Your search found 12 records
1 Klinkenberg, Eveline; Konradsen, Flemming; Herrel, N.; Mukhtar, M.; van der Hoek, Wim; Amerasinghe, Felix P. 2004. Malaria vectors in the changing environment of the southern Punjab, Pakistan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 98(7):442-449.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 613. G730 KLI Record No: H034259)
The Pakistani Punjab experienced several devastating malaria epidemics during the twentieth century. Since the 1980s, however, malaria has been at a low ebb, while in other areas of Pakistan and neighbouring India malaria is on the increase. This raises the question of whether transmission in the Pakistani Punjab may have been in uenced by a change in vector species abundance or composition, possibly induced by environmental changes. To investigate this question, routinely-collected government entomological data for the period 1970 to 1999 for the district of Bahawalnagar, in the Indus Basin irrigation system in the southern Punjab, was analysed. Our ndings suggest that Anopheles stephensi has increased in prevalence and became more common than A. culicifacies during the 1980s. This shift in species dominance may be due to the large-scale ecological changes that have taken place in the Punjab, where irrigation-induced waterlogging of soil with related salinization has created an environment favourable for the more salt-tolerant A. stephensi. Some biotypes of A. stephensi are suspected of being less ef cient vectors and, therefore, the shift in species dominance might have played a role in the reduced transmission in the Punjab, although further research is needed to investigate the effect of other transmission-in uencing factors.
2 Konradsen, Flemming; van der Hoek, Wim; Amerasinghe, Felix P.; Mutero, Clifford; Boelee, Eline. 2004. Engineering and malaria control: learning from the past 100 years. Acta Tropica, 89(2):99-108.
Malaria ; History ; Disease vectors ; Waterborne diseases ; Health ; Irrigation systems / Asia / India / Pakistan / Malaysia / Philippines / Sri Lanka / Klang / Port Swettenham
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 BOE Record No: H030208)
Traditionally, engineering and environment-based interventions have contributed to the prevention of malaria in Asia. However, with the introduction ofDDTand other potent insecticides, chemical control became the dominating strategy. The renewed interest in environmental-management-based approaches for the control of malaria vectors follows the rapid development of resistance by mosquitoes to the widely used insecticides, the increasing cost of developing new chemicals, logistical constraints involved in the implementation of residual-spraying programs and the environmental concerns linked to the use of persistent organic pollutants. To guide future research and operational agendas focusing on environmental-control interventions, it is necessary to learn from the successes and failures from the time before the introduction of insecticides. The objective of this paper is to describe the experiences gained in Asia with early vector control interventions focusing on cases from the former Indian Punjab, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. The paper deals primarily with the agricultural engineering and land and water management vector control interventions implemented in the period 1900–1950. The selected cases are discussed in the wider context of environment-based approaches for the control of malaria vectors, including current relevance. Clearly, some of the interventions piloted and implemented early in the last century still have relevance today but generally in a very site-specific manner and in combination with other preventive and curative activities. Some of the approaches followed earlier on to support implementation would not be acceptable or feasible today, from a social or environmental point of view. In Boelee, E.; Konradsen, F.; van der Hoek, W. (Eds.), Malaria in irrigated agriculture: Papers and abstracts for the SIMA Special Seminar at the ICID 18th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage, Montreal, 23 July 2002. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IWMI. pp.5-14
3 Mutero, Clifford; Amerasinghe, Felix; Boelee, Eline; Konradsen, Flemming; van der Hoek, Wim; Nevondo, Tendani; Rijsberman, Frank. 2005. Systemwide initiative on Malaria and agriculture: an innovative framework for research and capacity building. EcoHealth, 2(1):11-16.
Malaria ; Waterborne diseases ; Public health ; Capacity building ; Agriculture ; Ecosystems ; Research priorities / Africa / Kenya
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 616.9362 G000 MUT Record No: H035892)
4 Konradsen, Flemming; van der Hoek, Wim; Gunnell, D.; Eddleston, M. 2005. Missing deaths from pesticide self-poisoning at the IFCS Forum IV. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 83(2):157-158.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 632.95 G000 KON Record No: H036213)
5 Donnelly, M. J.; McCall, P. J.; Lengeler, C.; Bates, I.; D’Alessandro, U.; Barnish, G.; Konradsen, Flemming; Klinkenberg, Eveline; Townson, H.; Trape, J. F.; Hastings, I. M.; Mutero, Clifford. 2005. Malaria and urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria Journal, 4(12):1-5.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 616.9362 G110 DON Record No: H036354)
6 Briet, Olivier J. T.; Galappaththy, G. N. L.; Konradsen, Flemming; Amerasinghe, Priyanie H.; Amerasinghe, Felix Prashantha. 2005. Maps of the Sri Lanka malaria situation preceding the tsunami and key aspects to be considered in the emergency phase and beyond. Malaria Journal, 4(8):11p.
Malaria ; Maps ; Disease vectors ; Waterborne diseases ; Public health ; Natural disasters ; Reservoirs / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 616.9362 G744 BRI Record No: H036727)
7 Konradsen, Flemming; van der Hoek, Wim; Cole, D. C.; Hutchinson, G.; Daisley, H.; Singh, S.; Eddleston, M. 2003. Reducing acute poisoning in developing countries: options for restricting the availability of pesticides. Toxicology, 192:249-261.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 615.904 G000 KON Record No: H037482)
8 Konradsen, Flemming; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; van der Hoek, Wim; Amerasinghe, Felix; Perera, Devika; Piyaratne, Maldeniya. 2003. Strong association between house characteristics and malaria vectors in Sri Lanka. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 68(2):177-181.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 614.532 G744 KON Record No: H038771)
9 Piyaratne, Maldeniya K.; Amerasinghe, Felix; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Konradsen, Flemming. 2005. Physico-chemical characteristics of Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles varuna breeding water in a dry zone stream in Sri Lanka. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 42(2):61-67.
Malaria ; Waterborne diseases ; Disease vectors ; Anopheles culicifacies ; Anopheles varuna ; Water quality ; Rivers / Sri Lanka / Upper Yan Oya / Anuradhapura District
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 571.986 G744 PIY Record No: H039578)
10 Keraita, Bernard; Drechsel, Pay; Konradsen, Flemming. 2008. Using on-farm sedimentation ponds to improve microbial quality of irrigation water in urban vegetable farming in Ghana. Water Science and Technology, 57(4): 519-525.
Irrigated farming ; Vegetables ; Water quality ; Farm ponds ; Sedimentation ; Irrigation water ; Helminths ; Coliform bacteria ; Assessment / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.6.2 G200 KER Record No: H041186)
This paper presents an assessment of the potential of using on-farm ponds to reduce levels of microbial contamination in wastewater -contaminated irrigation water. The study involved observations on the use of ponds in urban agriculture in Kumasi, Ghana, and more than 300 irrigation water samples were taken for physico-chemical and microbial laboratory analysis. The study shows that while on-farm ponds are commonly used, their potential to remove pathogens through sedimentation has not been fully optimized. Two-thirds of helminth eggs were in the sediments and careful collection of irrigation water without disturbing sediments reduced helminth eggs in irrigation water by about 70%. Helminth eggs reduced from about 5 to less than 1 egg per litre in three days in both dry and wet seasons while thermotolerant coliforms took six days in the dry season to reduce from about 8 to 4 log units per 100 ml, to meet the WHO guidelines. For optimal pathogen removal, better pond designs, farmers’ training on collection of water with minimal disturbance and any other means to enhance sedimentation and pathogen die-off can be essential components of a multiple- barrier approach complementing farm-based measures like simple filtration techniques, better irrigation methods and post-harvest contamination.
11 Amerasinghe, Priyanie H.; Alifrangis, M.; van der Hoek, Wim; Wirtz, R. A.; Amerasinghe, Felix P.; Konradsen, Flemming. 2005. Optimizing malarial epidemiological studies in areas of low transmission. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 36(5):1079-1084.
Malaria ; Epidemics ; Waterborne diseases ; Analysis ; Surveys ; Villages / Sri Lanka / Mahameegaswewa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 614.532 G744 AME Record No: H041472)
Malaria risk factor studies have traditionally used microscopy readings of blood slides as the measure of malaria infection in humans, although alternatives are available. There is the need for an assessment of how the use of these alternative diagnostic approaches will influence the efficiency and significance of epidemiological studies. In an area of Sri Lanka with known risk factors for malaria, two cross-sectional surveys were done at the start and at the peak of transmission season. Microscopy was compared with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The major risk factor in this area was the location of houses relative to confirmed vector breeding sites. At the peak of the transmission season, the results pointed in the same direction, irrespective of the diagnostic method used. However, the importance of distance from the breeding site was not statistically significant when microscopy was used, which can be explained by the lower prevalence of microscopy positivity in comparison to the prevalence of ELISAand PCR-positivity. This study suggests that in low-transmission areas, such as Sri Lanka, smaller sample sizes can be used for epidemiological research studies using PCR instead of microscopy to estimate parasite prevalence. This efficiency gain has to be weighed against the higher cost and complexity of the PCR. PCR cannot replace microscopy as the standard diagnostic procedure at the field level. ELISA is not directly comparable with microscopy and PCR but it can also be a useful tool in malaria epidemiological studies. This study indicates that cross-sectional surveys are only efficient if they take place during peak transmission season. Cross sectional surveys currently implemented by the Sri Lankan government in response to local malaria outbreaks can form the basis for valid epidemiological studies and be used for the generation of malaria risk maps if samples were also analyzed using PCR.
12 Keraita, Bernard; Drechsel, Pay; Konradsen, Flemming. 2008. Perceptions of farmers on health risks and risk reduction measures in wastewater-irrigated urban vegetable farming in Ghana. Journal of Risk Research, 11(8):1047-1061.
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Health hazards ; Farmers ; Risk management / Ghana / Accra / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041841)
(0.21 MB)
Most irrigation water used in urban vegetable farming in Ghana is contaminated with untreated wastewater. This poses health risks to farmers and consumers. As part of a study to explore options for health risk reduction, this paper summarizes farmers’ perceptions on health risks and possible risk reduction measures. Participatory research methods and techniques such as focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and visualization techniques were used for data collection based on methodological triangulation. The findings showed that farmers were aware that untreated wastewater posed health risks. Occupational health risks like skin infections were perceived to have the greatest risks and not nematode infections and bacterial diseases which are usually associated with wastewater irrigation. Possible health risks to consumers were rated very low and many farmers said that they were sensitized on this through media and projects. Farmers perceived many of the risk reduction measures suggested in the international guidelines as unsuitable and identified simple and low-cost measures which they could easily adopt. They were willing to adopt risk reduction measures to avoid further pressure from the media, authorities and the general public, especially if they had some incentives. These findings demonstrate the need to involve farmers as early as possible in intervention projects especially in informal farming practices, like urban agriculture, where restrictions are difficult to implement. This will ensure that their perceptions, constraints or any other required incentives for adopting interventions are considered, hence leading to developing more appropriate interventions.
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