Your search found 9 records
1 Pande, S.; Johansen, C.; Lauren, J.; Bantilan, F. T. (Eds.) 1999. GIS analysis of cropping systems: Proceedings of an International Workshop on Harmonization of Databases for GIS Analysis of Cropping Systems in the Asia Region, 18-19 August 1997, ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. Patancheru, India: ICRISAT. v, 158p.
GIS ; Remote sensing ; Computer software ; Databases ; Mapping ; Cropping systems ; Simulation models ; Statistics ; Climate ; Decision making ; Farming systems ; Land use ; Research institutes ; Agricultural research ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 006 G000 PAN Record No: H024786)
2 Pande, S.; Maji, A. K.; Johansen, C.; Bantilan, F. T. (Eds.) 2000. GIS application in cropping system analysis - Case studies in Asia: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Harmonization of Databases for GIS Analysis of Cropping Systems in the Asia Region, 18-29 August 1997, ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. Patancheru, India: ICRISAT. 91p.
GIS ; Computer techniques ; Databases ; Mapping ; Wheat ; Productivity ; Soils ; Rice ; Pests ; Plant diseases ; Cropping systems ; Case studies / Asia / India / Sri Lanka / Nepal / Bangladesh / Punjab / Indo-Gangetic Plains / Uttar Pradesh
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 006 G570 PAN Record No: H027621)
3 Pande, S.; Savenije, H. H. G. 2016. A sociohydrological model for smallholder farmers in Maharashtra, India. Water Resources Research, 52(3):1923-1947. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017841]
Smallholders ; Farmers ; Social aspects ; Hydrology ; Models ; Water storage ; Capital allocation ; Income ; Living standards ; Labour costs ; Remuneration ; Expenditure ; Agricultural prices ; Cotton ; Sugarcane ; Soil fertility ; Fertilizer application ; Irrigation ; Livestock production ; Grasslands ; Fodder / India / Maharashtra / Marathwada
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047760)
(1.81 MB)
We present a sociohydrological model that can help us to better understand the system dynamics of a smallholder farmer. It couples the dynamics of the six main assets of a typical smallholder farmer: water storage capacity, capital, livestock, soil fertility, grazing access, and labor. The hydroclimatic variability, which is a main driver and source of uncertainty of the smallholder system, is accounted for at subannual scale. The model incorporates rule-based adaptation mechanisms of smallholders (for example, adjusting expenditures on food and fertilizers and selling livestocks) when farmers face adverse sociohydrological conditions, such as low annual rainfall, occurrence of dry spells, or variability of input or commodity prices. We have applied the model to analyze the sociohydrology of a cash crop producing smallholder in Maharashtra, India, in a semisynthetic case study setting. Of late, this region has witnessed many suicides of farmers who could not extricate themselves out of the debt trap. These farmers lacked irrigation and were susceptible to fluctuating commodity prices and climatic variability. We studied the sensitivity of a smallholder’s capital, an indicator of smallholder well-being, to two types of cash crops (cotton and sugarcane), water storage capacity, availability of irrigation, initial capital that a smallholder starts with, prevalent wage rates, and access to grazing. We found that (i) smallholders with low water storage capacities and no irrigation are most susceptible to distress, (ii) a smallholder’s well-being is low at low wage rates, (iii) wage rate is more important than absolution of debt, (iv) well-being is sensitive to water storage capacity up to a certain level, and (v) well-being increases with increasing area available for livestock grazing. Our results indicate that government intervention to absolve the debt of farmers or to invest in local storage to buffer rainfall variability may not be enough. In addition, alternative sources of income may need to be provided, for instance by ensuring minimum wages or by providing more access to grazing areas.
4 Teweldebrihan, M. D.; Pande, S.; McClain, M. 2020. The dynamics of farmer migration and resettlement in the Dhidhessa River Basin, Ethiopia. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 10p. (Online first). (Special issue: Advancing socio-hydrology) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2020.1789145]
Farmers ; Migration ; Resettlement ; River basins ; Water resources development ; Living standards ; Households ; Economic aspects ; Income ; Crop production ; State intervention ; Dam construction ; Drought ; Rain / Ethiopia / Dhidhessa River Basin / Arjo-Dhidhessa Dam / Hararghe
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049884)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02626667.2020.1789145?needAccess=true#aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGFuZGZvbmxpbmUuY29tL2RvaS9wZGYvMTAuMTA4MC8wMjYyNjY2Ny4yMDIwLjE3ODkxNDU/bmVlZEFjY2Vzcz10cnVlQEBAMA==
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049884.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049884.pdf
(2.77 MB) (2.77 MB)
The Dhidhessa River Basin (DRB), in the Abbay River Basin in Ethiopia, is undergoing large-scale dam construction for sugarcane irrigation. We focused on the dynamics of population migration, settlement, relocation and water resource development in the DRB using primary and secondary data. Two major migration waves were observed in the basin: the first in 1984–1986 during a severe drought and the second during 2005–2017. Most rural migrants were “pulled” by government initiative in the period 1984–2017, while a few migrated of their own accord due to famine. We found that the first migration wave from eastern Ethiopia (Harar) to DRB was due to scarcity of water, land and rainfall and the migration positively affected migrant livelihoods. In the second phase, dam construction displaced settled farmers and migrants, adversely affecting their livelihoods. Analysis is needed that considers the wellbeing of the displaced agrarian society and the migrant population in the dam-affected area.
5 Pande, S.; Uhlenbrook, Stefan. 2020. On the linkage between hydrology and society—learning from history about two-way interactions for sustainable development. Water History, 12(4):387-402. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12685-020-00264-2]
Hydrology ; Archaeology ; Sustainable Development Goals ; River basins ; Human settlements ; Society ; Migration ; Livelihoods ; Population ; Diversification ; Climate change ; Resilience ; Water policy ; Technology ; Innovation ; Case studies / Australia / Pakistan / India / Murrumbidgee River Basin / Indus Valley / Indus River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050112)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12685-020-00264-2.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050112.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050112.pdf
(0.86 MB) (884 KB)
The challenge of sustainable development is enshrined in the ambitious 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of the United Nations. The 17 goals and its various targets are unique with water being one of the cross cutting themes. Taking examples of past water dependent societies in a comparative setting, this paper challenges the new field of Archaeo-hydrology in how it could contribute to the 2030 Agenda based on what can be learned from past and contemporary water dependent societies. We find that societies have coped with climate variability by diversifying both in occupation, livelihoods and use of space. Sharing the costs of coordinating such diversification requires inclusive institutions and technological innovations. Similar to technology, new social institutions emerge in response to a changing environment. However, in tandem, slow out-migration of people seems to go on, driven by better livelihood opportunities outside. If technological innovation and institutional evolution are not rapid enough, then migration seems to take over as the adaptive mechanism in response to environmental changes resulting in rapid dispersal. This means that migration from smaller, less endowed societies can be expected to be rapid, with repetitive cycles of abandonment and rehabilitation after each critical climate or adverse environment events. Consequently, more place based local innovations should be encouraged and local economies should be diversified to increase the resilience so that vulnerable societies may inherit favourable know-how for a sustainable future under changing climatic conditions.
6 Alam, Mohammad Faiz; McClain, M.; Sikka, Alok; Pande, S.. 2022. Understanding human-water feedbacks of interventions in agricultural systems with agent based models: a review. Environmental Research Letters, 17(10):103003. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac91e1]
Agricultural systems ; Water management ; Water systems ; Agent-based models ; Hydrological modelling ; Groundwater ; Surface water ; Irrigation ; Sustainability ; Equity ; Farmers ; Socioeconomic aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051439)
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac91e1/pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051439.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051439.pdf
(1.27 MB) (1.27 MB)
Increased variability of the water cycle manifested by climate change is a growing global threat to agriculture with strong implications for food and livelihood security. Thus, there is an urgent need for adaptation in agriculture. Agricultural water management (AWM) interventions, interventions for managing water supply and demand, are extensively promoted and implemented as adaptation measures in multiple development programs globally. Studies assessing these adaptation measures overwhelmingly focus on positive impacts, however, there is a concern that these studies may be biased towards well-managed and successful projects and often miss out on reporting negative externalities. These externalities result from coevolutionary dynamics of human-water systems as AWM interventions impact hydrological flows and their use and adoption is shaped by the societal response. We review the documented externalities of AWM interventions and present a conceptual framework classifying negative externalities linked to water and human systems into negative hydrological externalities and unexpected societal feedbacks. We show that these externalities can lead to long term unsustainable and inequitable outcomes. Understanding how the externalities lead to undesirable outcomes demands rigorous modeling of the feedbacks between human and water systems, for which we discuss the key criteria that such models should meet. Based on these criteria, we showcase that differentiated and limited inclusion of key feedbacks in current water modeling approaches (e.g., hydrological models, hydro-economic, and water resource models) is a critical limitation and bottleneck to understanding and predicting negative externalities of AWM interventions. To account for the key feedback, we find Agent Based Modeling (ABM) as the method that has the potential to meet the key criteria. Yet there are gaps that need to be addressed in the context of ABM as a tool to unravel the negative externalities of AWM interventions. We carry out a systemic review of ABM application to agricultural systems, capturing how it is currently being applied and identifying the knowledge gaps that need to be bridged to unravel the negative externalities of AWM interventions. We find that ABM has been extensively used to model agricultural systems and, in many cases, the resulting externalities with unsustainable and inequitable outcomes. However, gaps remain in terms of limited use of integrated surface-groundwater hydrological models, inadequate representation of farmers' behavior with heavy reliance on rational choice or simple heuristics and ignoring heterogeneity of farmers' characteristics within a population.
7 Hatch, N. R.; Daniel, D.; Pande, S.. 2022. Behavioral and socio-economic factors controlling irrigation adoption in Maharashtra, India. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 67(6):847-857. (Special issue: Advancing Socio-Hydrology) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2022.2058877]
Irrigation ; Adoption ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Psychological factors ; Farmers' attitudes ; Norms ; Risk ; Water scarcity ; Modelling / India / Maharashtra / Vidarbha / Marathwada / Nagpur / Wardha / Amaravati / Yavatmal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051452)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02626667.2022.2058877
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051452.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051452.pdf
(3.48 MB) (3.48 MB)
Psychological frameworks are rarely used to understand irrigation adoption behaviour in developing countries. A Bayesian belief network (BBN) model was developed that integrated socio-economic characteristics and psychological factors to understand farmer behaviours with respect to irrigation practices in four districts of Maharashtra, India. Strong norms, risk perceptions of water scarcity, and attitude play roles in the adoption of irrigation technology and practices. Critically, it was found that no one factor can explain adoption behaviour; rather, an ensemble of factors is needed to understand farmer behaviour. A farmer who is highly educated, middle-aged, and moderately wealthy with a significant level of family help and an open well as their main water source, while receiving low promotional information related to water scarcity and irrigation adoption, is most likely to adopt irrigation technology. The application of the BBN in this study enables stakeholders and policymakers to better understand the linkages between different factors and behaviour.
8 Alam, Mohammad Faiz; Pavelic, Paul; Villholth, Karen G.; Sikka, Alok; Pande, S.. 2022. Impact of high-density managed aquifer recharge implementation on groundwater storage, food production and resilience: a case from Gujarat, India. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 44:101224. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2022.101224]
Groundwater recharge ; Aquifers ; Water storage ; Food production ; Resilience ; Check dams ; Irrigation water ; Drought ; Groundwater extraction ; Catchment areas / India / Gujarat / Saurashtra / Kamadhiya Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051497)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581822002373/pdfft?md5=c1fe49c8b8dc5d53185c2930bd9299ea&pid=1-s2.0-S2214581822002373-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051497.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051497.pdf
(3.45 MB) (3.45 MB)
Study region: The study region is the Kamadhiya catchment (1150 km2 ), located in the Saurashtra region of the western state of Gujarat, India. The region has seen intensive development of check dams (CDs) for groundwater recharge with an estimated 27,000 CDs constructed up until 2018.
Study focus: The impact of CDs on groundwater storage, food production and resilience are assessed for Kamadhiya catchment by estimating and comparing changes, across periods of low and high CD development, in potential recharge from CDs, rainfall trends, and irrigation demand. The analysis is carried out for the period from 1983 to 2015.
New hydrological insights for the region: Groundwater storage gains observed following CD development can partly be attributed to an increase in high rainfall years after several drought years. Groundwater demand for irrigation has increased substantially, outweighing increase in groundwater recharge from CDs. This deficit in supply relative to demand is greatest in dry years, and when considered together with the low inter-annual carry-over storage of the region’s hardrock aquifers, means that CDs capacity to enhance groundwater storage and mitigate the negative impacts of drought remains limited. Findings suggest that a standalone focus on MAR, unless complemented by greater emphasis on management of water demand and groundwater resources more broadly, may not be sufficient to achieve the long-term goals of sustainable groundwater and concurrently expanding agricultural crop production.
Study focus: The impact of CDs on groundwater storage, food production and resilience are assessed for Kamadhiya catchment by estimating and comparing changes, across periods of low and high CD development, in potential recharge from CDs, rainfall trends, and irrigation demand. The analysis is carried out for the period from 1983 to 2015.
New hydrological insights for the region: Groundwater storage gains observed following CD development can partly be attributed to an increase in high rainfall years after several drought years. Groundwater demand for irrigation has increased substantially, outweighing increase in groundwater recharge from CDs. This deficit in supply relative to demand is greatest in dry years, and when considered together with the low inter-annual carry-over storage of the region’s hardrock aquifers, means that CDs capacity to enhance groundwater storage and mitigate the negative impacts of drought remains limited. Findings suggest that a standalone focus on MAR, unless complemented by greater emphasis on management of water demand and groundwater resources more broadly, may not be sufficient to achieve the long-term goals of sustainable groundwater and concurrently expanding agricultural crop production.
9 Adla, S.; Pande, S.; Vico, G.; Vora, S.; Alam, Mohammad Faiz; Basel, B.; Haeffner, M.; Sivapalan, M. 2023. Place for sociohydrology in sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture: review and ways forward. Cambridge Prisms: Water, 1:e13. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/wat.2023.16]
Climate resilience ; Agricultural water management ; Sustainability ; Climate change ; Human behaviour ; Water systems ; Hydrology
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052479)
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1BEBFCF4606D33B57E19C6BFE0C54731/S2755177623000163a.pdf/place-for-sociohydrology-in-sustainable-and-climate-resilient-agriculture-review-and-ways-forward.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052479.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052479.pdf
(0.40 MB) (406 KB)
Given the increasing demand for high-quality food and protein, global food security remains a challenge, particularly in the face of global change. However, since agriculture, food and water security are inextricably linked, they need to be examined via an interdisciplinary lens. Sociohydrology was introduced from a post-positivist perspective to explore and describe the bidirectional feedbacks and dynamics between human and water systems. This review situates sociohydrology in the agricultural domain, highlighting its contributions in explaining the unintended consequences of water management interventions, addressing climate change impacts due to/on agriculture and incorporating human behaviour into the description of agricultural water systems. Sociohydrology has combined social and psychological insights with novel data sources and diverse multi-method approaches to model human behaviour. However, as agriculture and agriculturalists face global change, sociohydrology can better use concepts from resilience thinking more explicitly to identify gaps in terms of desirable properties in resilient agricultural water systems, potentially informing more holistic climate adaptation policy.
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