Your search found 21 records
1 Atef, S. S.; Sadeqinazhad, F.; Farjaad, F.; Amatya, D. M. 2019. Water conflict management and cooperation between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Journal of Hydrology, 570:875-892. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.12.075]
Water resources ; International waters ; Water management ; Conflict management ; River basins ; International cooperation ; International agreements ; International law ; Water institutions ; Corporate culture ; Decision support systems ; Models ; Riparian zones / Pakistan / Afghanistan / Kabul River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049139)
(5.65 MB)
Managing water resource systems usually involves conflicts. Water recognizes no borders, defining the global geopolitics of water conflicts, cooperation, negotiations, management, and resource development. Negotiations to develop mechanisms for two or more states to share an international watercourse involve complex networks of natural, social and political system (Islam and Susskind, 2013). The Kabul River Basin presents unique circumstances for developing joint agreements for its utilization, rendering moot unproductive discussions of the rights of upstream and downstream states based on principles of absolute territorial sovereignty or absolute territorial integrity (McCaffrey, 2007). This paper analyses the different stages of water conflict transformation between Afghanistan and Pakistan. It first examines historical disputes between the upstream and downstream riparians, revolving around contending rights claims, resulting in zero-sum confrontations with one party’s loss as another’s gain, possibly ending in confrontation. The paper then formulates a decision support tool, a mechanism for transforming conflict into cooperation, and concludes by introducing practical methods for identifying basin needs and sharing benefits, enabling riparians to negotiate a win-win process.
2 Mukherjee, A. (Ed.) 2018. Groundwater of South Asia. Singapore: Springer. 799p. (Springer Hydrogeology) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3889-1]
Groundwater management ; Water resources ; Groundwater recharge ; Groundwater irrigation ; Water availability ; Water quality ; Freshwater ; Water governance ; Climate change ; Water storage ; Aquifers ; Hydrology ; Geology ; Water pollution ; Contamination ; Arsenic compounds ; Fluorides ; Coastal areas ; Salinity ; Arid zones ; Legal frameworks ; Surface water ; Water security ; Forecasting ; Investment ; Smallholders ; Socioeconomic impact / South Asia / Afghanistan / Bangladesh / Bhutan / India / Myanmar / Nepal / Pakistan / Sri Lanka / West Bengal / Bay of Bengal / Delhi / Kerala / Kashmir / Nadia / Khulna / Satkhira / Sundarbans / Bengal Basin / Kabul River Basin / Gangetic Basin / Ganges River Basin / Meghna River Basin / Indus River Basin / Brahmaputra River Basin / Farakka Barrage
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H049987)
3 Jalil, A.; Akhtar, F.; Awan, U. K. 2020. Evaluation of the AquaCrop model for winter wheat under different irrigation optimization strategies at the downstream Kabul River Basin of Afghanistan. Agricultural Water Management, 240:106321. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106321]
Irrigation scheduling ; Strategies ; Winter wheat ; Crop water use ; Water productivity ; Models ; Water scarcity ; Deficit irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Irrigated sites ; Soil moisture ; River basins ; Farmers ; Biomass production / Afghanistan / Kabul River Basin / Attawor Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050211)
(1.81 MB)
Afghanistan has an arid to semi-arid climate where irrigated agriculture largely depends on scarce irrigation water supplies from snowmelt from the high raised mountains. Under growing water scarcity, farmers not only need to use the available water more wisely but have to develop alternative options for coping water scarcity. Deficit irrigation schedule can be one of the options to mitigate the adverse impacts of water scarcity on crop production. In the current study, FAO’s crop water productivity model (AquaCrop) was calibrated and validated with field data in Kabul River Basin (KRB) for wheat crop to simulate four different water scarcity scenarios (S-A: business-as-usual scenario, S-B: refilling the soil profile to field capacity upon 50 % water depletion, S-C: refilling the soil profile upon 100 % depletion and S-D: refilling the soil profile upon 130 % depletion occurrence) for resultant yield, water productivity (WP) and biomass production. Two wheat fields, namely A and B were monitored intensively for soil moisture content, meteorological situation, irrigation application and post-harvest data. Results show that the measured WP was 1.4 kg m-3 ETa and 1.5 kg m-3 ETa whereas, the actual (measured) water use efficiency (WUE) was 0.58 kg m-3 and 0.66 kg m-3 for Field A and Field B, respectively. The WP of the scenarios S-A, S-B, S-C and S-D was 2.0-2.1 kg m-3 ETa (for plot B and A), 2.5 kg m-3 ETa, 2.74 kg m-3 ETa and 2.8 kg m-3 ETa respectively. Similarly, yield under these scenarios was 6.4 ton ha-1 , 8.7 ton ha-1 , 7.4 ton ha-1 and 6.7 ton ha-1 respectively while the above ground biomass was 21.3 ton ha-1 , 21.8 ton ha-1 , 19 ton ha-1 and 18.3 ton ha-1 respectively. As a consequence, WP could increase by 92.8 %, 78 % and 95 % in S-B, S-C and S-D, respectively with reference to the measured WP. The optimized scenarios developed in this study can provide guidelines for policy makers and farming communities to mitigate the adverse impact of water scarcity through such innovative interventions.
4 Akhtar, F.; Nawaz, R. A.; Hafeez, Mohsin; Awan, Usman Khalid; Borgemeister, C.; Tischbein, B. 2022. Evaluation of GRACE derived groundwater storage changes in different agro-ecological zones of the Indus Basin. Journal of Hydrology, 605:127369. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127369]
Groundwater depletion ; Water storage ; Agroecological zones ; River basins ; Water extraction ; Aquifers ; Precipitation ; Trends ; Satellite observation / Pakistan / Afghanistan / Indus Basin / Kabul River Basin / Lower Bari Doab Canal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050895)
(4.45 MB)
The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) has recently been identified as a useful tool for monitoring changes in groundwater storage (GWS), especially in areas with sparse groundwater monitoring networks. However, GRACE’s performance has not been evaluated in the highly heterogeneous Indus Basin (IB) to date. The objective of this study was thus (i) to evaluate GRACE’s performance in two distinctively different agroecological zones of the IB, and (ii) to quantify the trend of groundwater abstraction over 15 years (i.e., from 2002 to 2017). To capture this heterogeneity at the IB, the two different agro-ecological zones were selected: i) the Kabul River Basin (KRB), Afghanistan, and ii) the Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC) command area in Pakistan. The groundwater storage anomalies (GWSA) for both regions were extracted from random pixels. The results show a correlation (R2 ) of 0.46 for LBDC and 0.32 for the KRB, between the GWSA and in-situ measurements. The results further reveal a mean annual depletion in GWSA of - 304.2 ± 749 and - 301 ± 527 mm at the LBDC and the KRB, respectively. Overall, a net GWS depletion during 2002–2017 at the LBDC and KRB was 4.87 and 4.82 m, respectively. The GWSA’s response to precipitation analyzed through cross-correlation shows a lag of 4 and 3 months at the KRB and the LBDC, respectively. The GWSA’s poor correlation with the in-situ measurements particularly in the mountainous region of the KRB is driven by the 4 months lag time unlike in the LBDC (i.e. 3 months); besides, the observations wells are sparse and limited. The complex geomorphology and slope of the landscape also cause discrepancies in the correlation of the in-situ measurements and the GRACE-derived changes in GWS at the two different agroecological zones of the IB. The spatially averaged GWSA in monthly time steps is another reason for the lower correlation between GRACE-based GWSA estimates and point-based in-situ measurements. Therefore, care must be taken while using GRACE’s output in regions with heterogeneous geomorphologic features.
5 Ougahi, J. H.; Cutler, M. E. J.; Cook, S. J. 2021. Modelling climate change impact on water resources of the Upper Indus Basin. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 23p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2021.233]
Water resources ; River basins ; Climate change ; Hydrological modelling ; Precipitation ; Temperature ; Water balance ; Evapotranspiration ; Water yield ; Forecasting ; Soil moisture ; Parameters ; Calibration ; Uncertainty / Pakistan / Upper Indus Basin / Upper Jhelum River Basin / Kabul River Basin / Himalaya / Hindu Kush / Karakoram / Tarbela / Mangla / Nowshera
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050862)
https://iwaponline.com/jwcc/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/wcc.2021.233/980841/jwc2021233.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050862.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050862.pdf
(1.47 MB) (1.47 MB)
Climate change has implications for water resources by increasing temperature, shifting precipitation patterns and altering the timing of snowfall and glacier melt, leading to shifts in the seasonality of river flows. Here, the Soil & Water Assessment Tool was run using downscaled precipitation and temperature projections from five global climate models (GCMs) and their multi-model mean to estimate the potential impact of climate change on water balance components in sub-basins of the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) under two emission (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and future (2020–2050 and 2070–2100) scenarios. Warming of above 6 °C relative to baseline (1974–2004) is projected for the UIB by the end of the century (2070–2100), but the spread of annual precipitation projections among GCMs is large (+16 to -28%), and even larger for seasonal precipitation (+91 to -48%). Compared to the baseline, an increase in summer precipitation (RCP8.5: +36.7%) and a decrease in winter precipitation were projected (RCP8.5: -16.9%), with an increase in average annual water yield from the nival–glacial regime and river flow peaking 1 month earlier. We conclude that predicted warming during winter and spring could substantially affect the seasonal river flows, with important implications for water supplies.
6 Akhtar, F.; Awan, Usman Khalid; Borgemeister, C.; Tischbein, B. 2021. Coupling remote sensing and hydrological model for evaluating the impacts of climate change on streamflow in data-scarce environment. Sustainability, 13(24):14025. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su132414025]
Climate change ; Remote sensing ; Hydrological modelling ; Forecasting ; River basins ; Stream flow ; Water resources ; Precipitation ; Land use ; Land cover ; Soil types ; Calibration / Afghanistan / Kabul River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050783)
(6.38 MB) (6.38 MB)
The Kabul River Basin (KRB) in Afghanistan is densely inhabited and heterogenic. The basin’s water resources are limited, and climate change is anticipated to worsen this problem. Unfortunately, there is a scarcity of data to measure the impacts of climate change on the KRB’s current water resources. The objective of the current study is to introduce a methodology that couples remote sensing and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for simulating the impact of climate change on the existing water resources of the KRB. Most of the biophysical parameters required for the SWAT model were derived from remote sensing-based algorithms. The SUFI-2 technique was used for calibrating and validating the SWAT model with streamflow data. The stream-gauge stations for monitoring the streamflow are not only sparse, but the streamflow data are also scarce and limited. Therefore, we selected only the stations that are properly being monitored. During the calibration period, the coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) were 0.75–0.86 and 0.62–0.81, respectively. During the validation period (2011–2013), the NSE and R2 values were 0.52–0.73 and 0.65–0.86, respectively. The validated SWAT model was then used to evaluate the potential impacts of climate change on streamflow. Regional Climate Model (RegCM4-4) was used to extract the data for the climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) from the CORDEX domain. The results show that streamflow in most tributaries of the KRB would decrease by a maximum of 5% and 8.5% under the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, respectively. However, streamflow for the Nawabad tributary would increase by 2.4% and 3.3% under the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, respectively. To mitigate the impact of climate change on reduced/increased surface water availability, the SWAT model, when combined with remote sensing data, can be an effective tool to support the sustainable management and strategic planning of water resources. Furthermore, the methodological approach used in this study can be applied in any of the data-scarce regions around the world.
7 Akhtar, F.; Borgemeister, C.; Tischbein, B.; Awan, Usman Khalid. 2022. Metrics assessment and streamflow modeling under changing climate in a data-scarce heterogeneous region: a case study of the Kabul River Basin. Water, 14(11):1697. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111697]
Stream flow ; Modelling ; Climate change ; River basins ; Case studies ; Watersheds ; Soil water content ; Land use ; Land cover ; Temperature ; Parameters / Afghanistan / Kabul River Basin / Alingar Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051380)
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/11/1697/pdf?version=1653561387
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051380.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051380.pdf
(2.75 MB) (2.75 MB)
Due to many uncertainties in hydrological data and modeling, the findings are frequently regarded as unreliable, especially in heterogeneous catchments such as the Kabul River Basin (KRB). Besides, statistical methods to assess the performance of the models have also been called into doubt in several studies. We evaluated the performance of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model by statistical indicators including the Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and the coefficient of determination (R2 ) at single and multi-outlets in the KRB and assessed the streamflow under changing climate scenarios i.e., Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 (2020–2045). Because of the heterogeneous nature of the KRB, NSE and R 2 performed poorly at multi-outlets. However, the KGE, as the basic objective function, fared much better at singleoutlet. We conclude that KGE is the most crucial metric for streamflow evaluation in heterogeneous basins. Similarly, the mean and maximum annual streamflow is projected to decrease by 15.2–15.6% and 17.2–41.8% under the RCP 4.5 and 8.5, respectively.
8 Rizwan, M.; Li, X.; Chen, Y.; Anjum, L.; Hamid, S.; Yamin, M.; Chauhdary, J. N.; Shahid, M. A.; Mehmood, Q. 2023. Simulating future flood risks under climate change in the source region of the Indus River. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 16(1):e12857. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12857]
Climate change ; Flooding ; Risk ; Precipitation ; Stream flow ; Land cover ; Climate models ; Aquifer / Pakistan / India / Afghanistan / Upper Indus River Basin / Jhelum River Basin / Kabul River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051719)
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jfr3.12857
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051719.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051719.pdf
(7.52 MB) (7.52 MB)
Pakistan experiences extreme flood events almost every year during the monsoon season. Recently, flood events have become more disastrous as their frequency and magnitude have increased due to climate change. This situation is further worsened due to the limited capacity of existing water reservoirs and their ability to absorb and mitigate peak floods. Thus, the simulation of stream flows using projected data from climate models is essential to assess flood events and proper water resource management in the country. This study investigates the future floods (in near future and far future periods) using the integrated flood analysis system (IFAS) model under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 climate change scenarios. Downscaled and bias corrected climatic data of six general circulation models and their ensemble were used in this study. The IFAS model simulated the stream flow efficiently (R2 = 0.86–0.93 and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.72–0.92) in the Jhelum River basin (JRB), Kabul River basin (KRB), and upper Indus River basin (UIRB) during the calibration and validation periods. The simulation results of the model showed significant impact of projected climate change on stream flows that will cause the mean monthly stream flow in the JRB to be lower, while that of the KRB and UIRB to be higher than that of the historical period. The highest flow months are expected to shift from May–June (Jhelum basin) and June–July (Kabul basin) to April–May with no changes in the UIRB. Higher frequencies of low to medium floods are projected in the KRB and UIRB, while the JRB expects fewer flood events. Based on the results from the IFAS model, it is concluded that stream flow in the study area will increase with several flood events.
9 Moorthy, R.; Bibi, S. 2023. Water security and cross-border water management in the Kabul River Basin. Sustainability, 15(1):792. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010792]
Water management ; Water Security ; Sustainable development ; Conflicts ; Politics ; Hydroelectric power generation ; River basins ; Freshwater ; Transboundary waters ; International water ; Riparian zones ; Water reservoirs / Pakistan / Afghanistan / Kabul River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051842)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/1/792/pdf?version=1672638536
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051842.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051842.pdf
(0.51 MB) (524 KB)
This paper investigates the collaborative and benefit-sharing approaches to conflict management in the management of cross-border water resources for the sustainable development of the Kabul River Basin riparian states of Afghanistan and Pakistan. The study offers an understanding of water management strategies concerning peace, progress and development, and sustainability. Using an interpretative social science approach, this paper investigates the impacts of water scarcity and stress, hydro-politics, water diplomacy, and water issues among co-riparian countries. It also investigates how cross-border river management impacts river water sustainability and sustainable cross-border water management strategies. The paper finds that the most significant factor in resolving and managing cross-border water disputes is to employ a collective and combined method of water management based on cooperation and benefit-sharing. This is in addition to providing an immediate cost-effective benefit of improving water supply, hydroelectric generation, and agricultural production, as well as future communal and monetary benefits for the public who reside and work the river basin. The paper proposes establishing a combined cross-border basin authority for both Afghanistan and Pakistan in order to effectively realize the benefits of the Kabul River Basin.
10 Dost, R.; Kasiviswanathan, K. S. 2023. Quantification of water resource sustainability in response to drought risk assessment for Afghanistan River Basins. Natural Resources Research, 32(1):235-256. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-022-10129-5]
Water resources ; Sustainability ; Drought ; Risk assessment ; Sustainability ; Climate change ; Precipitation ; Indicators ; Vulnerability ; Rural areas / Afghanistan / Herat Province / Kabul / Afghanistan River Basins / Kabul River Basin / Hilmand River Basin / Amu Darya River Basin / Harirud–Murghab River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051949)
(2.46 MB)
Drought in Afghanistan has many impacts from the interaction between environmental and socio-economic factors in the agriculture and water supply sectors. The complex topography and climate change impacts cause high spatial and temporal variation in the precipitation pattern and pose several challenges in managing water resources. Therefore, this paper aimed to quantify the sustainability of water resources against the progression of drought. Observed monthly precipitation data monitored by 23 stations located across five river basins covering the entire country for the period 1970–2016 were used to demonstrate the potential impacts of drought on water resources sustainability. Based on severe drought estimation, the year 2000 and 2001 were identified as change points. Accordingly, datasets pertaining to before and after the change points were partitioned to analyze the long-term temporal shift of drought. The spatiotemporal variability of sustainability indicators was estimated using reliability resiliency and vulnerability concept. The results indicated a positive trend of precipitation in most of the river basins after the change points leading to an increase in sustainability. However, the major portion in the upstream of the Kabul River basin showed a decrease in sustainability of around 15% due to a reduction in precipitation. As the Kabul city has high population density, it needs immediate attention in effectively planning and managing available water resources. Furthermore, the comprehensive analyses reported in this paper discuss the possible implications of drought risk assessment and its impact on largely varying sustainability both spatially and temporally in Afghanistan.
11 Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali; Lautze, Jonathan; Meelad, A. (Eds.) 2023. Afghanistan–Pakistan shared waters: state of the basins. Wallingford, UK: CABI. 184p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800622371.0000]
Transboundary waters ; Water sharing ; River basin management ; Water resources ; International cooperation ; Water security ; Sustainability ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; Agricultural water use ; Water management ; Water quality ; Irrigation ; Land use ; Socioeconomic development ; Demography ; Poverty ; Human health ; Food security ; Livelihoods ; Employment ; Economic growth ; Energy security ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Climate change ; Precipitation ; Temperature ; Climate prediction ; Trends ; Hydrology ; Water governance ; Water policies ; Water law ; Legislation ; Institutions ; Reservoirs ; Hydropower / Afghanistan / Pakistan / Kabul River Basin / Kurram River Basin / Gomal River Basin / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052166)
https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/epdf/10.1079/9781800622371.0000
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052166.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052166.pdf
(43.90 MB) (43.9 MB)
There is currently no water cooperation between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Of the nine rivers that flow across the border, none possess a formal agreement or mechanism to manage shared water resources. Further, there is very little information available about the status of environment, hydrology and water resources management for these river basins that could be used as a starting point for dialogues on transboundary water coordination. This State of the Basins book co-develops an overview of the three most important river basins, in collaboration with international experts and water professionals from Afghanistan and Pakistan. It covers water resources, land resources, ecological health, environment, climate change, and the social and economic conditions for sustainable management of these precious resources. It will inform decision making within the two countries, and begin to establish benefits that can accrue from more active collaboration on these shared waters. This book: Focuses on portions of the Indus shared by Afghanistan and Pakistan. Features extensive engagement and co-development with Afghan and Pakistani professionals. Is the first book on the shared waters in the Indus, developed in the context of regional realities associated with post-August 2021 Taliban takeover. The book is aimed at students and researchers in water rights and resources, and government decision makers, private sector investors, donors, intermediary organizations that work directly with farmers, researchers and students. It is a reference book for graduate students and researchers working on these basins, and on transboundary river basin management in Asia and beyond.
12 Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali; Lautze, Jonathan; Meelad, A. 2023. Introduction. In Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali; Lautze, Jonathan; Meelad, A. (Eds.). Afghanistan–Pakistan shared waters: state of the basins. Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp.1-8. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800622371.0001]
Transboundary waters ; River basins ; Water sharing ; Water resources ; International cooperation / Afghanistan / Pakistan / Kabul River Basin / Kurram River Basin / Gomal River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052167)
https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/epdf/10.1079/9781800622371.0001
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052167.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052167.pdf
(2.70 MB) (2.70 MB)
This chapter contextualizes the book’s aim and scope within global experiences in transboundary water management as well as regional realities of human development. The chapter rationalizes the focus on three of the nine rivers shared by Afghanistan and Pakistan, i.e., the Kabul, Kurram and Gomal, and identifies the new contribution that this book provides. Importantly, this is believed to be the first book to focus on the entirety of these three shared rivers—compiling and synthesizing data and information from both countries to distil key lessons and messages. The chapter proceeds to provide a cursory overview of the three basins to lay foundations for the more thorough elucidations in the chapters that follow. The chapter concludes with reflections on the significance of this book and its role in ameliorating conditions in the three basins.
13 Meelad, A.; Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali; Lautze, Jonathan. 2023. Methodology: co-production of knowledge for ownership and sustainability. In Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali; Lautze, Jonathan; Meelad, A. (Eds.). Afghanistan–Pakistan shared waters: state of the basins. Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp.9-19. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800622371.0002]
Transboundary waters ; River basins ; Sustainability ; Water resources ; Water sharing ; Methodology / Afghanistan / Pakistan / Kabul River Basin / Kurram River Basin / Gomal River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052168)
https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/epdf/10.1079/9781800622371.0002
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052168.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052168.pdf
(3.38 MB) (3.38 MB)
This chapter outlines the co-production process through which this book was developed. The chapter compares its approach to other efforts to generate knowledge in transboundary basin management, and points to certain comparative advantages. Four key points that motivated the book’s focus were elaborated, namely: i) new knowledge generation, ii) fostering a common perspective, iii) enhancing human development, and iv) identification of development options. The iterative process through which the book arrived at its structure, identified authors, and facilitated their joint work are also explained. Notable limitations, e.g., related to data, and challenges, e.g, political change in Afghanistan, are acknowledged, and the nuts and bolts of chapter review and evaluation are discussed. The chapter concludes with reflection on key lessons on the co-production approach applied, such as its contribution to trust-building between experts in the two countries.
14 Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Wardak, A.; Jan, I. 2023. Demography, human development and economic conditions. In Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali; Lautze, Jonathan; Meelad, A. (Eds.). Afghanistan–Pakistan shared waters: state of the basins. Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp.20-42. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800622371.0003]
Demography ; Socioeconomic development ; Economic growth ; Transboundary waters ; River basins ; Poverty ; Health ; Food security ; Employment ; Migration ; Population density ; Income ; Education ; Energy ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Agriculture ; Industry / Afghanistan / Pakistan / Kabul River Basin / Kurram River Basin / Gomal River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052169)
https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/epdf/10.1079/9781800622371.0003
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052169.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052169.pdf
(4.36 MB) (4.36 MB)
The Kabul, Kurram, and Gomal river basins are home to approximately 43 million (authors’ own calculation) people who experience a diverse set of human and economic development realities. This chapter draws profiles of the basins in terms of demography and human and economic development. In doing so, the authors illustrate the human realities that overlie the hydrological units. This chapter presents basin-level data by combining and rescaling data for specific administrative units in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The authors find disparities between and within the two countries in terms of population size, migration dynamics, economic indicators and production of power. Despite these differences, people share similar challenges in achieving food security, poverty alleviation, and mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Improved, co-ordinated strategies and policies have the potential to strengthen the governance of these transboundary river basins and deliver better outcomes for people and resource sustainability.
15 Hashmi, M. Z. U. R.; Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif; Azizi, M. A. 2023. Climate. In Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali; Lautze, Jonathan; Meelad, A. (Eds.). Afghanistan–Pakistan shared waters: state of the basins. Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp.43-61. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800622371.0004]
Climate change ; Transboundary waters ; River basins ; Climate prediction ; Climate variability ; Trends ; Governance ; Temperature ; Precipitation / Afghanistan / Pakistan / Kabul River Basin / Kurram River Basin / Gomal River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052170)
https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/epdf/10.1079/9781800622371.0004
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052170.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052170.pdf
(7.61 MB) (7.61 MB)
Climate change is a major threat in all the shared river basins in South Asia owing to the huge populations they sustain and the complex regional dynamics. This chapter summarizes the available knowledge related to changing climate trends in three Afghan–Pakistani transboundary river basins: the Kabul, Kurram and Gomal. A key finding indicates a consistent rise in temperature over the last 30 years. By the end of the 21st century, temperatures may rise by an additional 3–4°C under RCP1 4.5 and 5–6°C under RCP 8.5, relative to 2020 levels. The potential impact of temperature rise is compounded by considerable uncertainty associated with the current and future behaviour of precipitation in the three basins. The findings in this chapter will help practitioners and policymakers visualize the nature and scope of likely climate challenges in the three basins.
16 Iqbal, M. S.; Pavelic, Paul. 2023. Groundwater. In Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali; Lautze, Jonathan; Meelad, A. (Eds.). Afghanistan–Pakistan shared waters: state of the basins. Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp.81-98. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800622371.0006]
Groundwater management ; Water resources ; Transboundary waters ; River basins ; Aquifers ; Water extraction ; Groundwater recharge ; Water quality ; Hydrogeology ; Water use ; Drinking water ; Domestic water ; Irrigation ; Climate change / Afghanistan / Pakistan / Kabul River Basin / Kurram River Basin / Gomal River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052171)
https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/epdf/10.1079/9781800622371.0006
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052171.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052171.pdf
(6.29 MB) (6.29 MB)
This chapter presents an overview of the groundwater resources of the upper Indus basin’s three major transboundary river basins, with particular attention to the Kabul river basin, where information is more readily available. It examines the state of knowledge and information, challenges, and gaps in and barriers to sustainable groundwater resource management. Afghanistan and Pakistan are highly water-scarce countries that have traditionally not given adequate priority to managing their groundwater resources. This has resulted in a situation of inadequate scientific knowledge, technical capacity, policies and regulatory frameworks in relation to groundwater. Recommendations to address these gaps are provided.
17 Matheswaran, Karthikeyan; Akhtar, T. 2023. Land and water use. In Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali; Lautze, Jonathan; Meelad, A. (Eds.). Afghanistan–Pakistan shared waters: state of the basins. Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp.99-119. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800622371.0007]
Land use ; Agricultural water use ; Transboundary waters ; River basin management ; Land cover ; Domestic water ; Industrial water use / Afghanistan / Pakistan / Kabul River Basin / Kurram River Basin / Gomal River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052172)
https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/epdf/10.1079/9781800622371.0007
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052172.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052172.pdf
(6.04 MB) (6.04 MB)
Two remote-sensing datasets were used to estimate land and water use in the Kabul, Kurram and Gomal transboundary basins shared between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The proportion of different land-cover classes within these three basins was estimated. Barren land and rangeland form the largest block of land-cover classes owing to the prevailing semi-arid conditions. Domestic water use ranges from 21.2 million m3 (mcm) in Gomal to 554 mcm in Kabul and 106 mcm in the Kurram. Due to the lack of data, industrial water use was assumed to be one quarter of domestic water use. According to the cropland area estimated using the Regional Land Cover Monitoring System (RCLMS) and evapotranspiration data, agricultural water use is 7350 mcm, 1890 mcm and 716 mcm in the Kabul, Kurram and Gomal basins, respectively. Improving transboundary co-operation can help optimize land and water use in the basins. Given the difficult context in which water co-operation would start from zero, ‘low-hanging fruit’ for advancing co-operation may lie in: (i) focusing effort on the Kurram and Gomal where, given land- and water use patterns, efforts towards co-operation may be less contentious; and (ii) focusing on data collection and assessment to establish an evidence-based foundation on which co-operation can build.
18 Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali; Nabeel, F. 2023. Institutions and governance. In Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali; Lautze, Jonathan; Meelad, A. (Eds.). Afghanistan–Pakistan shared waters: state of the basins. Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp.120-142. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800622371.0008]
Institutions ; Water governance ; Transboundary waters ; River basins ; Water law ; Legislation ; International cooperation / Afghanistan / Pakistan / Kabul River Basin / Kurram River Basin / Gomal River Basin / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052173)
https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/epdf/10.1079/9781800622371.0008
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052173.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052173.pdf
(2.61 MB) (2.61 MB)
Fostering co-ordinated management of a transboundary basin can benefit from an understanding of the internal, often multilevel governance mechanisms in each country sharing it. This chapter delves into the legal and institutional architecture of water governance in basins shared between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Drawing on a careful document analysis as well as expert interviews, the chapter analyses the national laws and institutions in Afghanistan, as well as the legal and institutional provisions for water governance at the federal, provincial and local levels in Pakistan. A review of the existing design of internal water governance in both Afghanistan and Pakistan reveals that despite the existence of well-meaning and well-structured legal provisions, implementation is a key challenge for effective water governance to be addressed on both sides of the Durand Line. The chapter concludes that strengthening internal institutions for better implementation and engaging multilevel stakeholders for improved co-ordination of water policies between riparian countries can pave the path towards successful transboundary basin management in the Kabul, Kurram and Gomal river basins.
19 Lautze, Jonathan; Meelad, A.; Hayat, S. 2023. Co-operation in the Afghanistan–Pakistan river basins. In Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali; Lautze, Jonathan; Meelad, A. (Eds.). Afghanistan–Pakistan shared waters: state of the basins. Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp.143-161. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800622371.0009]
Transboundary waters ; River basins ; International cooperation ; Frameworks ; Water sharing ; Benefit-sharing mechanisms ; Policies / Afghanistan / Pakistan / Kabul River Basin / Kurram River Basin / Gomal River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052174)
https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/epdf/10.1079/9781800622371.0009
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052174.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052174.pdf
(3.45 MB) (3.45 MB)
In transboundary waters, co-operative basin management is widely believed to offer benefits over and above those of separate and unilateral management by riparian countries. Nonetheless, co-operation on shared waters does not always exist. The Kabul, Kurram and Gomal basins, shared by Afghanistan and Pakistan, present examples of river basins that lack co-operation despite the benefits that could be accrued. This chapter takes stock of existing co-operation in the Kabul, Kurram and Gomal basins to suggest catalysts for co-operation. The chapter reviews the current status of water co-operation between the two countries and the adverse consequences due to the current status quo. Factors constraining co-operation are then presented, followed by the benefits that can be derived from co-operation and frameworks that can guide its development. Finally, practical incentives for scaling up co-operation, and specific small steps that can be taken, are presented. A particular value-addition of this chapter is a granular distillation of the key points on which co-operation should focus and the mechanisms and modalities that can enable that focus.
20 Lautze, Jonathan; Meelad, A.; Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali. 2023. Conclusions and recommendations. In Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali; Lautze, Jonathan; Meelad, A. (Eds.). Afghanistan–Pakistan shared waters: state of the basins. Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp.162-166. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800622371.0010]
Transboundary waters ; River basins ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; International cooperation / Afghanistan / Pakistan / Kabul River Basin / Kurram River Basin / Gomal River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052175)
https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/epdf/10.1079/9781800622371.0010
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052175.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052175.pdf
(0.08 MB) (79.5 KB)
This chapter reviews some of the book’s overarching themes and main findings. Overarching themes include the recognition of persistent hardship and inequality, particularly in the Afghan portions of the basins and substantial knowledge gaps that need to be filled to address existing challenges. Key threads relate to trends in demography, climate, land and water use, and institutions that may accentuate challenges. The chapter concludes that more than incremental change will be needed to support the progress necessary to provide a basic level of human development. Key to such progress is transboundary co-operation between Afghanistan and Pakistan and re-engagement with the international community to create a context that attracts investment that catalyses desperately needed economic progress.
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