Your search found 9 records
1 Ilic, S.; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; LeJeune, J. T. 2010. Applying the multiple-barrier approach for microbial risk reduction in the post-harvest sector of wastewater irrigated vegetables. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.239-259. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Risk assessment ; Food safety ; Disinfection / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042612)
(0.26 MB)
Post-harvest interventions are an important component of a multiple-barrier approach for health-risk reduction of wastewater-irrigated crops as recommended by the 2006 edition of the WHO Guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation. This approach draws on principles of other risk-management approaches, in particular the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) concept. Post-harvest measures are of particular importance as they can address possible on-farm precontamination, and also contamination that may occur after the crops leave the farm. Key factors influencing microbial contamination along the farm to fork pathway are basic hygiene and temperature management. Both factors are, however, hardly under control in most developing countries where microbial contamination and proliferation are supported by low education, limited risk awareness, rudimentary technical infrastructure and unenforced regulations. In the face of these challenges, the most successful strategies to enhance food safety will involve interventions at multiple control points along the production chain, with emphasis on local safety targets and innovative educational programmes fitting local knowledge, culture and risk perceptions. The WHO (2006) recommended health-based targets for risk reduction in wastewater irrigation provide the required flexibility for risk mitigation in line with the concept of food-safety objectives (FSO).
2 Laughlin, J. (Ed.) 2000. World of water 2000: the past, present and future. Supplement to Penn Well Magazines. Tulsa, OK, USA: WaterWorld; Tulsa, OK, USA: Water and Wastewater International. 166p.
History ; Wastewater treatment ; Drinking water ; Water scarcity ; Water pollution ; Water quality ; Water supply ; Water reuse ; Sanitation ; Economic aspects ; Watershed management ; Privatization ; Population growth ; Disinfection ; Desalinization / USA / UK / Singapore / Hong Kong / London / New York / Paris / Chicago / Washington / Boston / Berlin / Los Angeles / Johannesburg / Seattle / Yokohama
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 LAU Record No: H043936)
(0.21 MB)
3 Laughlin, J. 2000. History of water: techniques we utilized today to treat our drinking water came from methods used in the last century. In Laughlin, J. (Ed.). World of water 2000: the past, present and future. Supplement to Penn Well Magazines. Tulsa, OK, USA: WaterWorld; Tulsa, OK, USA: Water and Wastewater International. pp.8-22.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 LAU Record No: H043937)
(3.33 MB)
4 Ilic, S.; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; LeJeune, J. T. 2011. Application de l’approche a barrieres multiples pour reduire les risques microbiens dans le secteur post-recolte des legumes irrigues avec des eaux usees. In French. [Applying the multiple-barrier approach for microbial risk reduction in the post-harvest sector of wastewater irrigated vegetables]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.259-280. (Also in English).
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Risk assessment ; Food safety ; Disinfection / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044469)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Research_Themes/Theme_3/PDF/French%20book.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044469.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044469.pdf
(0.82 MB) (5.96MB)
Post-harvest interventions are an important component of a multiple-barrier approach for health-risk reduction of wastewater-irrigated crops as recommended by the 2006 edition of the WHO Guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation. This approach draws on principles of other risk-management approaches, in particular the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) concept. Post-harvest measures are of particular importance as they can address possible on-farm precontamination, and also contamination that may occur after the crops leave the farm. Key factors influencing microbial contamination along the farm to fork pathway are basic hygiene and temperature management. Both factors are, however, hardly under control in most developing countries where microbial contamination and proliferation are supported by low education, limited risk awareness, rudimentary technical infrastructure and unenforced regulations. In the face of these challenges, the most successful strategies to enhance food safety will involve interventions at multiple control points along the production chain, with emphasis on local safety targets and innovative educational programmes fitting local knowledge, culture and risk perceptions. The WHO (2006) recommended health-based targets for risk reduction in wastewater irrigation provide the required flexibility for risk mitigation in line with the concept of food-safety objectives (FSO).
5 Igoud, S.; Souahi, F.; Chitour, C. E. 2017. Solar wastewater treatment (SOWAT) and reuse for agricultural irrigation. Irrigation and Drainage, 66(5):750-757. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2157]
Wastewater treatment ; Solar energy ; Water reuse ; Irrigated farming ; Urban wastes ; Biological contamination ; Pollution control ; Chemicophysical properties ; Distilling ; Disinfection ; Qualitative analysis / Algeria
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048438)
(0.90 MB)
Solar wastewater treatment (SOWAT) was the subject of experiment between April and September using low cost and mastery equipment: ‘hot-box’ stills. Using a separate still, treated wastewater (i.e. distillate) production was recorded between 2.4 and 6lm -2 day -1 . Treatment efficiency was comparable to the activated sludge treatment process. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) recorded between 86 and 90% of abatement. Raw wastewater turbidity was reduced by 99%, from 181 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) to 1.6 NTU. The treatment also allowed wastewater disinfection. The inactivation of total coliforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci was estimated at about 99%.
SOWAT offers the advantage of grouping, in a separate piece of equipment, three steps of conventional wastewater treatment: (i) the pre-treatment, (ii) the biological and (iii) disinfection treatments. Also, this sustainable treatment does not consume electricity and consequently does not emit greenhouse gases (GHGs).
Used on a medium and large scale, SOWAT would be promising for safe wastewater reuse in agriculture. This could secure food production of poor and low-income countries, especially those that are very sunny.
SOWAT offers the advantage of grouping, in a separate piece of equipment, three steps of conventional wastewater treatment: (i) the pre-treatment, (ii) the biological and (iii) disinfection treatments. Also, this sustainable treatment does not consume electricity and consequently does not emit greenhouse gases (GHGs).
Used on a medium and large scale, SOWAT would be promising for safe wastewater reuse in agriculture. This could secure food production of poor and low-income countries, especially those that are very sunny.
6 Ma, B.; Xue, W.; Ding, Y.; Hu, C.; Liu, H.; Qu, J. 2019. Removal characteristics of microplastics by fe-based coagulants during drinking water treatment. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 78:267-275. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.10.006]
Drinking water treatment ; Microplastics ; Ultrafiltration ; Membrane filtration ; Disinfection ; Coagulation ; Experimentation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049224)
(1.06 MB)
Microplastics have caused great concern worldwide recently due to their ubiquitous presence within the marine environment. Up to now, most attention has been paid to their sources, distributions, measurement methods, and especially their eco-toxicological effects. With microplastics being increasingly detected in freshwater, it is urgently necessary to evaluate their behaviors during coagulation and ultrafiltration (UF) processes. Herein, the removal behavior of polyethylene (PE), which is easily suspended in water and is the main component of microplastics, was investigated with commonly used Fe-based salts. Results showed that although higher removal efficiency was induced for smaller PE particles, low PE removal efficiency (below 15%) was observed using the traditional coagulation process, and was little influenced by water characteristics. In comparison to solution pH, PAM addition played a more important role in increasing the removal efficiency, especially anionic PAM at high dosage (with efficiency up to 90.9%). The main reason was ascribed to the dense floc formation and high adsorption ability because of the positively charged Fe-based flocs under neutral conditions. For ultrafiltration, although PE particles could be completely rejected, slight membrane fouling was caused owing to their large particle size. The membrane flux decreased after coagulation; however, the membrane fouling was less severe than that induced by flocs alone due to the heterogeneous nature of the cake layer caused by PE, even at high dosages of Fe-based salts. Based on the behavior exhibited during coagulation and ultrafiltration, we believe these findings will have potential application in drinking water treatment.
7 Ali, R.; Bunzli, M.-A.; Colombo, L.; Khattak, S. A.; Pera, S.; Riaz, M.; Valsangiacomo, C. 2019. Water quality before and after a campaign of cleaning and disinfecting shallow wells: a study conducted during and after floods in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 9(1):28-37. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.272]
Water quality ; Drinking water ; Biological contamination ; Faecal coliforms ; Wells ; Disinfection ; Bacteriological analysis ; Chemical contamination ; Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Health hazards ; Flooding / Pakistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049305)
https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article-pdf/9/1/28/583088/washdev0090028.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049305.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049305.pdf
(0.43 MB) (444 KB)
This study reports on a water quality assessment of the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene program implemented by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation in the districts of Charsadda and Nowshera in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, in the aftermath of the severe flood of 2010. During emergency operations, over 4,500 shallow wells were cleaned using the standard protocol suggested by the World Health Organization. Bacteriological analysis and chemical-physical parameters such as temperature, conductivity, turbidity and pH were tested before and after cleaning. Four to five years after the emergency operation, in 2014–15, a set of 105 representative wells was analyzed again, considering the same parameters and looking for additional contaminants (pesticides, arsenic and fluoride). The post-flood well-cleaning campaign was effective in the immediate reduction of fecal contamination of water (from 85% to 20% as measured 7–30 days after cleaning); however in the following months/years the rate of fecal contamination rose again (up to 62% of all measured domestic wells, n = 105). Along with laboratory analysis data, this study investigated the source of contamination of shallow wells and identified human practices in several cases. This information was useful for the design of future SDC interventions in the WASH sector.
8 Drinan, J. E.; Spellman, F. R. 2013. Water and wastewater treatment: a guide for the nonengineering professional. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press. 278p.
Wastewater treatment ; Water purification ; Waste water treatment plants ; Solid wastes ; Sewage sludge ; Waste disposal ; Coagulation ; Flocculation ; Sedimentation ; Filtration ; Disinfection ; Biological treatment ; Effluents ; Chemicophysical properties ; Infrastructure ; Regulations ; Water supply ; Water use ; Water quality standards ; Surface water
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 628.1 G000 DRI SF Record No: H049397)
(0.97 MB)
9 Hazra, Moushumi; Watts, J. E. M.; Williams, J. B.; Joshi, H. 2024. An evaluation of conventional and nature-based technologies for controlling antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes in wastewater treatment plants. Science of the Total Environment, 917:170433. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170433]
Wastewater treatment plants ; Resistance to antibiotics ; Nature-based solutions ; Disinfection ; Constructed wetlands
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052689)
(3.39 MB)
Antibiotic resistance is a globally recognized health concern which leads to longer hospital stays, increased morbidity, increased mortality, and higher medical costs. Understanding how antibiotic resistance persists and exchanges in environmental systems like soil, water, and wastewater are critically important for understanding the emergence of pathogens with new resistance profiles and the subsequent exposure of people who indirectly/ directly come in contact with these pathogens. There are concerns about the widespread application of prophylactic antibiotics in the clinical and agriculture sectors, as well as chemicals/detergents used in food and manufacturing industries, especially the quaternary ammonium compounds which have been found responsible for the generation of resistant genes in water and soil. The rates of horizontal gene transfer increase where there is a lack of proper water/wastewater infrastructure, high antibiotic manufacturing industries, or endpoint users – such as hospitals and intensive agriculture. Conventional wastewater treatment technologies are often inefficient in the reduction of ARB/ARGs and provide the perfect combination of conditions for the development of antibiotic resistance. The wastewater discharged from municipal facilities may therefore be enriched with bacterial communities/pathogens and provide a suitable environment (due to the presence of nutrients and other pollutants) to enhance the transfer of antibiotic resistance. However, facilities with tertiary treatment (either traditional/emerging technologies) provide higher rates of reduction. This review provides a synthesis of the current understanding of wastewater treatment and antibiotic resistance, examining the drivers that may accelerate their possible transmission to a different environment, and highlighting the need for tertiary technologies used in treatment plants for the reduction of resistant bacteria/genes.
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