Your search found 71 records
1 Anderson, E.; Hagos, Fitsum. 2008. Economic impacts of access to water and sanitation in Ethiopia: evidence from the welfare monitoring surveys. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: RiPPLE Office. 44p. (RiPPLE Working Paper 3)
Water supply ; Domestic water ; Drinking water ; Sanitation ; Investment ; Surveys ; Economic analysis ; Economic impact ; Poverty ; Households ; Living conditions ; Regression analysis / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041697)
http://www.rippleethiopia.org/documents/info/20080806-wp3-economic-impacts-of-access
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041697.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041697.pdf
The aim of this study is to explore the potential linkages between access to water and sanitation and growth-related indicators in Ethiopia. While the expected benefits from investments in water and sanitation on poverty are immense, there is still only a small (although growing) body of empirical evidence on the issue. This study uses data from Ethiopia’s Welfare Monitoring Surveys collected by the Central Statistics Agency in 1999/2000 and 2004/2005 to explore the links between access to water and sanitation and economic growth.
2 Alemayehu, B.; Hagos, Fitsum; Haileslassie, A.; Mapedza, Everisto; Gebreselasse, S.; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Peden, D. 2008. Prospects for payment for environmental services: the case of Blue Nile. In Humphreys, E.; Bayot, R. S.; van Brakel, M.; Gichuki, F.; Svendsen, M.; Wester, P.; Huber-Lee, A.; Cook, S. Douthwaite, B.; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Johnson, N.; Nguyen-Khoa, Sophie; Vidal, A.; MacIntyre, I.; MacIntyre, R. (Eds.). Fighting poverty through sustainable water use: proceedings of the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food, 2nd International Forum on Water and Food, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 10-14 November 2008. Vol.3. Water benefits sharing for poverty alleviation and conflict management; Drivers and processes of change. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food. pp.56-60.
Environmental protection ; User charges ; Households ; Sedimentation ; Flooding ; Watershed management ; Cost benefit analysis ; Farmers attitudes ; Stakeholders ; Land management ; Water management ; River basins ; Econometric models / Ethiopia / Blue Nile River Basin / Gumera watersheds / Koga watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 333.91 G000 HUM Record No: H041696)
http://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/3708/IFWF2_proceedings_Volume%20III.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041696.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041696.pdf
(4.879MB)
3 Hagos, Fitsum; Jayasinghe, Gayathri; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Loulseged, Makonnen; Denekew, Aster. 2008. Poverty impacts of agricultural water management technologies in Ethiopia. Paper presented at the African Economic Research Consortium (AERC) 20th Anniversary Conference on Natural Resource Management and Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 15-17 September 2008. 29p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041695)
(0.26 MB)
Farmers in rural Ethiopia live in a shock-prone environment. The major source of shock is the persistent variation in the amount and distribution of rainfall. The dependence on unreliable rainfall increases farmers’ vulnerability to shocks while also constraining farmers’ decisions to use yield-enhancing modern inputs exacerbating household’s vulnerability to poverty and food insecurity. As a response, the government of Ethiopia has embarked on massive investment in low cost agricultural water management technologies (AWMTs). Despite these huge investments, their impact remains hardly understood.
The main focus of this paper was to explore whether access to selected AWMTs, such as deep and shallow wells, ponds, river diversions and small dams, has led to significant reduction in poverty, and if they did to identify which technologies have higher impacts. In measuring impact we followed different approaches: mean separation tests, propensity score matching and poverty analysis. The study used a unique dataset from a representative sample of 1517 households from 29 Kebeles in four regions of Ethiopia. Findings indicated that the estimated average treatment effect was significant and amounted to USD 82/ household. Moreover, there was 22% less poverty among users of AWMTs compared to non-users. The poverty impact of AWMT was also found to differ by technology type. Accordingly, deep wells, river diversions and micro dams have led to 50, 32 and 25 percent reduction in poverty levels compared to the reference, i.e. rain fed system. Finally, our study identified the most important determinants of poverty on the basis of which we made the policy recommendations: i) build assets; ii) human resource development; and iii) improve the functioning of labor markets and access to markets (input or output markets) for enhanced impact of AWMT on poverty.
The main focus of this paper was to explore whether access to selected AWMTs, such as deep and shallow wells, ponds, river diversions and small dams, has led to significant reduction in poverty, and if they did to identify which technologies have higher impacts. In measuring impact we followed different approaches: mean separation tests, propensity score matching and poverty analysis. The study used a unique dataset from a representative sample of 1517 households from 29 Kebeles in four regions of Ethiopia. Findings indicated that the estimated average treatment effect was significant and amounted to USD 82/ household. Moreover, there was 22% less poverty among users of AWMTs compared to non-users. The poverty impact of AWMT was also found to differ by technology type. Accordingly, deep wells, river diversions and micro dams have led to 50, 32 and 25 percent reduction in poverty levels compared to the reference, i.e. rain fed system. Finally, our study identified the most important determinants of poverty on the basis of which we made the policy recommendations: i) build assets; ii) human resource development; and iii) improve the functioning of labor markets and access to markets (input or output markets) for enhanced impact of AWMT on poverty.
4 Hagos, Fitsum; Slaymaker, T.; Tucker, J.; Ludi, E.; Boelee, Eline; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele. 2008. Poverty impacts of improved access to water and sanitation in Ethiopia. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Multiple Use Water Services, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 4-6 November 2008. 10p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041694)
http://www.musgroup.net/content/download/736/6668/file/Complete%20proceedings.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041694.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041694.pdf
(2.91MB)
It is often argued that investments in water supply and sanitation (WSS) generate wide-ranging economic benefits. At the household level improved access to WSS is expected to lead to significant improvements not only in human health and welfare but also in levels of production and productivity. Investments in WSS are therefore considered important instruments for poverty reduction, but empirical evidence to support this remains quite limited. This study presents micro-evidence from a survey of 1500 households in Ethiopia on the economic impacts of improved access to WSS. We found that access to improved WSS has a strong statistical association with increased household water consumption and decreased average time spent to fetch water. Because of this time saving, household members with access to improved sources were also found to be more likely to participate in off-farm/non-farm employment. We also found strong evidence of positive impacts of improved access to WSS on health; although there are indications some type of illnesses may also have increased (e.g. water borne diseases). This evidence clearly shows that improving access to water supply infrastructure alone is not sufficient to bring about desired public health benefits. Interestingly, households with access to improved water supply and agricultural water were found to have significantly lower overall and food poverty levels in terms of incidence, depth and severity of poverty. Therefore, the pathways through which improved access to water supply has impacted poverty reduction in the study areas had to do with direct improved health benefits and through time-saving benefits induced increased participation of households in off/non-farm employment and irrigation. Determinants of off/non-farm employment and poverty were systematically analysed and factors identified and recommendations made to enhance these poverty impacts of water supply improvements.
5 Haileslassie, A.; Hagos, Fitsum; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Peden, D.; Gebreselassie, S.; Negash, F. 2008. Production systems in the Blue Nile Basin: implications for environmental degradation and upstream and downstream linkages. Paper presented at the Ethiopia National Nile Development Forum, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 20-21 March 2008. 37p.
River basins ; Environmental degradation ; Erosion ; Sedimentation ; Water productivity ; Farming systems ; Cropping systems ; Double cropping ; Cereals ; Maize ; Sorghum ; Barley ; Wheat ; Livestock ; Pastoralism ; Farmers attitudes ; Economic aspects / Sudan / Ethiopia / Blue Nile River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041754)
(478KB 0.32 MB)
The Blue Nile Basin (Abay in Ethiopia) covers wide range landscapes and climatic zones in Ethiopia and Sudan. Different agricultural production systems, in the basin, evolved in response to those diverse landscapes and climatic zones, and the attendant human decision dynamics that responds to changing livelihood opportunities. Many production systems studies recognized only mixed agriculture in the highlands and pastoralism in the lowland areas. Now it is widely recognized that several other factors such as land-use, vegetation cover, and different land and water management practices are important in defining production systems. These study approaches help to capture the diverse water and land related livelihoods of the farming communities in upstream and downstream parts of the basin and their impact on their respective environments. In this review, we follow a similar approach but focus at the basin scale to define and characterize major production systems and associated subsystems specifically: small grain cereals-based mixed crop-livestock and maize-sorghum-perennials systems and their associated subsystems. We then focus on water management practices in rainfed and irrigated systems. We also synthesized impacts of those production systems on the environment and upstream-downstream linkage using erosion, sedimentation, livestock and crop water productivity, soil nutrient balances as indicators. Evidences suggest that natural ecosystem services (e.g. regulation services such as nutrient recycling and redistribution) are severely threatened in the Blue Nile basin. On-site and off-site effects of pedogenic processes like sediment removal, transportation, redistribution and attendant environmental impacts (e.g. nutrient balances and water productivity) are highly correlated with dominant farming practices and attendant anthropogenic interventions. Indicators such as water productivity and soil nutrient depletion and farmers’ activities to replenish the lost nutrients are also strongly related to the degree of the farmers’ resource endowments. In view of initiating the upstream community to invest more on land and water management, options for payment for environmental services (PES) must be sought and, interventions that enhance sustainable ecosystem management must use integrated approaches and farming system/subsystems as entry point.
6 Haileslassie, A.; Hagos, Fitsum; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Peden, D.; Gebreselassie, S.; Negash, F. 2008. Indicators of environmental degradation in the Blue Nile Basin: exploring prospects for payment for environmental services. Paper presented at the Second Nile Development Forum, Khartoum, Sudan, 17-19 November 2008. 37p.
Environmental degradation ; Erosion ; Sedimentation ; Water productivity ; Farming systems ; Mixed cropping ; Cereals ; Maize ; Sorghum ; Barley ; Wheat ; Irrigated farming ; Rainfed farming ; Livestock ; Pastoralism ; Farmers attitudes ; Poverty / Ethiopia / Blue Nile Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041755)
(0.86 MB)
The Blue Nile Basin (Abay in Ethiopia) covers wide range landscapes and climatic zones in Ethiopia and Sudan. Different agricultural production systems, in the basin, evolved in response to those diverse landscapes and climatic zones, and the attendant human decision dynamics that responds to changing livelihood opportunities. Many production systems studies recognized only mixed agriculture in the highlands and pastoralism in the lowland areas. Now it is widely recognized that several other factors such as land-use, vegetation cover, and different land and water management practices are important in defining production systems. These study approaches help to capture the diverse water and land related livelihoods of the farming communities in upstream and downstream parts of the basin and their impact on their respective environments. In this review, we follow a similar approach but focus at the basin scale to define and characterize major production systems and associated subsystems specifically: small grain cereals-based mixed crop-livestock and maize-sorghum-perennials systems and their associated subsystems. We then focus on water management practices in rainfed and irrigated systems. We also synthesized impacts of those production systems on the environment and upstream-downstream linkage using erosion, sedimentation, livestock and crop water productivity, soil nutrient balances as indicators. Evidences suggest that natural ecosystem services (e.g. regulation services such as nutrient recycling and redistribution) are severely threatened in the Blue Nile basin. On-site and off-site effects of pedogenic processes like sediment removal, transportation, redistribution and attendant environmental impacts (e.g. nutrient balances and water productivity) are highly correlated with dominant farming practices and attendant anthropogenic interventions. Indicators such as water productivity and soil nutrient depletion and farmers’ activities to replenish the lost nutrients are also strongly related to the degree of the farmers’ resource endowments. In view of initiating the upstream community to invest more on land and water management, options for payment for environmental services (PES) must be sought and, interventions that enhance sustainable ecosystem management must use integrated approaches and farming system/subsystems as entry point.
7 Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Hagos, Fitsum; Amede, Tilahun; Loulseged, Makonnen. 2008. Best bets technologies for improving agricultural water management and system intensification in Ethiopia. Paper presented at the Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) Workshop on Micro-Watershed to Basin Scale Adoption of SWC Technologies and Impacts, Tamale, Ghana, 22-25 September 2008. 7p.
Crop production ; Cropping systems ; Fertilizers ; Soil fertility ; Poverty ; Households ; Water harvesting ; Rainfed farming ; Irrigated farming / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041760)
Significant part of Ethiopia and its agricultural production is affected by prolonged dry spells, recurrent drought, land degradation and consequential low productivity, extreme poverty and highly vulnerable. This paper first deals with the various technologies used with respect to agricultural water management, and provide description of suits of technologies that are common for agricultural water management (AWM) in Ethiopia. Secondly, it evaluates the poverty impact of the various technologies based on extensive data that are collected from 1,500 households that are currently practicing these technologies in four major regions of Ethiopia. The final part of the paper deals with the integrated interventions for improving crop water productivity through combination of technologies and system intensification, using the case study. In Ethiopia, both in-situ water management and ex-situ water management technologies are used. Among the in-situ water management soil and water conservation technologies use of terracing, stone bunds, trash lines etc are common. However, evaluation of their use on crop production and productivity impact is difficult and not well established in Ethiopia. Among the ex-situ including rain water harvesting technologies ponds, river diversion, micro dams, wells and pump irrigation are most common. Based on poverty analysis, the incidence, depth and severity of poverty is less among users of technology compared to non-users and the results are statistically robust. Accordingly, users AWM technology are 22 percent less poor compared to non-users or pure rain fed systems without AWM. The high impact technologies are found to be deep well, diversion and micro dams leading to 50%, 32%, and 25% poverty reductions respectively. The difference is mostly attributed to the scale effect and reliability of systems. AWM was best exploited when it was accompanied by improved soil fertility management interventions. Yield gains of upto 2000% were obtained when Zai pits (i.e. small water harvesting trenches) were augmented by application of chemical and organic fertilizers. Integrating legume cover crops increased yield of succeeding crop significantly while improving soil fertility and water holding capacity. The effect of fertilizer application was highly pronounced when legumes were integrated into the cropping system. Growing varietal mixtures of different height and maturity period increased crop yield by up to 60% through compensation effects and better use of water and soil nutrients over time and space. Therefore, in order to improve agricultural productivity, effectively reduce poverty it is essential that the rainfall and agricultural water is managed, accompanied by soil fertility management and agronomic practices.
8 Mapedza, Everisto; Haileselassie, A.; Hagos, Fitsum; McCartney, Matthew; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Tafesse, T. 2008. Transboundary water governance institutional architecture: reflections from Ethiopia and Sudan. In Humphreys, E.; Bayot, R. S.; van Brakel, M.; Gichuki, F.; Svendsen, M.; Wester, P.; Huber-Lee, A.; Cook, S. Douthwaite, B.; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Johnson, N.; Nguyen-Khoa, Sophie; Vidal, A.; MacIntyre, I.; MacIntyre, R. (Eds.). Fighting poverty through sustainable water use: proceedings of the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food, 2nd International Forum on Water and Food, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 10-14 November 2008. Vol.1. Keynotes; Cross-cutting topics. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food. pp.77-80.
Water governance ; Water resource management ; International agreements ; River basins ; International cooperation ; International relations / Ethiopia / Sudan / Blue Nile River Basin / Limpopo River Basin / Zambezi River Basin / Volta River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 333.91 G000 HUM Record No: H041780)
http://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/3706/IFWF2_proceedings_Volume%20I.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041780.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041780.pdf
(7.964MB)
9 Hagos, Fitsum; Boelee, Eline; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Slaymaker, T.; Tucker, J.; Ludi, E. 2008. Water supply and sanitation (WSS) and poverty: micro-level linkages in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: RiPPLE Office. 32p. (RiPPLE Working Paper 8)
Water supply ; Sanitation ; Households ; Indicators ; Public health ; Waterborne diseases ; Poverty ; Models / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041794)
http://www.rippleethiopia.org/documents/stream/20090121-wp8-wss-and-poverty
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041794.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041794.pdf
10 Haileslassie, A.; Hagos, Fitsum; Mapedza, Everisto; Sadoff, Claudia W.; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Gebreselassie, S.; Peden, D. 2008. Institutional settings and livelihood strategies in the Blue Nile Basin: implications for upstream/downstream linkages. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 75p. (IWMI Working Paper 132) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3910/2009.313]
River basins ; Water policy ; Institutions ; Institutional development ; Farming systems ; Mixed farming ; Cereals ; Sorghum ; Irrigated farming ; Vegetables ; Pastoralism ; Poverty ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Labor ; Ecosystems ; Energy ; Water power ; Watershed management ; Water harvesting ; Legal aspects ; Environmental policy ; Water user associations ; Irrigation programs / Africa / Ethiopia / Sudan / Egypt / Blue Nile River Basin / Koga Irrigation Project
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.3 G100 HAI Record No: H041835)
(474.57KB)
Through rapid assessment of existing literature and review of policy and other official documents, the report synthesizes the existing knowledge and gaps on policies and institutions and identifies key research issues that need in-depth study. The report provides an overview of the range of key livelihoods and production systems in the Blue Nile Basin (BNB) and highlights their relative dependence on, and vulnerability to, water resources and water-related ecosystem services. It also makes an inventory of current water and land related policies and institutions in the BNB, their organizational arrangements, dynamics and linkages and key policy premises. It highlights the major problems in institutional arrangements and policy gaps and makes suggestions for an in-depth Policy and Institutional Studies to be done as part of the Upstream-Downstream Research project.
11 Hagos, Fitsum; Makombe, Godswill; Namara, Regassa E.; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele. 2009. Importance of irrigated agriculture to the Ethiopian economy: capturing the direct net benefits of irrigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 40p. (IWMI Research Report 128) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3910/2009.317]
Irrigated farming ; National income ; Economic growth ; Crops ; Prices ; Sensitivity analysis ; Crop management ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Irrigation schemes / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.4 G136 HAG Record No: H042373)
(518.52 KB)
Irrigation development has been identified as a means to stimulate economic growth and rural development in Ethiopia. However, little attempt has been made to quantify the contribution of irrigation to national income. Using data from selected irrigation schemes, representing small, medium and large-scale schemes of modern or traditional typologies; the present coverage and planned growth of irrigation, actual and expected contributions of irrigation to the national economy were quantified following the approach of adjusted gross margin analysis. Our results show that irrigation yields 219.7% higher income compared to the rainfed system while its current and future contribution to agricultural GDP is estimated to be about 5.7 and 12% although irrigation covers about 5 and 9% of the total cultivated land area, respectively.
12 Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Hagos, Fitsum; Loulseged, Makonnen. 2009. Agricultural water management and poverty in Ethiopia. In Humphreys, E.; Bayot, R. S. (Eds.). Increasing the productivity and sustainability of rainfed cropping systems of poor smallholder farmers: proceedings of the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food, International Workshop on Rainfed Cropping Systems, Tamale, Ghana, 22-25 September 2008. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food. pp.245-258.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 631 G000 HUM Record No: H042444)
http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/WaterfoodCP/CPWF_Proceedings_Rainfed_Workshop%5B1%5D.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042444.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042444.pdf
(0.81 MB) (8.92MB)
A significant part of Ethiopia and its agricultural production are affected by prolonged dry spells, recurrent drought, land degradation and consequential low productivity, resulting in extreme poverty and highly vulnerable rural communities. Traditional rainfed agriculture predominates, and in situ and ex situ Agricultural Water Management (AWM) technologies are used on less than 10% of the cultivated land. Among the in situ technologies, measures to reduce runoff and erosion, such as terracing, stone bunds and trash lines, are common. However, evaluation of their use and impacts on crop production and productivity is difficult and not well established in Ethiopia. The ex situ technologies used in Ethiopia include rain water harvesting for supplementary or full irrigation – most commonly from ponds, river diversion, micro dams and wells. Nearly forty types of technologies are used, in a range of combinations with respect to water control, lifting, conveyance and field application. Based on key informant interviews, 6 categories of technologies related to water source/control that have been successful and are widely used by small holders were identified. The poverty impacts of the AWM technologies were determined, based on extensive data collected from 1,500 households using these technologies and control households (nonusers) in four major Ethiopian regions. The evaluation showed that the incidence, depth and severity of poverty is significantly lower among AWM technology users than non?users. AWM technology users are 22% less poor than non-users. Deep wells, river diversion and micro dams, were associated with poverty reductions of 50%, 32% and 25%, respectively. The difference was mostly attributed to the scale effects, such as larger plots and more reliable water sources.
13 Hagos, Fitsum; Haileslassie, A.; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele. 2009. Assessment of local land and water institutions in the Blue Nile and their impact on environmental management. In Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Erkossa, Teklu; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Fernando, Ashra (Comps.). Improved water and land management in the Ethiopian highlands: its impact on downstream stakeholders dependent on the Blue Nile. Intermediate Results Dissemination Workshop held at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 5-6 February 2009. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.185-231.
Institutions ; Organizations ; Water policy ; River basins ; Water management ; Land management ; Watershed management / Africa / Ethiopia / Blue Nile River Basin / Abay River Basin / Tana Sub Basin / Beles Sub Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 333.9162 G100 AWU Record No: H042518)
(0.69 MB)
Land and water institutions play a vital role in managing and sustaining land and water resources as well as enhancing economic development and poverty alleviation efforts. While a lot has been done in terms of understanding the micro-determinants of farmers’ decisions in land and water conservation, there is little attempt to understand the broad macro-institutional and organizational issues that influence land and water management decisions. The objective of the study was to assess institutional arrangements and challenges for improved land and water management in the Ethiopian part of the Blue Nile Basin (Tana and Beles subbasins). Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were held in Amhara and Benishangul Gumuz regions with important stakeholders such as the bureaus of Agriculture and Rural Development, Water Resources Development, Environmental Protection and Land Use Administration (EPLUA), National Agricultural Research Systems, and important NGOs, operating in the area of land and water management, and selected community members. As the major findings in this study, we outlined major land and water-related institutional arrangements that are currently in place and their design features, in order to identify those institutions related to superior performance. We highlighted major institutional and policy gaps and actions that are required to respond to emerging issues of environmental degradation, upstream/downstream linkages and climate change. Such analysis of institutions and their design features provides useful insights and contributes to the debate on institutional reform for improved land and water management in the Blue Nile Basin, in general. By doing so, it identifies the gaps in institutional arrangements and policies and potential remedies.
14 Mapedza, Everisto; Haileslassie, A.; Hagos, Fitsum; McCartney, Matthew; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Tafesse, T. 2009. Transboundary water governance institutional architecture: reflections from Ethiopia and Sudan. In Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Erkossa, Teklu; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Fernando, Ashra (Comps.). Improved water and land management in the Ethiopian highlands: its impact on downstream stakeholders dependent on the Blue Nile. Intermediate Results Dissemination Workshop held at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 5-6 February 2009. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.246-253.
Water governance ; Institutions ; International waters ; International cooperation ; River basin management / Africa / Ethiopia / Sudan / Blue Nile River Basin / Abbay River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 333.9162 G100 AWU Record No: H042520)
(0.35 MB)
Transboundary water resource governance is premised on equitable water and water-related benefit sharing. Using the case of the Blue Nile (Ethiopia and Sudan), we explore the conceptual issues that need consideration in the crafting of cross-border cooperation within the water sector. First, drawing on global experiences with transboundary water management, we evaluate how upstream and downstream concerns are addressed by transboundary water management institutions. Second, we explore the kinds of institutional design and the issues which need to be considered to result in ‘win-win’ scenarios for both upstream and downstream users, as well as the mechanisms of benefit sharing negotiated amongst different stakeholders. Third, we examine ways of addressing equity and livelihoods in transboundary institutional arrangements. Finally, we attempt to assess how transboundary institutions can address broader historical, political and economic issues and their implications for sustainable transboundary water governance. This paper raises key issues that need to be addressed in establishing transboundary governance institutions.
15 Alemayehu, B.; Hagos, Fitsum; Haileslassie, A.; Mapedza, Everisto; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Peden, D.; Tafesse, T. 2009. Prospect of payments for environmental services in the Blue Nile Basin: examples from Koga and Gumera watersheds, Ethiopia. In Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Erkossa, Teklu; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Fernando, Ashra (Comps.). Improved water and land management in the Ethiopian highlands: its impact on downstream stakeholders dependent on the Blue Nile. Intermediate Results Dissemination Workshop held at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 5-6 February 2009. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.254-280.
River basin management ; Watershed management ; Land management ; Households ; Farmers attitudes ; Economic aspects / Africa / Ethiopia / Blue Nile River Basin / Koga Watershed / Gumera Watershed / Lake Tana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 333.9162 G100 AWU Record No: H042521)
(0.68 MB)
In transboundary river basins, like the Blue Nile, conflicts over the use of water resources are growing and recent advances in sustainable resource management recognizes the need for approaches that coordinate activities of people dependent on a common resource-base to realize sustainability and equity. Payments for Environmental Services (PES) are a component of a new and more direct conservation paradigm and an emerging concept to finance conservation programs by fostering dialogue between upstream and downstream land users. Those kinds of approach are particularly useful if applied in basins where irrigation schemes are emerging and the service life of reservoir and irrigation canals, in downstream areas are threatened by the sediments moved from upstream region. Here we report the results of our study on the determinants of Willingness to Pay (WTP) and Willingness to Compensate (WTC) for improved land and water management practices in the Blue Nile Basin (Gumera and Koga watersheds). A total of 325 sample households were selected using a multi-stage sampling technique, and a structured and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data from the sample households. We applied Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to elicit WTP using monetary and material payment vehicles. Our results showed that more households are willing to pay in labor than in cash. The mean WTP for improved land and water management was estimated at US$1.06 and US$1.3 months-1 household-1 for upstream and downstream farmers, respectively. Besides, 83.56% of the sample farm households showed WTC the upstream farmers in cash. However, the aggregate WTP falls far short of the estimated investment cost needed for ecosystem restoration. Among others, the number of livestock, size of arable land, access to education and credit by the sample farm households were identified to positively influence sample farmers’ WTP for restoration of ecosystem services and downstream farmers’ WTC for improved ecosystem regulation services. Therefore, institutions and policy measures that enhance environmental education, reduce poverty and foster stakeholders’ cooperation must be promoted. Prospect of Payments for Environmental Services in the Blue Nile Basin: Examples from Koga and Gumera Watersheds.
16 Slaymaker, T.; Adank, M.; Boelee, Eline; Hagos, Fitsum; Nicol, A.; Tafesse, T.; Tolossa, D.; Tucker, J. 2007. Water, livelihoods and growth: concept paper. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Research-inspired Policy and Practice Learning in Ethiopia and the Nile region (RiPPLE) 24p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042744)
http://rippleethiopia.org/documents/stream/20080704-growth-theme-concept-paper
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042744.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042744.pdf
(0.25 MB)
17 Hagos, Fitsum; Makombe, Godswill; Namara, Regassa E.; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele. 2010. Importance of irrigated agriculture to the Ethiopian economy: capturing the direct net benefits of irrigation. Ethiopian Journal of Development Research, 32(1):5-53 (Special issue with contributions by IWMI authors).
Irrigated farming ; National income ; Economic growth ; Crops ; Income ; Sensitivity analysis ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Irrigation schemes / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H043259)
(0.33 MB)
This study is an attempt to quantify the actual and expected contribution of irrigation to the Ethiopian economy for 2005/06 and 2009/10 cropping seasons using adjusted net gross margin analysis. After obtaining adjusted gross margin values for rain-fed and irrigation systems under different typologies, irrigation’s contribution was calculated to be about 5.7 and 2.5 percent to agricultural and overall GDP during the 2005/06 cropping season. By the year 2009/2010, irrigation’s contribution to agricultural and overall GDP is estimated to grow to about 9 and 3.7 percent, respectively. After relaxing some of the underlying assumptions, the future contribution of irrigation to agricultural GDP will rise to about 12 percent while the contribution to overall GDP will be about 4 percent. Recommendations for enhancing irrigation’s contribution and policy implications for cost recovery and sustainability of irrigation investment are drawn.
18 Erkossa, Teklu; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Hagos, Fitsum; Denekew, Aster. 2011. Characterization and productivity assessment of the farming systems in the Upper part of the Nile Basin. In Ambo University. Department of Biology. International Conference on Ecosystem Conservation and Sustainable Development (ECOCASD), Ambo University, Ethiopia, 10-12 February 2011. Theme: Natural Resources for Livelihood Enhancement. Book of abstracts. West Shoa, Ethiopia: Ambo University. 36p.
Farming systems ; Shifting cultivation ; Crop management ; Cereals ; Livestock ; Productivity ; Assessment / Ethiopia / Nile River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043594)
(0.96 MB)
The Ethiopian part of the Nile basin is dominated by a mixed crop-livestock rainfed agriculture constrained by temporal and spatial variations in climate, relief, soil, and sever land degradation exacerbated by lack of appropriate technologies. The continued shrinking per capita agricultural land due to population growth and diminishing land quality challenges the livelihood of the communities. This entails multifaceted and targeted interventions. Testing and scaling up of interventions require a relatively uniform system, but the basin’s potential and constraints for crop and livestock productivity is heterogeneous, necessitating the identification and mapping of homogenous units. Farming systems are often taken as important entry point for agricultural technologies scaling up. Based on secondary data on climate, soil, crop and livestock, and the master plan of the sub-basins, this study captured and mapped the major farming systems and subsystems. Two major systems, the mixed crop-livestock farming and the pastoral/agro-pastural have been identified. The former was sub grouped into the cereal based, coffee-tree crops complex and the onset root crops complex subsystems. The cereal based system was further classified into the single cropping, the double cropping and the shifting cultivation subsystems, each of which was subdivided based on the dominant crop. The current productivity of the major crops in each farming systems was analysed and found to be lower than not only their potential but also their national average. However, some selected soil, water and crop management technologies have shown substantial yield increase. Therefore, scaling up of proven technologies within a farming system can substantially enhance crop yield and improve livelihood.
19 Hagos, Fitsum; Haileslassie, A.; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Mapedza, Everisto; Taffesse, T. 2011. Land and water institutions in the Blue Nile Basin: setups and gaps for improved land and water management. Review of Policy Research, 28(2):149-170. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2011.00487.x]
Institutions ; Diffusion of information ; Policy ; Water resource management ; Land management ; Environmental management ; Watershed management / Africa / Ethiopia / Blue Nile Basin / Tana Sub-basin / Beles Sub-basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043700)
(0.42 MB)
This study undertook an assessment and gap analysis of the institutional arrangements for improved land and water management in the Tana and Beles Sub-basins highlands of the Blue Nile Basin. We explored the mandates and design features of the major land- and water-related institutional arrangements. Focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and a literature review were used in the analysis.The results of our work reveal that a lot of progress has been made in creating an institutional framework for improved land and water management and the policies and laws hitherto developed reflect global policy changes consistent with the widespread adoption of the integrated water resources management (IWRM) principles. There are also cases where informal institutions replace formal institutions. Judged by their enforcement, the water resources management, pollution control standards, and regulations and land use rights are not enacted effectively because of poor enforcement capacity. Overall there is a tendency to focus on command-and-control type policies. There is a need to strengthen traditional institutions by drawing lessons from their strengths and establish the legitimacy of these institutions. There is also a need to improve formal policy design, developing policies with specific objectives, goals, targets, and overall institutional changes and resources through active adaptive management to maximize the level and effectiveness of institutional learning. Finally, more focus needs to be given to incentive-based policies through increased use of positive incentives and more emphasis needs to be given to self-enforcement rather than third-party enforcement.
20 Namara, Regassa; Makombe, Godswill; Hagos, Fitsum; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele. 2008. Rural poverty and inequality in Ethiopia: does access to small-scale irrigation make a difference? In Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Loulseged, Makonnen; Yilma, Aster Denekew (Comps.). Impact of irrigation on poverty and environment in Ethiopia: draft proceedings of the symposium and exhibition, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 27-29 November 2007. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) pp.97-116.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044072)
(0.35 MB)
Ethiopia is an agrarian society in a land of drought and floods. Agricultural production, which is the source of livelihood for eight out of ten Ethiopians, is extremely vulnerable to climatic conditions. The causes of rural poverty are many including wide fluctuations in agricultural production as a result of drought, ineffective and inefficient agricultural marketing system, under developed transport and communication networks, underdeveloped production technologies, limited access of rural households to support services, environmental degradation and lack of participation by rural poor people in decisions that affect their livelihoods. However, the persistent fluctuation in the amount and distribution of rainfall is considered as a major factor in rural poverty. Cognizant of this reality the successive Ethiopian governments and farmers have made investments in small scale irrigation schemes. This paper aims to assess the efficacy of these investments in reducing poverty based on data obtained from a survey of 1024 farmers drawn from four major regional states of Ethiopia. The Foster, Greer and Thorbecke poverty measures were used to compare the incidence, depth and severity of poverty among groups of farmers defined by relevant policy variables including access to irrigation. In order to explore the correlates of rural poverty and their quantitative significance, logistic regression model was estimated. The main conclusion of the study is that the incidence, depth and severity of poverty is affected more by the intensity of irrigation use (as measured by the size of irrigated area) than mere access to irrigation. Alternatively, there seems to be an economy of scale in the poverty irrigation relationship.
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