inequality, increasing population growth rates and poverty. For example, despite that half of SADC countries are low middle income (as opposed to low income), high inequality implies that many people in the region still live in poverty. While literature is replete with theories linking low incomes to population growth and savings, empirical evidence is context specific and often mixed. Aim: There is a dearth of strong empirical evidence that shows empirical linkages between population growth rates, incomes and savings in the SADC and this article aims to investigate these linkages. Specifically, the aim is to empirically understand the impact of population growth, savings and investment in human capital, on incomes. Setting: We focus our investigation on the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), which comprises 16 countries namely, Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland, South Africa, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Comoros. Methods: To achieve the goals of this study, we analyse data from 1977 to 2014 obtained from the World Bank databases and use ordinary least squares, fixed effects, random effects and Arellano-Bond dynamic panel-data estimation techniques to investigate the relationships between incomes, population growth and savings. Results: Our findings support the existence of a negative relationship between high population growth rates and income per capita, as well as a positive relationship between capital accumulation (human capital), savings and income per capita growth. Shares of savings in relation to gross domestic product (GDP) of countries in the SADC stand at under 16% of GDP (compared to shares of over 30% in developed countries) and are particularly worrisome. Conclusion: There is a case for a concerted effort by the SADC Member States to control population growth, encourage schooling and, further, encourage a ‘savings culture’ in order for the SADC region to achieve its aspirations of eradicating poverty and hunger as outlined in Agenda 2063 and even the Sustainable Development Goals.
18 Rambonilaza, T.; Neang, M. 2019. Exploring the potential of local market in remunerating water ecosystem services in Cambodia: an application for endogenous attribute non-attendance modelling. Water Resources and Economics, 25:14-26. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wre.2018.07.001]
Water resources ; Ecosystem services ; Domestic markets ; Cropping systems ; Rice ; Organic agriculture ; Farmers ; Consumer behaviour ; Willingness to pay ; Socioeconomic environment ; Econometric models ; Estimation / Cambodia / Tonle Sape Lake / Phnom Penh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049122)
(0.28 MB)
Within South East Asia, certification and local market development may play an important role in incentivizing farmers to continue with nature-based solutions delivered by organic or traditional farming practices and avoid using environmentally detrimental production techniques. The purpose of this study is to use economic valuation in order to achieve an empirical understanding of local consumer preferences for different attributes of rice products. Application of the agrarian system approach reveals that rice cultivation systems observed in the Tonle Sape Lake of the Mekong River Basin in Cambodia (our study case) may target three ecosystem services that present the characteristics of public goods and may benefit consumer support. A choice experiment survey was administered among local consumers in the city of Phnom Penh in 2013. Econometric analysis indicates high rate of non-attendance for the price attribute. It also suggests that 17% of the respondents made their choices neglecting attributes describing ecosystem services. However, there are evidence of consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for certified organic rice higher than the price-premium observed on the local market. Furthermore, there is additional WTP value for the preservation of ecosystem services. We discuss the implications of our findings on potential payment for ecosystem services in the specific case of rice.
19 Acey, C.; Kisiangani, J.; Ronoh, P.; Delaire, C.; Makena, E.; Norman, G.; Levine, D.; Khush, R.; Peletz, R. 2019. Cross-subsidies for improved sanitation in low income settlements: assessing the willingness to pay of water utility customers in Kenyan cities. World Development, 115:160-177. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.11.006]
Water supply ; Willingness to pay ; Low income groups ; Sanitation ; Water users ; Urban areas ; Financing ; User charges ; Subsidies ; Contingent valuation ; Stakeholders ; Socioeconomic environment ; Econometric models / Kenya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049152)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X18304108/pdfft?md5=7a01086b63257e4fa7068d76e5874750&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X18304108-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049152.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049152.pdf
(1.08 MB) (1.08 MB)
Most residents of the developing world do not have access to safely managed sanitation services, and large financial investments are required to address this need. Here we evaluate surcharges on water/sewerage tariffs as an option for supporting these investments in low-income neighborhoods. We investigated willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a pro-poor sanitation surcharge among customers of two urban water utilities in Kenya. Applying qualitative and quantitative methods, we conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews, focus-group discussions, and a double-bounded contingent valuation method for measuring WTP. We varied scenarios quasi-experimentally to study the effects of messaging and surcharge characteristics and evaluated factors associated with WTP. Our study finds that mean WTP was 290 KES (USD 2.9) per month, about 8% of the average water bill; median WTP was 100 KES (USD 1). In a multivariate analysis, WTP was significantly higher among customers that were younger, wealthier, shared toilets, and had higher water bills. WTP was also higher among customers that trusted the utility and distrusted the county government. Of our randomized scenarios, only the bill type was found to significantly influence WTP; WTP was higher if the surcharge was presented as a proportion of the customers’ last water bill vs a flat amount. Our findings suggest that in a sector that struggles to provide universal access to sanitation services, cross-subsidies may offer a means to support financing of safe sanitation for low-income households. These results indicate there are opportunities for cross-subsidies in urban Kenya that may be relevant for a wider understanding of surcharge payments that support basic services for low-income citizens.
20 Patil, V. S.; Thomas, B. K.; Lele, S.; Eswar, M.; Srinivasan, V. 2019. Adapting or chasing water?: crop choice and farmers’ responses to water stress in peri-urban Bangalore, India. Irrigation and Drainage, 68(2):140-151. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2291]
Water stress ; Irrigated farming ; Farmers attitudes ; Crops ; Periurban areas ; Groundwater ; Boreholes ; Ownership ; Urbanization ; Living standards ; Villages ; Econometric models / India / Bangalore / Arkavathy Sub-Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049210)
(0.35 MB)
Unregulated groundwater extraction has led to declining groundwater tables and increasing water scarcity in the Indian subcontinent. Understanding how farmers respond to this scarcity is important from multiple perspectives—equity in access, livelihood security and resource sustainability. We present a case from the rapidly urbanizing Arkavathy sub-basin near Bangalore city in southern India where irrigation is fully groundwater dependent. Using cross-sectional data from a stratified random sample of 333 farmers from 15 villages, we investigated the factors that determine their choice of crops under conditions of water scarcity and urbanization. Binary logit analysis showed that farmers with a large landholding respond by tapping deep groundwater using borewells. Multinomial logit analysis revealed that access to groundwater, variation in the proximity to the product market (city) and labour availability influence crop choice decisions. We observe that current responses indicate what has been characterized in the literature as chasing strategies. These largely favour well-off farmers and hence are inequitable. While the choice of water-intensive crops and unregulated pumping have aggravated water stress, the uptake of watersaving technologies among irrigated farmers has been low, showing that resource sustainability may not be a concern where non-farm diversification opportunities exist.
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