Your search found 12 records
1 Kassahun, H. T.; Nicholson, C. F.; Jacobsen, J. B.; Steenhuis, T. S. 2016. Accounting for user expectations in the valuation of reliable irrigation water access in the Ethiopian highlands. Agricultural Water Management, 168:45-55. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.01.017]
Irrigation water ; Water availability ; Water users ; User charges ; Farmers attitudes ; Contingent valuation ; Watersheds ; Econometric models ; Highlands ; Irrigated land ; Crop yield ; Households ; Developing countries / Ethiopia / Koga Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047632)
(0.64 MB)
We estimate the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for reliable access to irrigation water for a sample of farmers in a watershed of the Ethiopian highlands who do not have prior experience with irrigation. To address the lack of previous irrigation experience, we account for underlying expectations of future irrigation productivity using an Integrated Choice and Latent Variable (ICLV) econometric model. We then compare the ICLV estimates with alternative models that do not account for expectations regarding productivity increases with irrigation. Our results indicate that both the ICLV and alternative provide similar conclusions with respect to the mean WTP for reliable irrigation water access. However, ignoring farmers’ perceptions would understate the uncertainty of the mean or aggregate WTP.
2 Amoah, A. 2017. Demand for domestic water from an innovative borehole system in rural Ghana: stated and revealed preference approaches. Water Policy, 19(1):46-68. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.254]
Water supply ; Domestic water ; Drinking water ; Water demand ; Boreholes ; Economic value ; Rural areas ; Sustainable development ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Regression analysis ; Contingent valuation ; Econometric models ; Pricing ; Willingness to pay ; Estimation / Ghana / Greater Accra Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048024)
(0.23 MB)
This study investigates demand for domestic water supply from an innovative borehole system using the contingent valuation method (CVM). We further estimate demand for current service of domestic water supply in residences using the hedonic pricing method (HPM). This is achieved through a survey from rural districts of the Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Interval regression and ordinary least squares (OLS) are applied to investigate the determinants of willingness-to-pay (WTP). We find that monthly WTP values are GH¢35.90 (US$11.45) and GH¢17.59 (US$5.61) in the CVM and HPM, respectively. These values constitute approximately 3–6% of household monthly income which is consistent with earlier studies. For policy purposes, the study recommends the adoption of this cost effective technology to help ease the water burden on society.
3 Ndambiri, H.; Rotich, E. 2018. Valuing excess fluoride removal for safe drinking water in Kenya. Water Policy, 20(5):953-965. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.078]
Drinking water ; Fluorides ; Water quality ; Contingent valuation ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Willingness to pay ; Water policy ; Health hazards ; Fluorosis ; Econometric models / Kenya / Baringo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048951)
(0.18 MB)
The study uses contingent valuation framework to assess the welfare benefits of removing excess fluoride from drinking water among households in Baringo County, Kenya. A conventional payment card is used to draw preferences from households in order to estimate the mean and median willingness to pay for excess fluoride removal from drinking water in the county. Through interval regression analysis, the study found that households were, on average, willing to pay Kshs. 202.25 ($2.02) and a median of Kshs. 162.50 ($1.63) to remove excess fluoride from drinking water. The mean and median welfare values of removing excess fluoride from water were estimated at Kshs. 112.4 ($1.12) and Kshs. 90.3 ($0.90) million, respectively. These amounts were significantly found to increase with male gender, education, household income, living in own house, type of water source, perceived water quality, distance to nearest water source, payment vehicle used and whether household members had suffered from fluorosis. However, these amounts declined with age and household size. On the whole, the study found significant public support towards the removal of excess fluoride in drinking water among the concerned households, which is vital for effective formation and implementation of water quality improvement policies for the county.
4 Brahim-Neji, H. B.; Del Saz-Salazar, S.; Besrour, A.; Gonzalez-Gomez, F. 2019. Estimating willingness to pay for desalinated seawater: the case of Djerba Island, Tunisia. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 35(1):126-144. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1377060]
Sea water ; Desalination ; Households ; Willingness to pay ; Estimation ; Water supply ; Water quality ; Waste water treatment plants ; Recycling ; Contingent valuation ; Models ; Case studies / Tunisia / Djerba Island
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049057)
(0.71 MB)
Water scarcity can be a growth-limiting factor. Non-conventional water resources, such as desalinated water, represent an alternative means of guaranteeing access to water while reducing water stress. In this study, a contingent valuation survey carried out in Djerba Island, Tunisia, allows the joint modelling of two decisions: societal support for the construction of a desalination plant and households’ willingness to pay for desalinated water. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no study to date has addressed this relationship. We find that although a clear majority of households are in favour of using desalinated water, far fewer are willing to pay for it. The article concludes that it is worth studying willingness to pay for desalinated water in developing countries in order to avoid investing in projects where it is doubtful that costs will be recouped.
5 Acey, C.; Kisiangani, J.; Ronoh, P.; Delaire, C.; Makena, E.; Norman, G.; Levine, D.; Khush, R.; Peletz, R. 2019. Cross-subsidies for improved sanitation in low income settlements: assessing the willingness to pay of water utility customers in Kenyan cities. World Development, 115:160-177. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.11.006]
Water supply ; Willingness to pay ; Low income groups ; Sanitation ; Water users ; Urban areas ; Financing ; User charges ; Subsidies ; Contingent valuation ; Stakeholders ; Socioeconomic environment ; Econometric models / Kenya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049152)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X18304108/pdfft?md5=7a01086b63257e4fa7068d76e5874750&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X18304108-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049152.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049152.pdf
(1.08 MB) (1.08 MB)
Most residents of the developing world do not have access to safely managed sanitation services, and large financial investments are required to address this need. Here we evaluate surcharges on water/sewerage tariffs as an option for supporting these investments in low-income neighborhoods. We investigated willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a pro-poor sanitation surcharge among customers of two urban water utilities in Kenya. Applying qualitative and quantitative methods, we conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews, focus-group discussions, and a double-bounded contingent valuation method for measuring WTP. We varied scenarios quasi-experimentally to study the effects of messaging and surcharge characteristics and evaluated factors associated with WTP. Our study finds that mean WTP was 290 KES (USD 2.9) per month, about 8% of the average water bill; median WTP was 100 KES (USD 1). In a multivariate analysis, WTP was significantly higher among customers that were younger, wealthier, shared toilets, and had higher water bills. WTP was also higher among customers that trusted the utility and distrusted the county government. Of our randomized scenarios, only the bill type was found to significantly influence WTP; WTP was higher if the surcharge was presented as a proportion of the customers’ last water bill vs a flat amount. Our findings suggest that in a sector that struggles to provide universal access to sanitation services, cross-subsidies may offer a means to support financing of safe sanitation for low-income households. These results indicate there are opportunities for cross-subsidies in urban Kenya that may be relevant for a wider understanding of surcharge payments that support basic services for low-income citizens.
6 Mekonnen, A.; Gebreegziabher, Z.; Beyene, A. D.; Hagos, Fitsum. 2020. Valuation of access to irrigation water in rural Ethiopia: application of choice experiment and contingent valuation methods. Water Economics and Policy, 6(1):1-26. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1142/S2382624X19500073]
Irrigation water ; Water availability ; Contingent valuation ; Rural areas ; Water pricing ; Willingness to pay ; Estimation ; Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation programs ; Seasonal cropping ; Water use ; Farmers ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Models / Ethiopia / Koga Irrigation Project
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049466)
(0.57 MB)
Smallholder farmers in Africa rely heavily on rainfed agriculture. Those who have access to irrigation often receive it at no charge, but quantity, frequency and reliability may be limited without adequate revenue for maintenance and operation. Moreover, the absence of fees means that there are no pricing signals to encourage conservation of this scarce resource. In a situation where farmers do not pay for irrigation water use, this study investigates demand-side issues by eliciting farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for access to irrigation water. This study employs choice experiment (CE) and contingent valuation methods (CVMs) to value access to irrigation water, taking Ethiopia as a case in point. Unlike previous studies, this study covers current users and non-users of irrigation water using the same baseline (status quo) conditions — no irrigation — and compares the preferences of these two groups. The four attributes identified in the CE are number of crop seasons, frequency of watering in a season, crop type, and payment level. Results show that marginal WTP was Birr 17.7 (US$ 0.98), 261.8 (US$ 14.54) and 87.6 (US$ 4.87) for number of crop seasons, watering frequency in a season and crop type, respectively. Our estimates of farmers’ WTP for operation and maintenance of irrigation schemes per hectare of irrigated land range from Birr 738 (US$ 41.00) (from the CE) to Birr 784 (US$ 43.56) (from the CVM). We also find that, compared to current users, non-users were willing to pay more in general, as well as for the number of crop seasons specifically.
7 Kemeze, F. H. 2020. Economic valuation of supplemental irrigation via small-scale water harvesting. Water Resources and Economics, 16p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wre.2020.100160]
Supplemental irrigation ; Economic value ; Water harvesting ; Small scale systems ; Contingent valuation ; Rainfed farming ; Willingness to pay ; Irrigation systems ; Drought ; Farm income ; Land ownership ; Living standards ; Livestock ; Households ; Models / Africa South of Sahara / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049862)
(1.36 MB)
Agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries is predominantly rainfed, but SSA could develop greater dependence on supplemental irrigation due to a changing climate with greater rainfall uncertainty and higher frequency of dry spells. Supplemental irrigation through small-scale water harvesting (SSWH) plays a vital role in helping rainfed small-scale farmers overcome the risk of dry spells and promotes greater investment in agriculture. This study employs a contingent valuation approach to estimate the demand for SSWH supplemental irrigation in Ghana. The study finds the mean willingness-to-pay estimates for SSWH supplemental irrigation to be GHC 25.36 (USD 6.67) per acre per season for open canal irrigation system and 24.76 (USD 6.52) per acre per season for pipeline irrigation system. Drought experience, access to credit, agricultural income, and land ownership are key determinants of the demand for SSWH supplemental irrigation. The findings are particularly important for pricing small-scale irrigation services from rainwater harvesting public water reservoirs. The study recommends that investing in rainwater harvesting in rainfed agriculture should form a cornerstone of any country's strategy for adapting to drought, particularly in developing countries where rainfed agriculture plays an important economic role.
8 Jamaludin, H.; Elmaky, H. S. E.; Sulaiman, S. 2022. The future of food waste: application of circular economy. Energy Nexus, 7:100098. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100098]
Food waste ; Circular economy ; Consumer behaviour ; Waste treatment ; Rice ; Contingent valuation ; Willingness to pay ; Gender ; Households ; Models / Malaysia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051346)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772427122000602/pdfft?md5=4fab18c3fd6fdecc21267f0bbd63f86c&pid=1-s2.0-S2772427122000602-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051346.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051346.pdf
(1.50 MB) (1.50 MB)
Despite its significant adverse impacts on the environment, society, and economy, food waste is unavoidable around the world. The increase in population and income will worsen the situation and put more pressure on food security. This paper explores the problem and the factors that are influencing food waste in Malaysia. It also discusses a proposed alternative treatment of food waste and an analysis of its marketability. Accordingly, an experimental analysis and a questionnaire survey are used to achieve the stated objectives. The result shows that on average, the amount of food waste per capita/week is about 1.6 kg, with rice as the most commonly wasted food. Poor food management practices and gender are significant factors that affect food waste, and these are supported by the consumer behaviours theory. The proposed treated rice waste (termed as upcycled products) using a circular economy model was produced and well accepted by the public; the people's willingness to pay a certain amount of money to process their food waste indicates a high chance of food waste marketability.
9 Saha, D.; Taron, Avinandan. 2023. Economic valuation of restoring and conserving ecosystem services of Indian Sundarbans. Environmental Development, 46:100846. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2023.100846]
Ecosystem services ; Forest conservation ; Environmental restoration ; Contingent valuation ; Economic value ; Willingness to pay ; Livelihoods ; Households ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Communities ; Participatory approaches ; Mangroves / India / West Bengal / Sundarbans / Gosaba
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051824)
(1.64 MB)
Conservation of forest ecosystem is fundamental for economic-ecological sustainability. Indian Sundarbans provide several ecosystem services, which needs sustainable exploitation since forest dwellers are heavily dependent on the forest. In our study, we attempt to estimate the option value of the forest dwellers through a non-market based valuation technique. Using contingent valuation, we seek to estimate the contribution forest fringe dwellers are ready to provide for restoration and conservation of the ecosystem services. Assuming a random utility framework, mean willingness to pay is estimated from the forest dwellers’ responses to the Dichotomous Choice bidding as well as open-ended bidding question using socio-economic variables which determine the value towards forest ecosystem services. The results indicate that forest dwellers have a positive option value and hence are willing to forgo present extraction of forest resources for future use. This value the forest dwellers associate with non-use ecosystem services indicates their willingness to participate in forest conservation. The study therefore concludes that institutions like Joint Forest Management should be promoted for efficient management of the mangrove in providing livelihood and ecosystem services.
10 Bajaj, A.; Singh, S. P.; Nayak, D. 2023. Are farmers willing to pay for groundwater irrigation? Insights from informal groundwater markets in Western Uttar Pradesh, India. Agricultural Water Management, 288:108458. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108458]
Groundwater irrigation ; Groundwater management ; Water markets ; Farmers ; Willingness to pay ; Contingent valuation ; Models ; Households ; Irrigation water ; Water scarcity ; Surface water ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Water management ; Water supply ; Economic value ; Policies / India / Uttar Pradesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052264)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377423003232/pdfft?md5=3ae80aefe6ae651034635e1f1229ec62&pid=1-s2.0-S0378377423003232-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052264.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052264.pdf
(2.03 MB) (2.03 MB)
The unregulated use of groundwater for irrigation has led to declining water tables since the extraction rate is more than its recharge. As informal groundwater trading for irrigation has been prevalent in Western Uttar Pradesh, India, for a long time, there is a potential of introducing an organised groundwater irrigation market. Creating a hypothetical organized groundwater market, by following the contingent valuation approach, the present study evaluates the farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for groundwater irrigation and the factors determining the same. By collecting primary data from 300 farm households through an interview schedule, the study follows an iterative bidding method for eliciting the farmers’ WTP for the direct use-value of groundwater. The Heckman two-step model is used to estimate the average WTP and its determinants in order to mitigate the impact of sample selectivity bias. The results show that most of the farmers (86%) are willing to contribute to irrigation water reforms in the form of organised water market. The estimated value of WTP for groundwater irrigation is found to be INR 39.30 per hour in the case of 7.5 horsepower tube-well. Moreover, factors like the administrative block, education, social group, land size, primary crop, perception on water scarcity, and perception on water meters significantly impact the maximum WTP for groundwater irrigation. Interestingly, the WTP of tube-well owners who are not involved in groundwater trading is found to be 23% lower than that of groundwater buyers who are primarily marginal and small land holders, implying that even resource-poor farmers are willing to pay higher prices, if reliable groundwater irrigation is ensured.
11 Lan, L.; Mushtaq, S.; Wang, Q. (J.); Barlis, A.; Deniau, A.; Byrareddy, V. M.; Anh, H. T.; Swaans, K. 2024. Are Vietnamese coffee farmers willing to pay for weather index insurance?. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 100:104185. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.104185]
Coffee ; Farmers ; Willingness to pay ; Weather index insurance ; Contingent valuation ; Climate change adaptation ; Risk ; Extreme weather events ; Crop insurance ; Developing countries ; Rainfall / Vietnam / Lam Dong / Dak Lak
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052449)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420923006659/pdfft?md5=e25434daec9092837c94e431f542cc1f&pid=1-s2.0-S2212420923006659-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052449.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052449.pdf
(1.19 MB) (1.19 MB)
Global coffee production experiences detrimental impacts of climate change. Weather index insurance (WII) offers an opportunity for coffee farmers to mitigate the climate risks in production and motivate them to adopt sustainable farming practices. This study explores Vietnamese farmers' willingness to participate and pay for WII schemes for coffee. A contingent valuation survey was employed on a sample of 151 farmers from the two largest coffee production areas: Lam Dong and Dak Lak provinces. The findings revealed that farmers are willing to pay, on average, US$92.30 per policy for a premium on insurance products. We also found that farmers in Lam Dong are willing to pay more than those in Dak Lak despite fewer Lam Dong farmers being willing to participate in the insurance schemes. The majority of farmers prefer drought to be insured within 3 months of coffee blossom, from February to April. Factors influencing farmers' decision to join the insurance schemes include education, farm size, climate change perception and experiences, and insurance knowledge. The study suggests that the current coffee industry co-contribution to insurance premiums could potentially be reduced by up to 90 %. However, caution must be taken when adjusting co-contribution, as farmers' willingness to pay is heterogeneous. In addition, raising awareness of the impact of climate change on crop production and insurance knowledge training is critical to ensure an increased number of participants in the schemes. The recommendations from this study will contribute to improving the design of coffee insurance products that are tailored to local needs and preferences and will assist in upscaling the products’ outreach in the Coffee Climate Protection Insurance Program.
12 du Plessis, N.; Turpie, J. K.; Letley, G. K. 2024. Feasibility of financing nature-based solutions for water security through water tariffs: evidence from South Africa. AQUA - Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, jws2024221. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2024.221]
Water security ; Nature-based solutions ; Financing ; Restoration ; Water pricing ; Willingness to pay ; Contingent valuation ; Ecological factors ; Infrastructure ; Households ; Institutions ; Watersheds ; Water supply ; Models ; Domestic water / South Africa / Cape Town / eThekwini / Durban / Nelson Mandela Bay / Gqeberha
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052453)
https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/aqua.2024.221/1352663/jws2024221.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052453.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052453.pdf
(0.55 MB) (560 KB)
In many countries, catchment restoration is underfunded. This study aims to address whether household water pricing could be used as a mechanism for securing funds for catchment restoration. The objectives were to determine households' willingness to pay (WTP) for their existing water use, investigate whether institutional trust and municipal satisfaction influenced WTP, and establish whether aggregate consumer surplus at the municipal scale could cover the costs needed to finance catchment restoration. Surveys were conducted on 502 households in three metropolitan municipalities in South Africa. Contingent valuation revealed that average WTP for water was between 12 and 137% more and 32 and 73% more than what households currently pay for water per month in Cape Town and eThekwini, respectively. Satisfaction with municipal service delivery positively influenced WTP, while institutional trust did not. In Cape Town, based on the aggregate WTP from the higher income categories, consumer surplus was 779 million South African Rand (ZAR)/year, more than double the estimated cost required to restore the catchment areas supplying water to the city over 30 years. In eThekwini, consumer surplus was equal to the amount needed over 30 years (250 million ZAR/year). These results demonstrate the significant potential to raise water tariffs for higher income households in metropolitan municipalities.
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