Your search found 4 records
1 2006. Chlorination: A contribution to reducing diarrhoeal disease. Waterlines, 24(3):15-18.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H038507)
2 Garandeau, R.; Trevett, A.; Bastable, A. 2006. Chlorination of hand-dug wells in Monrovia. Waterlines, 24(3):19-21.
Wells ; Chlorination ; Drinking Water ; Public health ; Risks ; Cholera ; Water purification / USA / California / Monrovia
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H038508)
3 Abera, B.; Bezabih, B.; Hailu, D. 2017. Microbial quality of community drinking water supplies: a ten year (2004-2014) analyses in West Amhara, Ethiopia. Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology, 9-10:22-26. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swaqe.2016.06.001]
Drinking water ; Water quality ; Biological contamination ; Faecal coliforms ; Escherichia coli ; Communities ; Water supply ; Bacteriological analysis ; Chlorination / Ethiopia / West Amhara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048430)
(0.32 MB)
Access to safe drinking water is an important public health and development issue at national, regional and local levels. Community drinking water supplies such as piped water, dug wells and springs are the predominant sources in rural villages and towns in Ethiopia. A retrospective analysis was conducted on microbial quality of community drinking water sources that had been processed from 2004–2014. Water samples were collected from 36 districts in west Amhara region. As per standard operational procedures, bacteriological analyses had been performed using multiple tube fermentation technique. A total of 1030 drinking water samples from (tap water n = 680), wells (n = 198), spring (n = 128) and reservoir (n = 24) were analyzed for microbial qualities. Overall, 29.0% (95% CI: 26.3–31.8%) and 44.7% (95% CI: 41.7–47.7%) of water samples had Escherichia coli and total coliforms (TC), respectively. Furthermore, 52.0%, 43.0%, and 20.2% of water samples from wells, spring and tap water were positive for E. coli. For faecal coliforms, 72.1% of drinking water supplies complied with World Health Organization and Ethiopian Standards. Tap water samples were 3.8 times less likely to be faecal contaminated than water samples from dug wells and spring water sources (OR = 3.8, 95% CI: 2.8–5.1, P = 0.001). This ten year trend analyses showed that microbial qualities of community drinking water supplies were not to the standards. This study reinforces the need to monitor microbial quality and chlorine treatment of community water supplies.
4 Otter, P.; Sattler, W.; Grischek, T.; Jaskolski, M.; Mey, E.; Ulmer, N.; Grossmann, P.; Matthias, F.; Malakar, P.; Goldmaier, A.; Benz, F.; Ndumwa, C. 2020. Economic evaluation of water supply systems operated with solar-driven electro-chlorination in rural regions in Nepal, Egypt and Tanzania. Water Research, 187:116384. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116384]
Water supply ; Economic evaluation ; Chlorination ; Drinking water ; Rural development ; Water treatment ; Technology ; Water quality ; Water demand ; Solar energy ; Water use ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Communities ; Infrastructure ; Stakeholders ; Monitoring / Egypt / United Republic of Tanzania / Nepal / Devgaun / El Heiz / Rombo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050083)
(4.24 MB)
Reliable data on the economic feasibility of small-scale rural water supply systems are insufficient, which hampers the allocation of funds to construct them, even as the need for their construction increases. To address this gap, three newly constructed water supply systems with water points in Nepal, Egypt, and Tanzania were accompanied by the authors throughout the planning and implementation phases and up to several years of operation. This study presents an analysis of their economic feasibility and suggests important factors for successful water supply system implementation at other rural locations. The initial investment for construction of the new water supply systems ranged from 23,600 € to 44,000 €, and operation and maintenance costs ranged from 547 € to 1921 € per year. The water price and actual multi-year average quantity of tapped water at each site were 7.7 €/m³ & 0.67 m³/d in Nepal, 0.7 €/m³ & 0.88 m³/d in Egypt and 0.9 €/m³ & 8.65 m³/d in Tanzania. Although the new water supply systems enjoyed acceptance among the consumers, the actual average water quantity tapped ranged from just 17 to 30 % of the demand for which the new supply systems were designed. While two of three sites successfully yielded a cash surplus through the sale of water, sufficient for operation, maintenance and basic repairs, no site showed a realistic chance of recovering the initial investment (reaching the break-even point) within the projected lifetime of the technical infrastructure. Reaching the break-even point within 5 years, which would be necessary to attract private investors, would require an unrealistic increase of the water price or the water consumption by factors ranging from 5.2 to 9.0. The economic viability of such systems therefore depends strongly on the quantity of water consumed and the water price, as well as the availability of funding from governments, NGOs or other sponsors not primarily interested in a financial return on their investment.
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