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1 Manero, A. 2017. Income inequality within smallholder irrigation schemes in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 33(5):770-787. (Special issue: The Productivity and Profitability of Small Scale Communal Irrigation Systems in South-eastern Africa). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2016.1152461]

Irrigation schemes ; Smallholders ; Income distribution ; Equity ; National income ; Farm income ; Nonfarm income ; Household income ; Poverty ; Economic growth ; Gini coefficient ; Marginal analysis / Africa South of Sahara / Zimbabwe / Tanzania / Mozambique / Mkoba Irrigation Scheme / Silalabuhwa Irrigation Scheme / Kiwere Irrigation Scheme / Magozi Irrigation Scheme / 25 de Setembro Irrigation Scheme / Khanimambo Irrigation Scheme

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048112)

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07900627.2016.1152461?needAccess=true#aHR0cDovL3d3dy50YW5kZm9ubGluZS5jb20vZG9pL3BkZi8xMC4xMDgwLzA3OTAwNjI3LjIwMTYuMTE1MjQ2MT9uZWVkQWNjZXNzPXRydWVAQEAw
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048112.pdf

(1.38 MB) (1.38 MB)

Equitable income distribution is recognized as critical for poverty reduction, particularly in developing areas. Most of the existing literature is based on region- or country-wide data; fewer empirical studies exist at community levels. This article examines income disparities within six smallholder irrigation schemes in Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Mozambique, comparing inequality at local and national levels, as well as decomposing inequality by group and by source. The results present significant contrasts between schemes and compared to national figures. This evidences that, inadvertently, nation-wide strategies may overlook high inequality at smaller scales, and thus, development policies should be tailored to the specific areas of intervention.

2 van Rooyen, A. F.; Ramshaw, P.; Moyo, M.; Stirzaker, R.; Bjornlund, H. 2017. Theory and application of agricultural innovation platforms for improved irrigation scheme management in Southern Africa. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 33(5):804-823. (Special issue: The Productivity and Profitability of Small Scale Communal Irrigation Systems in South-eastern Africa). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1321530]

Irrigation schemes ; Small scale systems ; Agricultural development ; Innovation ; Irrigation management ; Smallholders ; Water authorities ; Corporate culture ; Capacity building ; Markets / Southern Africa / Mozambique / Tanzania / Zimbabwe / Mkoba Irrigation Scheme / Silalatshani Irrigation Scheme / 25 de Setembro Irrigation Scheme / Khanimambo Irrigation Scheme / Kiwere Irrigation Scheme / Magozi Irrigation Scheme

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048119)

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07900627.2017.1321530?needAccess=true#aHR0cDovL3d3dy50YW5kZm9ubGluZS5jb20vZG9pL3BkZi8xMC4xMDgwLzA3OTAwNjI3LjIwMTcuMTMyMTUzMD9uZWVkQWNjZXNzPXRydWVAQEAw
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048119.pdf

(2.38 MB) (2.38 MB)

Many small-scale irrigation systems are characterized by low yields and deteriorating infrastructure. Interventions often erroneously focus on increasing yields and rehabilitating infrastructure. Small-scale irrigation systems have many of the characteristics of complex socio-ecological systems, with many different actors and numerous interconnected subsystems. However, the limited interaction between the different subsystems and their agents prevents learning and the emergence of more beneficial outcomes. This article reports on using Agricultural Innovation Platforms to create an environment in which irrigation scheme actors can engage, experiment, learn and build adaptive capacity to increase market-related offtake and move out of poverty.

3 Mwamakamba, S. N.; Sibanda, L. M.; Pittock, J.; Stirzaker, R.; Bjornlund, H.; van Rooyen, A.; Munguambe, P.; Mdemu, M. V.; Kashaigili, J. J. 2017. Irrigating Africa: policy barriers and opportunities for enhanced productivity of smallholder farmers. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 33(5):824-838. (Special issue: The Productivity and Profitability of Small Scale Communal Irrigation Systems in South-eastern Africa). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1321531]

Irrigated farming ; Smallholders ; Farmers organizations ; Water policy ; Government managed irrigation systems ; Productivity ; Water use ; Water governance ; Institutions ; Market access ; Seeds ; Farm equipment ; Land tenure / Africa South of Sahara / Mozambique / Tanzania / Zimbabwe / Magozi Irrigation Scheme / Kiwere Irrigation Scheme / Mkoba Irrigation Scheme / Silalatshani Irrigation Scheme / 25 de Setembro Irrigation Scheme / Khanimambo Irrigation Scheme

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048121)

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07900627.2017.1321531?needAccess=true#aHR0cDovL3d3dy50YW5kZm9ubGluZS5jb20vZG9pL3BkZi8xMC4xMDgwLzA3OTAwNjI3LjIwMTcuMTMyMTUzMT9uZWVkQWNjZXNzPXRydWVAQEAw
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048121.pdf

(1.41 MB) (1.41 MB)

African governments have ambitious plans to expand irrigated agriculture, though existing smallholder schemes have largely failed to use land and water sustainably or become profitable. Six government-owned irrigation schemes in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zimbabwe were assessed to identify common policy barriers and opportunities for higher productivity among smallholder farmers. Issues like insecure land tenure systems, unclear institutional arrangements and poor access to markets have contributed to limited profitability. Reform of currently insecure land tenure, strengthening farmer organizations and reforming policies are recommended so that governments step back from scheme management and foster market linkages to enable more profitable irrigated agriculture.

4 Mdemu, M. V.; Mziray, N.; Bjornlund, H.; Kashaigili, J. J. 2017. Barriers to and opportunities for improving productivity and profitability of the Kiwere and Magozi irrigation schemes in Tanzania. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 33(5):725-739. (Special issue: The Productivity and Profitability of Small Scale Communal Irrigation Systems in South-eastern Africa). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2016.1188267]

Irrigation schemes ; Productivity ; Profitability ; Barriers ; Financing ; Markets ; Water supply ; Water governance ; Food security ; Crop production ; Farmers ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Farm equipment ; Infrastructure ; Advisory officers ; Access to information / Tanzania / Kiwere Irrigation Scheme / Magozi Irrigation Scheme

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048143)

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07900627.2016.1188267?needAccess=true#aHR0cDovL3d3dy50YW5kZm9ubGluZS5jb20vZG9pL3BkZi8xMC4xMDgwLzA3OTAwNjI3LjIwMTYuMTE4ODI2Nz9uZWVkQWNjZXNzPXRydWVAQEAw
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048143.pdf

(1.51 MB) (1.51 MB)

Irrigation is a key strategy for food security and poverty alleviation among small farmers in Tanzania. However, the potential of irrigation to improve food security is limited by multiple barriers. This article discusses these barriers within the Kiwere and Magozi schemes. Results indicate that water supply barriers are caused by poor irrigation infrastructure and management. Lack of finance is also a critical barrier to increasing overall productivity. Finance affects farmers’ timely access to adequate supply of quality inputs and machinery and availability of transport to access inputs and profitable markets. There is evidence that these barriers have to be addressed holistically.

5 Stirzaker, R.; Mbakwe, I.; Mziray, N. R. 2017. A soil water and solute learning system for small-scale irrigators in Africa. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 33(5):788-803. (Special issue: The Productivity and Profitability of Small Scale Communal Irrigation Systems in South-eastern Africa). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1320981]

Irrigation schemes ; Small scale systems ; Soil water ; Experiential learning ; Equipment ; Soil moisture ; Soil salinity ; Sensors ; Colour patterns ; Social participation ; Farmers ; Water conservation ; Irrigation scheduling ; Crops ; Constraints / Africa South of Sahara / Zimbabwe / Mozambique / Tanzania / Kiwere Irrigation Scheme / Silalatshani Irrigation Scheme / Mkoba Irrigation Scheme / Boane Irrigation Scheme / Khanimambo Irrigation Scheme

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048144)

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07900627.2017.1320981?needAccess=true#aHR0cDovL3d3dy50YW5kZm9ubGluZS5jb20vZG9pL3BkZi8xMC4xMDgwLzA3OTAwNjI3LjIwMTcuMTMyMDk4MT9uZWVkQWNjZXNzPXRydWVAQEAw
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048144.pdf

(1.65 MB) (1.65 MB)

Better yields of high-value crops are necessary for a profitable irrigation industry in sub-Saharan Africa. We introduced two simple tools, the Chameleon soil moisture sensor and the FullStop wetting front detector, which represent soil water, nitrate and salt levels in the soil by displaying different colours. These tools form the basis of an experiential learning system for small-scale irrigators. We found that farmers quickly learned from the tools and changed their management within a short time. The cost of implementing a learning system would be a small fraction of that of building or revitalizing irrigation schemes.

6 Wheeler, S. A.; Zuo, A.; Bjornlund, H.; Mdemu, M. V.; van Rooyen, A.; Munguambe, P. 2017. An overview of extension use in irrigated agriculture and case studies in south-eastern Africa. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 33(5):755-769. (Special issue: The Productivity and Profitability of Small Scale Communal Irrigation Systems in South-eastern Africa). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2016.1225570]

Irrigated farming ; Innovation adoption ; Agricultural development ; Extension activities ; Agricultural extension ; Farm income ; Farmers ; Irrigation schemes ; Developing countries ; Case studies / South eastern Africa / Tanzania / Mozambique / Zimbabwe / Kiwere Irrigation Scheme / Magozi Irrigation Scheme / Khanimambo Irrigation Scheme / 25 de Setembro Irrigation Scheme / Mkoba Irrigation Scheme / Silalatshani Irrigation Scheme

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048198)

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07900627.2016.1225570?needAccess=true#aHR0cDovL3d3dy50YW5kZm9ubGluZS5jb20vZG9pL3BkZi8xMC4xMDgwLzA3OTAwNjI3LjIwMTYuMTIyNTU3MD9uZWVkQWNjZXNzPXRydWVAQEAw
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048198.pdf

(1.19 MB) (1.19 MB)

This study provides an overview of extension influence on the adoption of irrigation innovations in developed and developing countries, and finds that extension plays a more significant positive role in influencing soft technology adoption in developing countries. Case studies on the nature, use and availability of extension advice in six irrigation schemes in Tanzania, Mozambique and Zimbabwe are presented. The use of government extension officers varied significantly, with extension use not linked to farm outcomes. The results suggest the need to support more diverse sources of advice and to promote institutional reform in south-eastern Africa.

7 Bjornlund, H.; Zuo, A.; Wheeler, S. A.; Parry, K.; Pittock, J.; Mdemu, M.; Moyo, M. 2019. The dynamics of the relationship between household decision-making and farm household income in small-scale irrigation schemes in southern Africa. Agricultural Water Management, 213:135-145. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.10.002]

Irrigation schemes ; Small scale systems ; Farmers ; Household income ; Decision making ; Living standards ; Strategies ; Gender ; Labour ; Models ; Socioeconomic environment / Southern Africa / Mozambique / Zimbabwe / United Republic of Tanzania / Kiwere Irrigation Scheme / Magozi Irrigation Scheme / Mkoba Irrigation Scheme / Silalatshani Irrigation Scheme / 25 de Setembro Irrigation Scheme / Khanimambo Irrigation Scheme

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049140)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377418305481/pdfft?md5=623f0afb5a14e8ed0d133bcf1b30ae6b&pid=1-s2.0-S0378377418305481-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049140.pdf

(0.59 MB) (612 KB)

Irrigation has been promoted as a strategy to reduce poverty and improve livelihoods in southern Africa. Households’ livelihood strategies within small-scale irrigation schemes have become increasingly complex and diversified. Strategies consist of farm income from rain-fed and irrigated cropping as well as livestock and an increasing dependence on off-farm income. The success of these strategies depends on the household’s ability to make decisions about how to utilize its’ financial, labour, land and water resources. This study explores the dynamics of decision-making in households on-farm household income within six small-scale irrigation schemes, across three southern African countries. Household survey data (n = 402) was analyzed using ordered probit and ordinary least squares regression. Focus group discussions and field observations provided qualitative data on decision-making in the six schemes. We found strong support for the notion that decision-making dynamics strongly influence total household income. Households make trade-offs between irrigation, dryland, livestock and off-farm work when they allocate their labour resources to maximize household income; as opposed to maximizing the income from any individual component of their livelihood strategy, such as irrigation. Combined with the impact of the small plot size of irrigated land, this is likely to result in sub-optimal benefits from expensive investments in irrigation infrastructure. Policy-makers must consider this when developing and implementing new policies.

8 Manero, A.; Wheeler, S. A. 2022. Perceptions of Tanzanian smallholder irrigators on impact pathways between water equity and socioeconomic inequalities. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 38(1):80-107. (Special issue: Water Justice: Pathways for Voice, Truth and Reconciliation) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2020.1866506]

Smallholders ; Farmers ; Irrigation schemes ; Water supply ; Equity ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Rural development ; Poverty ; Irrigation water ; Water scarcity ; Crop production ; Crop yield ; Households ; Women / Africa South of Sahara / United Republic of Tanzania / Magozi Irrigation Scheme / Kiwere Irrigation Scheme

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050857)

https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050857.pdf

(2.61 MB)

Irrigation is promoted as a critical strategy for rural welfare, yet fundamental questions prevail on the linkages between water, equity and inequality. Applying mixed-methods, this study investigates the impact pathways whereby water inequities are associated with socioeconomic inequalities within two Tanzanian smallholder irrigation schemes. According to irrigators’ perceptions, greater water equity would benefit the poor through improved working conditions, productivity, reliability and reduced risk. Quantitative analyses corroborate that water-dissatisfied irrigators suffered from lower yields and higher unproductive land, investment losses and yield gaps. Education, empowerment and strong governance are proposed as possible avenues towards greater water equity and inclusive growth.