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1 Sallam, M.; Naguib, M.; Saber, A.; El-Masry, A. F.; El-Attar, A.; Eldin, E. E.; Al-Omar, F. A.; Hassanein, F.; Dweeb, H. H.; Yousef, S. K.; Layton, J. J. 1984. Experience with water users' associations. Cairo, Egypt: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. viii, 66p. (EWUP technical report no.65)
Water user associations ; Water management ; Resource management ; Governmental interrelations / Egypt
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.6.2 G232 SAL Record No: H084)
2 Scott, V. H.; El-Falaky, A. A. 1984. Conjunctive water use: The state of the art and potential for Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. vii, 63p. (EWUP technical report no.44)
Water use ; Water resources ; Groundwater ; Drainage ; Energy ; Waterlogging ; Water management / Egypt
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.5 G232 SCO Record No: H0101)
3 Naim, M. A. 1984. Crop management studies by the Egypt water use and management project. Cairo: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. vii, 41p. (EWUP technical report no.53)
Water resources ; Rehabilitation ; Irrigation efficiency ; Evaluation ; Administration ; Pest control ; Water management / Egypt
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.7 G232 NAI Record No: H0103)
4 Ley, T. W.; El-Kady, M.; Litwiller, K. E.; Hanson, E.; Braunworth, W. S.; El-Falaky, A.; Wafik, E. 1984. The influence of farm irrigation system design and precision land leveling on irrigation efficiency and irrigation water management. Cairo, Egypt: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. xii, 97p. (EWUP technical report no.41)
Farming ; Irrigation design ; Gravity flow ; Flood irrigation ; Water management ; Field tests ; Water use efficiency / Egypt
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G232 LEY Record No: H0161)
The results of EWUP studies at each of three locations in Egypt: El-Mansuriya, Kafr El-Shiek and El-Minya, to characterize the conventional farm irrigation systems used by farmers in each area are summarized. The method used is surface gravity flooding of small, flat basins or small basins with short furrows. Numerous irrigation field trials on farms at the three EWUP study areas have been conducted. The practices tested included precision land levelling to dead level; level border strip or level long furrow irrigation system design; and teaching and advising farmers concerning improved on-farm water management practices in the use of the improved systems. Results were found to be highly successful when the spatial and temporal variations in farm irrigation system design factors were properly accounted for. A significant factor is the need to continue working with the farmer after system construction, teaching and advising him of improved management practices with the new systems. EWUP experience has shown that when farmers are well advised in using the new systems improved results are significant.
5 Litwiller, K. E.; El-Kady, M.; Gates, T. K.; Hanson, E. G. 1984. The relation between irrigation water management and high water tables in Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. x, 83p. (EWUP technical report no.61)
Evapotranspiration ; Irrigation practices ; Percolation ; Water management ; Canals ; Drainage ; Maintenance / Egypt
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G232 LIT Record No: H0157)
(1.27 MB)
High water table levels presenting hazards to crop growth were measured at field sites in upper, middle, and lower Egypt. Water table contribution to evapotranspiration was significant at each site. A water balance model of the water table aquifer was used to predict the effect of various interventions on water table levels. Desirable lower water table levels could not be maintained through on-farm irrigation efficiency improvement including lining of on-farm channels while using surface irrigation methods. Branch, distributary, and private canal lining would have negligible effect on water table levels. Corresponding increases in required water deliveries would be expected.
6 Haider, M.; Skold, M. 1983. Planning irrigation improvements in Egypt: Act of policies and prices on farm income and resource use. Cairo, Egypt: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. vii, 80p. (EWUP project technical report no.43)
Methodology ; Water supply ; Policy ; Crop yield ; Water management ; Land tenure ; Livestock ; Agricultural policy ; Cropping systems ; Income / Egypt
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.8 G232 HAI Record No: H0154)
The most profitable use of resources on a typical Egyptian farm is analyzed in view of resource, institutional and government policies. The linear programming model of a farm management decision problem is based on an average sized farm found in a survey of 50 farms in Kafr El Shiekh. By solution of the model one can observe the interdependencies. Further, changes in the method of irrigation or in the government's system of water supply are evaluated with the model. Four sets of policy alternatives are examined. The base run reflects existing policies, a second option includes only administered prices. Additionally, a free market alternative is tested and finally, a free market coupled with a system to charge farmers for the delivery of water. Results show that existing policies do not greatly distort the optimal mix of enterprises but it is likely that farmers would have incentive to achieve higher crop yields under different price policies. As yields associated with higher commodity prices are achieved, farmer's incentive and ability to adopt improved water management practices would be enhanced.
7 Hanson, E. G.; El-Kady, M.; Litwiller, K. E.; Early, A. C. 1984. Impact of turnout size and condition on water management on farms. Cairo: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. vi, 29p. (EWUP technical report no.71)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.6.2 G232 HAN Record No: H033)
The following report describes the legal irrigation throughout turnouts to mesgas and reviews the design assumptions, legal implications and current utility of the existing methods in Egypt. The legal limitations currently imposed upon the turnouts, based on specific site measurements, are presented, together with the responses from the Ministry of Irrigation and farmers to the inadequacies of the current turnouts. Data collected from the field sites indicates the necessity of increasing the size of turnouts in accordance with irrigation demands for the season and crops grown throughout Egypt. The recommended larger capacity turnouts with adjustable gates includes the design modification requirements of modified inlet shapes and provision for trash guards. These larger gated turnouts will require an irrigation technician to assume the responsibility of the current gatekeeper function and to interface with the farmers regarding their irrigating scheduling. In addition to recommendations regarding closer management between the irrigation technician and the farmers, it is suggested that training centers be established to assist in the development of water distribution management methods between the irrigation engineers and the water user associations.
8 Moustafa, A. T. A.; Tinsley, R.L. 1984. Influence of soil properties on irrigation management in Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. vii, 66p. (EWUP technical report no.64)
Vertisols ; Clay minerals ; Subsurface drainage ; Seepage ; Soil water movement ; Water table ; Sandy soils / Egypt
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.2 G232 MOU Record No: H0034)
On three of the four distributary canals studied by EWUP, the soils were mostly alluvial clay soil (vertisols) or a vertic subgroup of the entisols. The remaining distributary canal was all sandy Entisols. Vertisols are as oil order composed of heavy, clay soils containing large quantities of clay minerals which expand when wet and contract when dry. Irrigating these soils requires recognizing that the root penetration and measurable soil water changes are restricted to the top 40 cm. This limits the operational available water to 5 to 7 cm. The water infiltration rate during an irrigation can have a hundred fold decline during a 2 hour irrigation, ending with almost sealed conditions. This allows highly uniform application over a large area almost independent of available flow rate. Soil sealing requires a potential for surface drainage to prevent crop suffocation. After an irrigation, redistribution tends to be very slow, with the possibility in winter of it requiring 15 days for a wetting fringe to drain 30 cm. The high infiltration rates in the sandy soils make them basically unsuited for surface irrigation. It is therefore difficult to surface irrigate them efficiently. High water tables occur with large volumes of subsurface water flow. A de facto sub-irrigation system results in which farmers applying water to their field sub-irrigate their neighbors and vise-versa. Some farmers, far from the water source, actually receive more water than their crops required.
9 Tawfic, T. A.; Tinsley, R. L. 1984. Evaluation of farmers' irrigation practices in El-Hammami sands. Cairo: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. ix, 81p. (EWUP project technical report no.74)
Sandy soils ; On farm research ; Surface irrigation ; Irrigation design ; Irrigation practices ; Furrow irrigation / Egypt
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.8 G232 TAW Record No: H035)
A study of three of the farms of El-Hammami area in El- Mansuriya region, Giza Governorate, was carried out to evaluate the irrigation of sandy soils. The on-farm irrigation practices in the area indicated that the farmers at the beginning of the canal apply more water than those at the end of the canal. The irrigation application efficiency of the farmers at the tail end of the canal was greater than that of the farmers at the beginning. The data also indicated that subsurface irrigation due to seepage from neighboring fields contributed substantially to crop water use. The study showed that surface irrigation might not be the best way to irrigate these sandy soils.
10 Sallam, M.; Naguib, M.; Saber, A.; El-Masry, A. F.; El-Attar, A.; El-Din, E. E.; Al-Omar, F. A.; Hassanein, F.; Dweeb, H. H.; Yousef, S. K.; Allam, Y.; Layton, J. J. 1984. The irrigation advisory service: A proposed organization for improving on-farm water management in Egypt. Cairo: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. v, 30p. (EWUP technical report no.66)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.6.2 G232 SAL Record No: H036)
In order for an irrigation system to be managed most effectively, all aspects of the system must be taken into consideration. On-farm development is frequently left to the farmers' initiative alone. However, in order for such development to occur in the most effective manner, some technical help may be diffused to the farmers. The purpose of this paper is to look at two crucial issues involved in establishing such an Irrigation Advisory Service (IAS) in Egypt. First, there is a discussion on whether or not the circumstances in Egypt will allow for an IAS to be established. Second, there is an examination of the critical parameters of organizational development which need to be addressed when attempting to establish an IAS. The presentation in this report is designed to sensitize the government of Egypt to the issues involved in establishing an Irrigation Advisory Service and provide them with the guidelines which need to be examined in making policy decisions about such an organization.
11 Litwiller, K. E.; Tinsley, R. L.; Deweeb, H. H.; Ley, T. W. 1984. Infiltration studies on Egyptian vertisols. Cairo: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. ix, 66p. (EWUP technical report no.57)
Infiltration ; Soil water ; Water table ; Surface drainage ; Water distribution ; Water management / Egypt
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.2 G232 LIT Record No: H037)
Twenty-one cylinder infiltration tests were conducted during irrigation of wheat on the shrinking/swelling vertisol soils of Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. Infiltration rates decreased rapidly from 720 mm/ hr for the first minute to 7.2 mm/hr at 2 hours elapsed time, with 1/3 of the tests showing soil sealing. In the majority of tests a well-defined two phase cumulative infiltration curve was determined. Significant correlations of antecedent soil moisture content in the 0-100 mm and 0-200 mm soil depth at the phase change, and average infiltration rate during the first phase were found. The first phase of infiltration was considered to represent flow of water through the soil macropores in the drier upper layer and water through the soil macropores. The second phase represented vertical flow into the wetter lower soil layers and filling of the finite storage space above the high water table. The analysis indicated a design application depth for wheat of not less than 120 mm for the first irrigation and 55 mm for subsequent irrigations under prevailing Abu Raya irrigation practices. Good water distribution across the field was facilitated by low long-term infiltration rates and high water table conditions. With the low second phase infiltration rates, water ponded in field depressions for prolonged periods could be detrimental to crops and requires provision for surface drainage. Precision land levelling would reduce this hazard.
12 Brooks, R. H.; Neilson, E. 1984. Problem identification report for El-Minya. Cairo: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. ix, 103p. (EWUP project technical report no.25)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.6.2 G232 BRO Record No: H038)
The Egypt Water Use and Management Project team selected the Abyuha area, in Middle Egypt, to conduct irrigation management studies. The maize-cotton-sugarcane cropping pattern, typical in this area, is representative of much of Middle Egypt. The team characterized the major physical, hydrologic, biological, and socio-economic factors operating inthe system under study; then they analyzed the data and identified major factors that were acting as constraints or problems of the system. The results of the study were used to develop a research program designed to assist both governmental organizations and the farmer in removing, where possible, irrigation management constraints in the system. This process is called "problem identification".
13 Gwinn, W. R.; Gates, T. K.; Hassan, A. R.; Wafik, E.; Nielsen, E. 1984. Structural specifications and construction of a canal system for gravity irrigation. Cairo, Egypt: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. vii, 63p. (EWUP project technical report no.51)
Rehabilitation ; Watercourses ; Canals ; Water distribution ; Project planning ; Mechanization / Egypt
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.7 G232 GWI Record No: H039)
(1.77 MB)
A water delivery system in Middle Egypt was renovated to providecontrolled gravity flow for more efficient distribution and use of irrigation water. After thorough planning and design, structural specifications were prepared for watercourse renovation, hydraulic control structures, internal access roads, and land leveling. Contracts were awarded and construction was initiated. The effort to perform extensive renovation of a water delivery system at the farm level required an experimental approach to develop the best methods for quality construction with the least disruption to farming practices and irrigation schedules. A summary of the specifications, the contracts and costs, the construction procedures, and recommendations for future work were prepared.
14 El-Sheiek, K.; EWUP. Cairo Office Design Team. 1984. Baseline data for improvement of a distributary canal system. Cairo: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. viii, 57p. (EWUP project technical report no.72)
Water supply ; Social aspects ; Irrigation design ; Irrigation efficiency ; Canals ; Cropping systems / Egypt
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G232 ELS Record No: H040)
(1.13 MB)
The EWUP conducted an irrigation research and development program from 1978 to 1984 in the Abu Raya area served by the Daqalt Canal in an effort to improve irrigation water management. Using an interdisciplinary effort, the program included the design, construction and operation of the Daqalt Canal system to deliver water to all farms in sufficient quantity at appropriate times to meet all water needs; to deliver water at an adequate and equitable flow rate and head and to minimize surface losses to drains. The original system was designed, constructed and operated under certain physical and operational assumptions that would minimize use of water while maximizing crop yields for all individual users. The report describes the physical characteristics of the existing system including water supply, canal structures, canal and mesqa surveys, soil conditions, crop patterns, water table levels, on-farm irrigation and water delivery requirements. The socio-economic characteristics of the existing system were also evaluated to assist in developing an equitable water user management program. The Daqalt Canal does not meet its original objectives due to water shortages, inadequate and inequitable flow rates and heads, and large surface losses to drains. These problems are caused by ineffective physical structures operation, conflicts existing with irrigation timing preferences, and poor canal maintenance. As such, the performance of the system falls short of that desired due to incorrect assumptions and improper management, and the entire water delivery system requires renovation within the context of the larger irrigation system. It is recommended that a complete hydraulic model of the existing Daqalt system should be developed under the constraint of available water levels in the Mit Yazid Canal, and the design re-evaluated in light of this model. The renovation process should continue, and water users themselves amalgamated into the design and operation of the water management plan.
15 El-Falaky, A. M.; Scott, V. H. 1984. Water quality of the irrigation canals, drains and groundwater in El-Minya, El-Mansuriya and El-Sheikh project sites. Cairo: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. vii, 120p. (EWUP project technical report no.62)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.6.3 G232 ELF Record No: H041)
A water quality monitoring analysis for the canals, drains and shallow groundwater in the three Project sites (i.e. Abyuha in El-Minya Governorate, El-Hammami and Beni Magdul in El-Mansuriya, Giza Governorate, and Abu Rayain Kafr El-Skeikh Governorate) was carried but during the period from March1982 to February 1983, for the purpose of studying quality changes with time, assessing the suitability of water for irrigation and providing a critically needed information for the conjunctive water use. The approach taken to evaluate water quality was based on "Guidelines" which indicate thepotential of irrigation water. However, the true suitability of a given water for irrigation depends on the management capability of the water user and the specific conditions of use. The chemical analysis showed that canal water is of good quality for irrigation purposes throughout the whole year. The water quality deteriorated while passing through the soil. The salinity and sodicity of the shallow groundwater were 3 to 7 times greater than those of canal water, indicating that the water is moderately saline and highly alkaline. On the other hand, the quality of drainage water varied widely from time to time during the year and also with the location on the drain section. On the average, the drainage water in Mansuriya area falls in the category of "causing increasing salinity and sodicity problems" when used in irrigation. In Kafr El-Sheikh, the drainage water could be classified as moderately saline and highly alkaline throughout most of the year except during winter closure where it increased appreciably to a degree which might cause a severe sodicity problem.
16 Mayfield, J. B.; Naguib, M. 1984. Developing local farmer organizations: A theoretical perspective. Cairo: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. v, 36p. (EWUP technical report no.68)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.3 G232 MAY Record No: H042)
Developing water users' associations, or any other type of farmer organizations, results in the adherence by change agents to particular theoretical parameters. One theoretical foundation of an organization is the development of participatory leadership. The development of leadership is a continual process emphasizing the components of motivation, action, consequence and reaction. A well-functioning leadership group facilitates cooperation between the villagers and government agencies, develops training programs to teach the people to become more reliant, generates income to finance programs and performs needs assessments and solutions to problems in order to motivate the people to cooperatively perform the necessary tasks. Change agents, called rural extension facilitators, work to develop the leadership by developing awareness among population, practicing activities and internalizing the concept of cooperative action among the group members. These theoretical parameters are discussed in this paper with the purpose of sensitizing individuals involved in organizing farmers as to some fundamental conditions which affect how such organizations are developed.
17 Naim, M. A.; Semaika, M.; Zanati, M.; Keleg, A.; Moustafa, A. T. A.; Soltanpour, P. 1984. Zinc fertility status of the soils in project sites. Cairo: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. vi, 24p. (EWUP technical report no.52)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.4 G232 NAI Record No: H043)
This report is a summary of a series of studies on zinc status in thesoils of the project sites, Kafr El-Sheikh, El-Mansuriya, and El- Minya, during the agricultural years 1978/79 and 1980/81. The studies included a soil fertility survey and on-farm tests for various crops. The results indicate that: (1) there is a wide range in available soil zinc within the different Project areas, and a crop response to added zinc fertilizer would be expected; and(2) response to zinc differed from one crop to another and from replicate to replicate. The crops tested were wheat, broad beans, cotton, corn, flax and rice.
18 Reddy, J. M.; Clyma, W. 1984. Optimal design of border irrigation systems. Cairo: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. vi, 34p. (EWUP technical report no.17)
Surface irrigation ; Hydraulics ; Irrigation design ; Crop yield ; Water rates ; Basin irrigation / Egypt
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.2 G232 RED Record No: H044)
Using a surface irrigation hydraulics model, relationships were developed between water requirement efficiency and the system design variables. Acrop production function was utilized to relate crop yield to the water requirement efficiency. Gross returns from the crop, and the costs of water, labor, ditch construction and crop production were considered in the optimization problem. Several system constraints were incorporated into the design process. The generalized geometric programming technique was applied to the optimaldesign of border and basin irrigation systems. The design variables were: the length of the run, inflow rate into the border, time of inflow, number of lengths of run, width of the border, and the number of border widths in the field.
19 Yousef, S. K.; El-Attar, A.; El-Masry, A. F.; Dweeb, H. H.; El-Din, E. E. 1984. Sociological evaluation of the on-farm irrigation practices introduced in Kafr El-Sheikh. Cairo: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. iv, 24p. (EWUP technical report no.67)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.6.2 G232 YOU Record No: H045)
One of the major objectives of the EWUP has been to experiment with various on-farm practices to see how the irrigation management activities of the farmers may be improved. The practices tested were precision land levelling, irrigation system design (long furrows and border irrigation), irrigation scheduling, field drain elimination, marwa improvement techniques, and specific plant and crop practices. The purpose of this report is to present the farmers' evaluation of each of these practices. Fifty-four farmer programs were conducted in a six season time span beginning in summer season 1980 to winter season 1983. The package of practices introduced generally provided an increase in crop yield for the farmers but the farmers have not accepted the total number of practices. Some practices are too expensive and cannot be supported by the existing institutional setting, some are notfield applicable, and others are not seen as appropriate by the farmers to their present situations. While the practices themselves have demonstrated a positive effect on the yields for the farmers, the questions as to the ability of the farmers to adopt the practices as presented by EWUP still remains to be pursued.
20 Layton, J. J.; Sallam, M. S. 1982. The role of rural sociologists in an interdisciplinary action oriented project: An Egyptian case study. Cairo: Egypt Water Use and Management Project. v, 27p. (EWUP technical report no.13)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.6.2 G232 LAY Record No: H046)
Rural sociologists involved in an-action oriented interdisciplinary project perform a variety of roles. This paper examines how the rural sociologists working in an on-farm water management project in Egypt execute their tasks by fulfilling the roles of analyst, advisor, and innovator. Such roles are performed in two distinct contexts existing at the same time: in an interdisciplinary context and in a cross-cultural context. The rural sociologists of the project have to coordinate their efforts with agronomists, economists, and engineers who are all focussing on specific problems which are to be implemented. In addition, the sociologists must also direct their efforts to both Americans and Egyptians who are working together. How these different roles are performed and what they mean to the project, as well as to the sociologists, is analyzed in terms of how rural sociologists function as team members.
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