Your search found 113 records
1 Pavelic, Paul; Dillon, P. J.; Chusanathas, S. 2009. Lessons drawn from ASR pilot trials in alluvial aquifers in Australia and Thailand. [Extended abstract] Paper presented at the International Symposium on Efficient Groundwater Resources Management, IGS-TH 2009, Bangkok, Thailand, 16-21 February, 2009. pp.91-92.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042540)
(0.35 MB)
2 Ward, J. D.; Simmons, C. T.; Dillon, P. J.; Pavelic, Paul. 2009. Integrated assessment of lateral flow, density effects and dispersion in aquifer storage and recovery. Journal of Hydrology, 370: 83-99. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.055]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042555)
(1.36 MB)
Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) involves the injection of freshwater into an aquifer for later recovery and use. This paper investigates three major factors leading to reduction in performance of ASR systems in brackish or saline aquifers: lateral flow, density-driven flow and dispersive mixing. Previous analyses of aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) have considered at most two of the above processes, but never all three together, and none have considered lateral flow and density effects together. In this analysis, four dimensionless parameters are defined to give an approximate characterisation of lateral flow, dispersive mixing, mixed convection (density effects during pumping) and free convection (density effects during storage). An extensive set of numerical models spanning a wide parameter range is then used to develop a predictive framework using the dimensionless numbers. If the sum of the four dimensionless numbers (denoted RASR) exceeds 10, the ASR operation is likely to fail with no recoverable freshwater, while if RASR < 0.1, the ASR operation is likely to provide at least some recovery of freshwater. The predictive framework is tested using limited data available from ASR field sites, broadly lending support to the framework. This study has several important implications. Firstly, the lack of completeness of field data sets in the literature must be rectified if we are to properly characterise mixed-convective flow processes in ASR operations. Once data are available, the dimensionless numbers can be used to identify suitable ASR sites and the desirable operational conditions that maximise recovery efficiencies.
3 Dillon, P.; Gale, I.; Contreras, S.; Pavelic, Paul; Evans, R.; Ward, J. 2009. Managing aquifer recharge and discharge to sustain irrigation livelihoods under water scarcity and climate change. In Bloschl, G.; van de Giesen, N.; Muralidharan, D.; Ren, L.; Seyler, F.; Sharma, U.; Vrba, J. (Eds.). Improving integrated surface and groundwater resources management in a vulnerable and changing world: proceedings of Symposium JS.3 at the Joint Convention of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) and the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH), Hyderabad, India, 6-12 September 2009. Wallingford, UK: International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS). pp.1-12. (IAHS Publication 330)
Hydrogeology ; Water scarcity ; Aquifers ; Groundwater recharge ; Climate change ; Water supply ; Case studies ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Farmer managed irrigation systems / Australia / India / Philippines / Queensland / Angas-Bremer Rivers / Adelaide / Tamil Nadu / Andhra Pradesh / Gujarat / Ilocos Norte
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042539)
http://ks360352.kimsufi.com/redbooks/a330/iahs_330_0001.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042539.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042539.pdf
(0.54 MB)
Decreasing mean annual rainfall, and the increasing rainfall intensity, temperature and evaporation, forecast for semi-arid parts of the world where water supplies are already stressed will require storage capacity to be increased or more stable resources to be harnessed to maintain security of water supplies at current levels. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) to enhance below-ground storage of water is considered a positive contribution to stabilising drinking water supplies in cities subject to climate change. However, this paper shows that in rural irrigation areas where groundwater levels are already dropping due to an imbalance between extraction and natural recharge, unless favourable conditions permit sufficient recharge enhancement, MAR will need to be supplemented by discharge management to be successful in sustaining irrigation supplies. In fractured rock aquifers with low storage capacity, the symptoms of excessive demand are accelerated. In some cases MAR may give false hope where the benefits only accrue to the wealthiest landholders with deepest wells, or landholders closest to recharge facilities. This paper contains theoretical examples and case studies from Australia and India to illustrate a spectrum of approaches involving different contributions of recharge enhancement and discharge management to reduce groundwater deficits. A model for farmer-led groundwater demand management in the Philippines is anticipated to be effective in constraining consumption and preventing coastal saline intrusion in northern Luzon where aquifers are at an early stage of development. Similarly, models are proposed to reduce demand on aquifers that are already showing advanced symptoms of stress, while equitably supporting livelihoods at their maximum sustainable value.
4 Syme, G. J.; Croke, B. F. W.; Ratna Reddy, V.; Ranjan, R.; Samad, Madar; Pavelic, Paul; Herron, N.; Rao, K. V.; Ahmed, S. 2010. Integrated assessment of meso-level watershed development: progress of an integrated evaluation project in Andhra Pradesh. In Sarala, C. (Ed.). Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Hydrology and Watershed Management (ICHWAM-2010), with a focal theme on climate change - water, food and environmental security, 3-6 February 2010. Vol.2. Hyderabad, India: Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Institute of Science and Technology, Centre for Water Resources. pp.1445-1453.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042760)
(1.51 MB)
The issue of scale has become paramount for the effective evaluation of WSD programs. Shile terms vary from state to state, the following definitions have been adopted for this study and are deemed appropriate for Andhra Pradesh. Micro scale - less than 1500 hectares; Meso scale 1500 - 10000 hectares; Macro level over 10000 hectares (including basin level investigations). There is a need for a meso-scale benefit and cost evaluation of the WSD programs so that unintended impacts are avoided and that the implementation of programs is improved. Operating at a meso-scale will also provide more effective opportunities to link and address micro and macro scale biophysical and institutional issues. This project will integrate environmental, economic, social, equity and dimensions at meso levels to help ensure that WSD contributes positively to the Indian government's sustainable livelihoods goal and provide the foundations for a resilient and sustainable WSD. Success will not only be determined by spatial scale (e.g. micro versus meso) but will also be determined by the disciplinary scale of analysis (e.g. focusing on short term economic efficiency alone runs considerable risk of ignoring longer term trends in natural and social capital). This paper describes early progress on developing such an evaluation model.
5 Schmitt, R.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie H.; Perrin, J.; Dinis, L.; Ahmed, S.; Pavelic, Paul. 2010. Towards the development of a methodology to assess hydrological impacts of wastewater irrigation on groundwater: a case study from Hyderabad, India. [Abstract only]. Paper presented at the Annual Tropical and Subtropical Agricultural and Natural Resource Management (Tropentag) Conference on World Food System - a contribution from Europe, Thematic scientific session on Water management, Zurich, Switzerland, 14 -16 September 2010. 2p. (published online)
Wastewater irrigation ; Groundwater ; Impact assessment ; Hydrological factors ; Case studies / India / Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad / Musi River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043223)
http://www.tropentag.de/2010/abstracts/links/Schmitt_2rQBM1Rw.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/h043223.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/h043223.pdf
(0.11 MB)
In the lands adjacent to the Musi-River, downstream of the city of Hyderabad, India, wastewater reuse for irrigation of various crops is common. Studies have shown that poor water quality has been a driver for crop selection in this area and this study describes the methodological approach used to understand the hydrological impacts and processes on groundwater associated with wastewater irrigation of a variety of crop types. An area (2.8km2) comprising wastewater- and groundwater-irrigated agriculture was selected based on landuse maps and observations. The watershed was delineated using DEM and GIS data. A crop model (BUDGET; Raes, 2005) was combined with field measure-ments, baseline data on irrigation practices, and land use patterns, to assess the overall water balance. The suitability of the method was validated with questionnaire survey results and available secondary data. 4 Piezometers were installed to assess and monitor groundwater levels and quality. Major crops irrigated with wastewater were found to be Paragrass (20 ha), Paddy (6 ha) and leafy vegetables (1.8 ha). Groundwater was used for Paddy (8 ha) and leafy vegetables (1.6 ha). Discharge from 17 wells or pumps was measured. Base line data for 23 distinct fields were collected. The annual irrigation flux was calculated to be 1.6×106 m3 and comprised of 77% wastewater, 23% groundwater. Return-flows from agriculture were 0.44×106m3 and madeup of 60% wastewater and 40% groundwater. There is neither a difference in the application rate of irrigation for paddy and Paragrass (n=12, p = 0.12) (Mann-Whitney-U-Test) nor in irrigation practices between wastewater and groundwater users (n=10, p = 0.10). The accuracy of survey results and crop modelling is dependant on crop type (p = 0.043, n=9) and season (p = 0.04, n=9). Piezometric measurements support differences in returnflows as modeled. Groundwater development is low, however, the irrigation return flows constitute an important source of ground water recharge. Findings indicate further potential for groundwater-based irrigation in wastewater irrigated areas maximizing the area under cultivation and benefits from the available water resources. These preliminary findings are being verified by more indepth studies that are presently underway and will finally allow the assessment different land and water use scenarios with regards to groundwater quality and quantity.
6 Johnston, Robyn M.; Lacombe, Guillaume; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Noble, Andrew D.; Pavelic, Paul; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Suhardiman, Diana; Kam, S. P.; Choo, P. S. 2010. Climate change, water and agriculture in the Greater Mekong subregion. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 52p. (IWMI Research Report 136) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2010.212]
Climate change ; Adaptation ; Indicators ; Water resource management ; River basins ; Water availability ; Water quality ; Groundwater ; Fisheries ; Ecosystems ; Water power ; Population growth ; Land use ; Biofuels ; Sea level / South East Asia / Cambodia / Laos / Myanmar / Thailand / Vietnam / China / Greater Mekong Subregion / Yunnan Province
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 333.91 G800 JOH Record No: H043300)
(683.10 KB)
The impacts of climate change on agriculture and food production in Southeast Asia will be largely mediated through water, but climate is only one driver of change. Water resources in the region will be shaped by a complex mixture of social, economic and environmental factors. This report reviews the current status and trends in water management in the Greater Mekong Subregion; assesses likely impacts of climate change on water resources to 2050; examines water management strategies in the context of climate and other changes; and identifies priority actions for governments and communities to improve resilience of the water sector and safeguard food production.
7 Dillon, P.; Pavelic, Paul; Page, D.; Miotlinski, K.; Levett, K.; Barry, K.; Taylor, R.; Wakelin, S.; Vanderzalm, J.; Chassagne, A.; Molloy, R.; Lennon, L.; Parsons, S.; Dudding, M.; Goode, A. 2010. Developing Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) opportunities in Melbourne – Rossdale ASR demonstration project final report. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO. Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship. 125p. (Water for a Healthy Country Flagship Report Series)
Aquifers ; Recharge ; Water harvesting ; Wells ; Salinity ; Water quality ; Assessment ; Health hazards ; Models ; Economic evaluation / Australia / Melbourne / Aspendale / Port Phillip Basin / Rossdale ASR Demonstration Project
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043308)
http://www.clw.csiro.au/publications/waterforahealthycountry/2010/wfhc-Rossdale-ASR-demonstration.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043308.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043308.pdf
(5.85 MB) (5.84.MB)
8 Pavelic, Paul; Dillon, P.; Chusanathas, S.; Barry, K. 2010. Capturing the lessons of ASR failure from trials in unconsolidated aquifers. Paper presented at ISMAR7, Theme - Integrated Water Management, Abu Dhabi, UAE, 9-13 October 2010. 5p.
Aquifers ; Recharge ; Water quality ; Wells ; Water storage ; Case studies ; Wetlands ; Canals ; Water delivery ; Water purification ; Filtration / Australia / Thailand / South Australia / Adelaide / Urrbrae wetlands / Rayong District / Nong Taphan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043326)
(0.35 MB)
In this paper the challenges in developing sustainable ASR operations in unconsolidated, low permeability aquifers, where operational problems such as well clogging tend to be more acute, are explored from the viewpoint of two case studies; one from Australia, the other from Thailand. Both studies were undertaken independently over different time-frames and brought together for comparative purposes. The Australian case study involved injection of wetland-treated urban stormwater into a low transmissivity, fine-grained siliceous aquifer; whereas the Thai case study involved injection of advanced-treated canal water into a colluvial/alluvial aquifer with high fines content. Although the design and execution pathways for the two trials were substantially different, ultimately the same endpoint (trial abandonment) was reached. This examination of the causative factors of failure, which were mainly related to poor recharge water quality for the Australian case, and poor hydraulic performance brought about by poor site selection for the Thai case study, lead to a number of key lessons being derived that could prove helpful to those considering ASR in similar environments.
9 Nadee, S.; Srisuk, K.; Sarapirom, P.; Pavelic, Paul; Uppasit, S. 2010. Field and laboratory experiments to investigate infiltration processes and clogging effects from a ponding recharge system at Ban Nong Na, Bangrakum District, Phitsanulok Province, Lower Yom River Basin, Thailand. Paper presented at ISMAR7, Theme - Water Reuse and MAR, Abu Dhabi, UAE, 9-13 October 2010. 7p.
Infiltration ; Clogging ; Groundwater ; Aquifers ; Recharge ; Experiments / Thailand / Lower Yom River Basin / Ban Nong Na / Bangrakum District / Phitsanulok Province
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043328)
(0.83 MB)
A small-scale field experiment consisting of surface infiltration tests was conducted at Ban Nong Na, located in Bangrakum District, Phitsanulok Province, situated in the Lower Yom River Basin. The shallow groundwater in this area has been heavily pumped for growing rice all year round, and within the past decade static water levels within the gravel, sand and silt aquifers have decreased to a depth of up to ten meters below the ground surface. Research is currently being conducted to investigate the feasibility of managed aquifer recharge by surface ponding methods in the Lower Yom River Basin. This study, which forms one component of the broader project, aims to assess infiltration processes and clogging effects at the laboratory (column) scale and at the small scale (25 m2) in the field. The laboratory experiment consisted of two main components: 1) physical, chemical and biological analyses of raw water and the ambient groundwater and 2) soil column testing under constant head conditions over a period of 100 hours. The field experiment consisted of three main components: 1) characterization of the physical and hydraulic properties of the unsaturated and saturated media 2) pretreatment design considering levels of turbidity removal using synthetic poly and sand filter, and 3) infiltration testing under constant head conditions over a period of 30 hours. These works are intended to provide the design criteria for establishing a larger scale (1,600 m2) pilot recharge system at the study site. Average infiltration rates for the laboratory experiment for source waters with mean turbidities of 0.5 and 100 NTU were found to be 3.27 and 0.15 m/d respectively. The infiltration rate from the field experiment with an average turbidity 50 NTU was 2.53 m/d; a magnitude commensurate with the lab study. Since infiltration rates in excess of 1 m/day are desirable for the pilot trial, the turbidity of the raw canal water used for recharge will be controlled to be less than 50 NTU. Whilst both the laboratory and field experiments were brief and longer test periods needed, more extensive investigations will be performed over the 2010 monsoon season during the full-scale pilot trial.
10 Wakelin, S. A.; Page, D. W.; Pavelic, Paul; Gregg, A. L.; Dillon, P. 2010. Rich microbial communities inhabit water treatment biofilters and are differentially affected by filter type and sampling depth. Water Science and Technology, 10(2):145-156. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.570]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043329)
(1.40 MB)
Factors affecting microbial diversity (richness) and community structure in biofilter columns were investigated. At a pilot filtration plant, granular activated carbon (GAC), anthracite and sand-based filters were used to treat stormwater from an urban catchment. After 12 weeks operation, sand media filters clogged (hydraulic conductivity declining by 90%) and all filters were destructively sampled. All biofilters had similar levels of polysaccharide in the surface layer, however only the sand columns clogged. This clogging may have been due to a combination of polysaccharide and small particle size, the development of a sand-specific microbial community, or other biogeochemical interactions. DNA fingerprinting was used to show that bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic communities were present in all filter types and at all sampling depths (to 45 cm). The bacterial community was far richer (Margalefs index, d, 1.5–2) than the other groups. This was consistent across filter types and sampling depths. The structure of the bacteria and archaea communities in sand filters differed to those in GAC and anthracite filters (P<0.05). In contrast, eukaryotic communities were similar in surface biofilm layers, irrespective of filter type. As such, physicochemical properties of filters differentially influence the microbial community. Furthermore, we have established that archaea are distributed throughout biofilters; the role of these microorganisms in water treatment and filter function, particularly clogging, requires attention.
11 Vanderzalm, J. L.; Jeuken, B. M.; Wischusen, J. D. H.; Pavelic, Paul; Le Gal La Salle, C.; Knapton, A.; Dillon, P. J. 2011. Recharge sources and hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in alluvial basins in arid central Australia. Journal of Hydrology, 397(1-2):71-82. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.035]
Water resource management ; Aquifers ; Groundwater ; Water quality ; Recharge ; River basins ; Remote sensing ; Models ; Hydrology / Australia / Todd River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043543)
(2.23 MB)
It is necessary to define the role of various sources of recharge in the surficial alluvial aquifer system in arid Alice Springs in central Australia, for future management of water resources in the region. Multiple sources of natural recharge include infiltration from ephemeral stream flow in the Todd River; groundwater throughflow between connected alluvial basins; regional groundwater flow from the underlying Tertiary aquifer; and diffuse recharge. In addition treatment, storage and irrigation reuse of Alice Springs’ waste water has resulted in additional recharge of effluent, via infiltration. Water resource management plans for the region include effluent reuse through Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) within one of the connected alluvial basins, with the purpose of managing the excess waste water overflows while also supplementing groundwater resources for irrigation and protecting their quality. Hydrogeochemical tracers, chloride and the stable isotopes of water, were used in a three-member mixing model to define and quantify the major recharge sources. The mixing model was not sensitive enough to quantify minor contributions from effluent in groundwater that were identified only by an evaporated isotopic signature. The contribution of the multiple recharge sources varied spatially with proximity to the recharge source; with Todd River, effluent and Town Basin throughflow contributing to the Inner Farm Basin groundwater. The Outer Farm Basin was largely influenced by the Todd River, the Inner Farm Basin throughflow and the older Tertiary aquifer. While Inner Farm groundwater throughflow contains an effluent component, only Outer Farm Basin groundwater near the interface between the two basins clearly illustrated an effluent signature. Aside from this, effluent recharge was not evident in the Outer Farm Basin, indicating that past unmanaged recharge practices will not mask signs of Managed Aquifer Recharge through the Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) operation. The long-term impact of effluent recharge is a shift from sodium and calcium as co-dominant cations in the groundwater, as evident in the Outer Farm Basin, to dominance by sodium alone, as typical for the Inner Farm Basin.
12 Barry, K.; Vanderzalm, J.; Pavelic, Paul; Regel, R.; May, R.; Dillon, P.; Sidhu, J.; Levett, K. 2010. Bolivar Reclaimed Water Aquifer Storage and Recovery Project: assessment of the third and fourth ASR cycles. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO. Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship. 111p. (Water for a Healthy Country Flagship Report Series)
Water quality ; Monitoring ; Sampling ; Pathogens ; Salinity ; Arsenic ; Groundwater ; Aquifers ; Wells / Australia / Bolivar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043733)
http://www.clw.csiro.au/publications/waterforahealthycountry/2010/wfhc-Bolivar-ASR.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043733.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043733.pdf
(3.62 MB) (3.61 MB)
13 Pavelic, Paul; Dillon, P. J.; Mucha, M.; Nakai, T.; Barry, K. E.; Bestland, E. 2011. Laboratory assessment of factors affecting soil clogging of soil aquifer treatment systems. Water Research, 45(10):3153-3163. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.027]
Soils ; Clogging ; Aquifers ; Recycling ; Water quality ; Water reuse ; Soil properties ; Analytical methods ; Laboratory experimentation ; Hydraulic conductivity
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043808)
(0.80 MB)
In this study the effect of soil type, level of pre-treatment, ponding depth, temperature and sunlight on clogging of soil aquifer treatment (SAT) systems was evaluated over an eight week duration in constant temperature and glasshouse environments. Of the two soil types tested, the more permeable sand media clogged more than the loam, but still retained an order of magnitude higher absolute permeability. A 6- to 8-fold difference in hydraulic loading rates was observed between the four source water types tested (one potable water and three recycled waters), with improved water quality resulting in significantly higher infiltration. Infiltration rates for ponding depths of 30 cm and 50 cm were higher than 10 cm, although for 50 cm clogging rates were higher due to greater compaction of the clogging layer. Overall, physical clogging was more significant than other forms of clogging. Microbial clogging becomes increasingly important when the particulate concentrations in the source waters are reduced through pre-treatment and for finer textured soils due to the higher specific surface area of the media. Clogging by gas binding took place in the glasshouse but not in the lab, and mechanical clogging associated with particle rearrangement was evident in the sand media but not in the loam. These results offer insight into the soil, water quality and operating conditions needed to achieve viable SAT systems.
14 Pavelic, Paul; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Favreau, G.; Villholth, K. G. 2011. Water balance approach for assessing potential for small-scale groundwater irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Paper presented at the International Conference on Groundwater: Our Source of Security in an Uncertain Future, CSIR International Convention Centre, Pretoria, South Africa, 19-21 September 2011. 12p.
Water balance ; Groundwater development ; Groundwater irrigation ; Water storage ; Small scale systems ; Rain ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Dry season ; Monitoring ; River basins ; Case studies / Africa South of Sahara / Ghana / Burkina Faso / Atankwidi basin / Iullemmeden basin / Southwestern Niger
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044349)
(0.22 MB)
Strategies for overcoming the lack of agricultural groundwater development over much of SSA are urgently needed. Expansion of small-scale groundwater irrigation offers an attractive option to smallholder farmers to overcome poor wet-season rainfall and enhance dry season production. This paper presents a simple, generic methodology that involves a set of type-curves to aid with decision making on the scope of opportunities for developing sustainable irrigation supplies, and to help understand how cropping choices influence the areal extent of irrigation. Guidance to avoid over-exploitation of the resource is also provided. The methodology was applied to two sites in West Africa with contrasting climate and subsurface conditions and at both sites there is potential for further groundwater development for irrigation whilst allowing provisions for other sectorial uses, including the environment.
15 Pavelic, Paul; Patankar, U.; Acharya, Sreedhar; Jella, Kiran; Gumma, M. K. 2012. Role of groundwater in buffering irrigation production against climate variability at the basin scale in South-West India. Agricultural Water Management, 103(1):78-87. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.10.01]
Groundwater irrigation ; Wells ; Resource depletion ; Aquifers ; Climate change ; River basins ; Rain ; Hydrology ; Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Water scarcity / India / Upper Bhima River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H044570)
(2.01 MB)
The basaltic aquifers of the Upper Bhima River Basin in India are highly utilized for irrigation but the sustainability of groundwater withdrawals and the agricultural production systems they support is largely unknown. Here we used hydrogeological data, supported by secondary data, to assess the effects of water scarcity over a decade-long period (1998–2007) on the groundwater resources at the regional basin scale. This reveals no evidence of systematic declines in total groundwater availability over the period; only shorter-term losses/gains in storage associated with successive dry/wet years. The clearest indicator of stress comes from the more widespread drying out of wells following lower rainfall years throughout the basin and especially in upland areas where aquifers are least developed and most easily drained. Groundwater in the basin offers an adaptive mechanism to climate variability to some degree, but the buffering capacity is constrained by low aquifer storativity and average residence times of just a few years. Around 40% of the basin is currently at a level of development that is of concern, and the number of irrigation wells is growing rapidly. However recent evidence of conversion from high to low water use crops indicates the adaptive capacity of farmers to water-related stresses. Surplus surface water ows may provide opportunities to enhance groundwater recharge but requires careful trade-off analysis of the downstream impacts.
16 Xenarios, Stefanos; Pavelic, Paul. 2011. Factors affecting costs of groundwater development in Sub-Saharan Africa. [Abstract only]. In Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN). 6th Rural Water Supply Network Forum 2011 - Rural Water Supply in the 21st Century: Myths of the Past, Visions for the Future, Kampala, Uganda, 29 November - 1 December 2011. Gallen, Switzerland: Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN). pp.26.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044627)
Greater use of groundwater in Sub-Saharan Africa is a pre-requisite for improved human welfare, and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. However, the costs associated with groundwater development are poorly defined. Also, at the macro-scale, little attention is given to indicators which may influence groundwater development in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study initially identifies the costs of groundwater drilling in eleven Sub-Saharan African countries. A cross-country analysis between representative development indicators and the groundwater drilling costs is used to identify distinguishing features. The results indicate that mobilization and demobilization costs, together with pumping test costs most significantly affect the total costs of groundwater drilling. Further, demographic, land, water and health related parameters may influence groundwater development. Better attention to the individual cost factors and to the examined indicators could help to design more coherent groundwater policies in Sub-Saharan Africa.
17 Xenarios, Stefanos; Pavelic, Paul. 2011. Factors affecting costs of groundwater development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Paper presented at the 6th Rural Water Supply Network Forum 2011 - Rural Water Supply in the 21st Century: Myths of the Past, Visions for the Future, Kampala, Uganda, 29 November - 1 December 2011. 14p.
Groundwater development ; Costs ; Pumping ; Water policy ; Case studies ; Economic analysis ; Indicators / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044629)
(1.11MB)
Greater use of groundwater in Sub-Saharan Africa is a pre-requisite for improved human welfare, and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. However, the costs associated with groundwater development are poorly defined. Also, at the macro-scale, little attention is given to indicators which may influence groundwater development in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study initially identifies the costs of groundwater drilling in eleven Sub-Saharan African countries. A cross-country analysis between representative development indicators and the groundwater drilling costs is used to identify distinguishing features. The results indicate that mobilization and demobilization costs, together with pumping test costs most significantly affect the total costs of groundwater drilling. Further, demographic, land, water and health related parameters may influence groundwater development. Better attention to the individual cost factors and to the examined indicators could help to design more coherent groundwater policies in Sub-Saharan Africa.
18 Johnston, Robyn; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Lacombe, Guillaume; Lefroy, R.; Pavelic, Paul; Fry, Carolyn. 2012. Managing water in rainfed agriculture in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Final report prepared by IWMI for Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). 100p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2012.201]
Water management ; Agroecology ; Environment ; Rainfed farming ; Irrigated farming ; Farming systems ; Crop production ; Agricultural production ; Yields ; Poverty ; Climate change ; Drought ; Floodplains ; Rain ; Mapping ; Case studies ; Reservoirs ; Deltas ; Groundwater ; Farm ponds ; Water storage ; Rivers ; Lowland ; Highlands ; Plains ; Landscape ; Coastal area ; Urban areas ; Aquifers / Southeast Asia / Cambodia / Laos / Myanmar / Thailand / Vietnam / Greater Mekong Subregion
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044646)
(4.39 MB) (2.44MB)
19 Syme, G. J.; Reddy, V. R.; Pavelic, Paul; Croke, B.; Ranjan, R. 2012. Confronting scale in watershed development in India. Hydrogeology Journal, 20(5):985-993. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0824-0]
Watershed management ; Water policy ; Natural resources management ; Groundwater ; Surface water ; Social aspects ; Economic aspects ; Corporate culture ; Downstream ; Upstream / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044737)
(0.21 MB)
The issue of scale is examined in the context of a watershed development policy (WSD) in India.WSD policy goals, by improving the natural resource base, aim to improve the livelihoods of rural communities through increased sustainable production. It has generally been practiced at a micro-level of less than 500ha, as this was seen to be a scale that would encourage participative management. There has been some concern that this land area may be too small and may lead to less than optimal hydrological, economic and equity outcomes. As a result there has been a move to create guidelines for meso-scale WSD of above 5,000ha in an endeavour to improve outcomes. A multidisciplinary team was assembled to evaluate the proposed meso-scale approach. In developing an adequate methodology for the evaluation it soon became clear that scale in itself was not the only determinant of success. The effect of geographical scale (or level) on WSD is determined by the variation in other drivers that will influenceWSDsuccess such as hydrological conditions, land use and available institutional structures. How this should be interpreted at different levels in the light of interactions between biophysical and socio-economic scales is discussed.
20 Johnston, Robyn; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Lacombe, Guillaume; Lefroy, R.; Pavelic, Paul; Fry, C. 2012. Improving water use in rainfed agriculture in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Summary report. [Summary report of the Project report prepared by IWMI for Swedish International Development Agency (Sida)]. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) 44p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2012.200]
Water management ; Water use ; Groundwater ; Rainfed farming ; Irrigated farming ; Agricultural production ; Crops ; Rice ; Yield gap ; Environmental effects ; Case studies ; Deltas ; Reservoirs ; Farm ponds ; Farmers ; Agroecology ; Climate change ; Drought / Southeast Asia / Cambodia / Laos / Myanmar / Thailand / Vietnam / China / Greater Mekong Subregion
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044801)
(3.18MB)
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