Your search found 13 records
1 Liu, Z.. 1984. Optimization of irrigation systems in mountainous and hilly areas. Unpublished manuscript. 18p.
Agricultural development ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation canals ; Water storage ; Water distribution ; Optimization / China
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 140 Record No: H02599)
2 Liu, Z.. 1984. Water resources for irrigation in China. Wuhun, China: Wuhun Institute of Hydraulic & Electric Engineering. 13p.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7 G592 LIU Record No: H03501)
3 Liu, Z.. 1984. A mathematical model for designing the optimum irrigation schedule of rice field. Wuhun, China: Wuhun Institute of Hydraulic & Electric Engineering. 17p.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.1 G592 LIU Record No: H02385)
4 Liu, Z.. 1991. Operation of irrigation systems. In ICID, The special technical session proceedings, Beijing China April 1991. Vol. II. New Delhi, India: ICID. pp.44-51.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: ICID 631.7 G000 ICI Record No: H010436)
5 Yuan, H.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, S. 1991. A study on the optimal allocation model of limited irrigation water. In ICID, The Special Technical Session Proceedings, Beijing, China, April 1991. Vol.1-B: Operation of irrigation systems. New Delhi, India: ICID. pp.125-135.
Water allocation ; Water shortage ; Mathematical models ; Crop yield ; Optimization ; Irrigation scheduling / China
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: ICID 631.7 G000 ICI Record No: H014734)
6 Huang, Q.; Yin, D.; He, C.; Yan, J.; Liu, Z.; Meng. S.; Ren, Q.; Zhao, R.; Inostroza, L. 2020. Linking ecosystem services and subjective well-being in rapidly urbanizing watersheds: insights from a multilevel linear model. Ecosystem Services, 43:101106. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101106]
Ecosystem services ; Assessment ; Watersheds ; Socioeconomic environment ; Urbanization ; Rural communities ; Sustainability ; Regional planning ; Hygroscopicity ; Carbon sequestration ; Ecological factors ; Linear models / China / Hebei / Baiyangdian Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049673)
(0.84 MB)
In rapidly urbanizing watersheds with conflicts between socioeconomic development and ecological protection, understanding the relationship between ecosystem services (ESs) and human well-being is important for regional sustainability. However, quantifying their relationship over multiple scales remains challenging. We selected a typical rapidly urbanizing watershed, the Baiyangdian watershed in China, and used surveys and a multilevel linear model to analyze the influence of regional ESs and individual characteristics on subjective well-being (SWB). Our results showed that the multilevel linear model could effectively capture the influences of regional ESs on the residents’ SWB. For the watershed, 95.9% of the total variance in the residents’ SWB was attributed to variation between individuals, and the remaining 4.1% was attributed to variation between regions. The SWB of rural residents was more likely to be affected by regional ESs than urban residents. In the Baiyangdian watershed, which has a water supply shortage, the SWB of low-income and elderly residents in the rural areas was more sensitive to water retention services, and the association was significant. The results suggest that in rapidly urbanizing watersheds, government should pay attention to maintaining and improving key regulating services to effectively maintain and promote the SWB of rural residents and regional sustainability.
7 Liu, Z.; Huang, Y.; Liu, T.; Li, J.; Xing, W.; Akmalov, S.; Peng, J.; Pan, X.; Guo, C.; Duan, Y. 2020. Water balance analysis based on a quantitative evapotranspiration inversion in the Nukus Irrigation area, Lower Amu River Basin. Remote Sensing, 12(14):2317. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142317]
Water balance ; Evapotranspiration ; River basins ; Irrigation water ; Water use ; Energy balance ; Groundwater table ; Groundwater recharge ; Remote sensing ; Precipitation ; Land cover ; Land use ; Cultivated land ; Vegetation ; Models / Uzbekistan / Aral Sea / Lower Amu Darya River Basin / Nukus Irrigation Area
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049918)
(6.45 MB) (6.45 MB)
Human activities are mainly responsible for the Aral Sea crisis, and excessive farmland expansion and unreasonable irrigation regimes are the main manifestations. The conflicting needs of agricultural water consumption and ecological water demand of the Aral Sea are increasingly prominent. However, the quantitative relationship among the water balance elements in the oasis located in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River Basin and their impact on the retreat of the Aral Sea remain unclear. Therefore, this study focused on the water consumption of the Nukus irrigation area in the delta of the Amu Darya River and analyzed the water balance variations and their impacts on the Aral Sea. The surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) was employed to retrieve daily and seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) levels from 1992 to 2018, and a water balance equation was established based on the results of a remote sensing evapotranspiration inversion. The results indicated that the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) simulated by the SEBAL model matched the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) calculated by the Penman–Monteith method well, and the correlation coefficients between the two ETa sources were greater than 0.8. The total ETa levels in the growing seasons decreased from 1992 to 2005 and increased from 2005 to 2015, which is consistent with the changes in the cultivated land area and inflows from the Amu Darya River. In 2000, 2005 and 2010, the groundwater recharge volumes into the Aral Sea during the growing season were 6.74×109 m3, 1.56×109 m3 and 8.40×109 m3; respectively; in the dry year of 2012, regional ET exceeded the river inflow, and 2.36×109 m3 of groundwater was extracted to supplement the shortage of irrigation water. There is a significant two-year lag correlation between the groundwater level and the area of the southern Aral Sea. This study can provide useful information for water resources management in the Aral Sea region
8 Liu, Z.; Liu, Y.; Wang, J. 2021. A global analysis of agricultural productivity and water resource consumption changes over cropland expansion regions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 321:107630. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107630]
Agricultural productivity ; Water resources ; Water use ; Farmland ; Spatial analysis ; Ecosystems ; Land use change ; Land cover ; Grasslands ; Precipitation ; Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050681)
(7.26 MB)
Cropland expansion often occurs on grasslands and partial forests. However, there is little quantified understanding of how cropland expansion affected the agricultural productivity and water resource consumption globally. In this study, we used spatially explicit satellite-based data, including land use maps, net primary productivity and evapotranspiration from 2001 to 2018, and the space-for-time substitution technique to investigate the relationships between cropland expansion and agricultural productivity and water resource consumption. Results showed that global cropland area presented a significant net increasing trend with 1.9 × 104 km2/a (p < 0.01) since 2000. Net increased cropland area over the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere occupied 27.1% and 72.9% of global total net increase, respectively. Large-area cropland expansion mainly focused on Eastern Asia, Southern Asia, Eastern Europe, Southern America, and Northern America. Particularly, cropland expansion in the Southern America deserved the greatest attention. At the global scale, new expanded croplands caused average NPP decrease and average ET decrease compared to original ecosystems, but performances were evident differences in subregions. Cropland expansion in the Southern America evidently decreased NPP and ET compared to other places. In contrast, new expanded croplands in most subregions of Asia and Northern America performed higher the agriculture productivity, while the increases were done at the expense of more water resource consumption. Although cropland expansion only slightly decreased NPP compared to original ecosystems globally, new expanded croplands often occurred in water-limited or temperature-limited areas according to precipitation and temperature gradations. This study suggests that cropland expansion should more consider sustainable land use and development, and reduce the risks of cropland expansion on natural ecosystems as much as possible.
9 He, C.; Liu, Z.; Wu, J.; Pan, X.; Fang, Z.; Li, J.; Bryan, B. A. 2021. Future global urban water scarcity and potential solutions. Nature Communications, 12:4667. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25026-3]
Water scarcity ; Urbanization ; Urban population ; Towns ; Climate change mitigation ; Water demand ; Water availability ; Water use efficiency ; Water stress ; Transfer of waters ; Virtual water ; Infrastructure ; Sustainability ; Socioeconomic development
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050694)
(1.64 MB) (1.64 MB)
Urbanization and climate change are together exacerbating water scarcity—where water demand exceeds availability—for the world’s cities. We quantify global urban water scarcity in 2016 and 2050 under four socioeconomic and climate change scenarios, and explored potential solutions. Here we show the global urban population facing water scarcity is projected to increase from 933 million (one third of global urban population) in 2016 to 1.693–2.373 billion people (one third to nearly half of global urban population) in 2050, with India projected to be most severely affected in terms of growth in water-scarce urban population (increase of 153–422 million people). The number of large cities exposed to water scarcity is projected to increase from 193 to 193–284, including 10–20 megacities. More than two thirds of water-scarce cities can relieve water scarcity by infrastructure investment, but the potentially significant environmental trade-offs associated with large-scale water scarcity solutions must be guarded against.
10 Liu, Q.; Sun, X.; Wu, W.; Liu, Z.; Fang, G.; Yang, P. 2022. Agroecosystem services: a review of concepts, indicators, assessment methods and future research perspectives. Ecological Indicators, 142:109218. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109218]
Agroecosystems ; Ecosystem services ; Indicators ; Assessment ; Agricultural development ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Agricultural production ; Crop yield ; Farmland ; Soil conservation ; Biodiversity
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051329)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X22006902/pdfft?md5=9828c9361aaaa1d72866eac891be5d91&pid=1-s2.0-S1470160X22006902-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051329.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051329.pdf
(7.29 MB) (7.29 MB)
Agroecosystems benefit from many ecosystem services and are frequently managed to increase productivity. In recent years, agricultural industrialization has caused the loss of some important ecosystem services in agroecosystems, hindering some sustainable development goals (SDGs). In order to promote sustainable agricultural development, it is necessary to restore the damaged agroecosystems and improve agroecosystem services (AES). However, there are relatively few studies on AES, and fewer studies concerning the definition or connotation of AES. Therefore, this paper reviews current AES research, indicators, and assessment methods, as well as directions for future research. AES are determined by agroecosystem functions and human agricultural practices, with both positive and negative effects, scale effects, and trade-offs and synergies between AES. AES indicators can be classified as provisioning services, regulating services, and cultural services, with a few studies including supporting services. Currently, the main AES assessment methods include public participation, empirical model, mechanism model, and value estimation. Multi-source data fusion for integrated models to assess multiple AES will be the future research trend. In addition, AES research should develop additional promising topics, including considering both AES and agroecosystem disservices (AEDS); assessing AES supply, demand, and flow; and analyzing AES trade-offs and synergies comprehensively. This will extend the research field to the links between AES and SDGs and their applications in agricultural landscape planning and governance. This review highlights the importance of AES research to more effectively manage agroecosystems and promote sustainable agricultural development.
11 Gong, B.; Liu, Z.; Liu, Y.; Zhou, S. 2023. Understanding advances and challenges of urban water security and sustainability in China based on water footprint dynamics. Ecological Indicators, 150:110233. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110233]
Water security ; Sustainability ; Water footprint ; Water deficit ; Landscape ; Water pollution ; Towns ; Policies ; Water resources ; Water use ; Surface water ; Precipitation ; Sewage treatment / China
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051851)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X23003758/pdfft?md5=ba7a578381a185737d690626b44fcbee&pid=1-s2.0-S1470160X23003758-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051851.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051851.pdf
(16.90 MB) (16.9 MB)
Sustainability of China’s numerous cities are threatened by both quantity- and quality-induced water scarcity, which can be measured by the water footprint from a consumption (WFcons) or production (WFprod) perspective. Although WFcons was widely assessed, the changes in WFprod of China’s cities were still unclear. A large-scale decrease in urban WFprod in China was found, with the average WFprod decreasing from 13.8 billion m3 to 10.3 billion m3 and the per capita WFprod decreasing from 1614.8 m3/person to 1184.0 m3/person (i.e., falling by more than a quarter in just six years). Such shrinkage was particularly evident in drylands, eliminating the water deficit in Xi’an and Xining. The reduction in grey WFprod caused by implementing water pollution prevention policies and other relevant measures played the most important role in the savings. In the future, the implementation of updated pollution discharge standards is projected to allow more cities to escape water deficits; however, the rapid growth of the domestic and ecological blue WFprod caused by urbanization and urban greening would destabilize this prospect. Thus, attention should be given to both water pollution prevention and domestic and ecological blue WFprod restriction to further alleviate urban water scarcity in China.
12 Dai, Y.; Liu, Z.. 2023. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of urban and rural water scarcity and its influencing factors across the world. Ecological Indicators, 153:110386. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110386]
Water scarcity ; Water security ; Climate change ; Socioeconomic development ; Landscape ; Sustainability ; Water availability ; Industrial water use ; Domestic water ; Irrigation water ; Water resources ; Population growth
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052109)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X23005289/pdfft?md5=464357523633141f8577046c37da046b&pid=1-s2.0-S1470160X23005289-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052109.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052109.pdf
(6.96 MB) (6.96 MB)
Water scarcity is essentially caused by the spatiotemporal mismatch of water availability and water withdrawal. However, existing studies are still insufficient in revealing the spatiotemporal heterogeneity and rural–urban differences of global water scarcity and its influencing factors. Therefore, this study aims to fill this gap. From 1960 to 2014, both of the water-scarce population and its proportion in the total population showed a growth trend. The annual growth rate of water-scarce urban population was higher than that of water-scarce rural population, but the standard deviation of monthly water-scarce rural population was higher than that of water-scarce urban population. The proportion of water-scarce population was high and also variable across months in the middle- and low-latitude countries of the Northern Hemisphere, such as Pakistan, Mexico and Iran. Expansion of water-scarce areas had contributed to 60% of the global water-scarce population growth, while the relative contribution of population increases in the initial water-scarce catchments was about 40%. As for the expansion of water-scarce areas, the relative contributions of irrigation, domestic, and industrial water withdrawal were 35.28%, 24.28%, and 17.02%, respectively. In most high-latitude countries of the Northern Hemisphere, industrial water withdrawal was the main influencing factor. In several Southern Hemisphere countries, domestic water withdrawal was the most influential factor. In most Asian countries, the impact of irrigation water withdrawal was considerable. In addition, the impacts of water availability and irrigation water withdrawal were greatest in July, while the impacts of domestic and industrial water withdrawal were greatest in December. The relative contributions of water availability and irrigation water withdrawal were highly variable in Iran, Pakistan and India. The monthly variability in industrial water withdrawal was high in European countries. There was high variability in all influencing factors in China and some Central Asian countries. According to the variability of water scarcity and influencing factors, water-scarce countries should implement effective water resources management, based on the potential solutions such as the construction of water conservancy facilities, virtual water trade, and improving the efficiency of water use and recycling.
13 Lin, J.; Bryan, B. A.; Zhou, X.; Lin, P.; Do, H. X.; Gao, L.; Gu, X.; Liu, Z.; Wan, L.; Tong, S.; Huang, J.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Gao, H.; Yin, J.; Chen, Z.; Duan, W.; Xie, Z.; Cui, T.; Liu, J.; Li, M.; Li, X.; Xu, Z.; Guo, F.; Shu, L.; Li, B.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, P.; Fan, B.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, J.; Li, X.; Cai, Y.; Yang, Z. 2023. Making China’s water data accessible, usable and shareable. Nature Water, 1:328-335. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44221-023-00039-y]
Water resources ; Data collection ; Databases ; Monitoring ; Modelling ; Water quality ; Wastewater treatment ; Stream flow ; Transboundary waters ; Water demand ; Infrastructure ; Policies / China
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052133)
(1.42 MB)
Water data are essential for monitoring, managing, modelling and projecting water resources. Yet despite such data—including water quantity, quality, demand and ecology—being extensively collected in China, it remains difficult to access, use and share them. These challenges have led to poor data quality, duplication of effort and wasting of resources, limiting their utility for supporting decision-making in water resources policy and management. In this Perspective we discuss the current state of China’s water data collection, governance and sharing, the barriers to open-access water data and its impacts, and outline a path to establishing a national water data infrastructure to reform water resource management in China and support global water-data sharing initiatives.
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