Your search found 21 records
1 Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Holden, S. T. 2011. Distress rentals and the land rental market as a safety net: contract choice evidence from Tigray, Ethiopia. Agricultural Economics, 42(Supplement):675-690. [doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1574-0862.2011.00551.x]
Food shortages ; Households ; Income ; Models ; Agricultural production ; Sharecropping ; Crop production ; Shock ; Risks ; Rent / Ethiopia / Tigray
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044264)
(0.64 MB)
Rural households in the semiarid Northern Ethiopian highlands are net buyers of food. Crop failure due to erratic and unpredictable rainfall occurs frequently and leads to food shortages and income shocks. The renting out of land may be one of the coping responses of households exposed to shocks.We developed a theoretical household model for poor landlord households capturing their contract choice response to downside production shocks. We tested econometrically whether contract choice may depend on poverty, capital constraints, production risk and random shocks. The multinomial logit model estimates show that poor households experiencing random shocks are more likely to choose fixed-rent contracts as a distress response to shocks, suggesting that fixed-rent contracts may be used to meet immediate needs, but at the expense of future incomes. We also found that fixed-rent contracts are preferred when ex ante production risk is low, while sharecropping is more likely where production risk is high. Finally, we found an indication that the choice of a fixed-rent contract as a coping response to shocks comes as a last resort after all other means of coping are exhausted.
2 Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Holden, S. 2011. Does irrigation enhance and food deficits discourage fertilizer adoption in a risky environment? Evidence from Tigray, Ethiopia. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 3(10):514-528.
Food shortages ; Agricultural production ; Fertilizers ; Drought ; Risks ; Investment ; Income ; Poverty ; Rain ; Households ; Analysis ; Environmental effects / Ethiopia / Tigray
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044348)
http://www.academicjournals.org/jdae/PDF/Pdf2011/Sept/26%20Sept/Gebregziabher%20and%20Holden.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044348.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044348.pdf
(0.32 MB) (370.46KB)
The northern Ethiopian highland in general and the Tigray region in particular is a drought prone area where agricultural production risk is prevalent. Moisture stress is a limiting factor for improved agricultural input mainly fertilizer use. Lack of capital and consumption smoothing mechanisms limits households’ investment in production enhancing agricultural inputs, possibly leading into poverty trap. Using a Cragg (Double Hurdle) model, we analyzed how rainfall risks, access to irrigation and food deficits affect the probability that farm households’ use fertilizer and given that the probability is positive and significant, the amount (intensity) of fertilizer use. Accordingly, we found that households were more likely to use fertilizer and that they used significantly higher amounts of fertilizer on their irrigated plots than on rain-fed plots. Furthermore, households with access to irrigation were more likely to use fertilizer, but the intensity (amount) of fertilizer they used was not significantly different from those households without access to irrigation. In investigating the effect of rainfall risk on fertilizer use, we found that fertilizer use was significantly higher in areas with higher average rainfall and in areas with lower rainfall variability. In general, irrigation was found significantly important for fertilizer adoption mainly in areas with low rainfall and high rainfall variability. Finally, we investigate the effect of food deficit on fertilizer adoption and found that both food self-sufficient and food deficit households were less likely to use fertilizer as coping mechanism. However, among those who decided to adopt, the food deficit households used higher amount of fertilizer than the food self-sufficient.
3 Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Namara, Regassa E.; Holden, S. 2012. Technical efficiency of irrigated and rain-fed smallholder agriculture in Tigray, Ethiopia: a comparative stochastic frontier production function analysis. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 51(3):203-226.
Irrigated farming ; Rainfed farming ; Agricultural development ; Smallholders ; Soil moisture ; Stochastic models ; Technical progress ; Analytical methods / Ethiopia / Tigray
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044980)
(0.21 MB)
Stochastic production frontiers of irrigated and rain-fed smallholder agriculture in Tigray, Ethiopia, were fitted to a random sample of irrigated and rain-fed plots to compare their technical efficiencies. Propensity Score Matching Method was applied to select rain-fed plots with comparable bio-physical attributes to irrigated plots that might have blurred the true efficiency differences between the two systems. Irrigated farms are on a higher production frontier with significant inefficiencies, while rain-fed farms are on a lower production frontier with high efficiency levels. Thus, there is considerable potential for increasing outputs by improving the efficiency of irrigation farms. Rain-fed systems need interventions in soil moisture management to move to a higher production frontier. The study underlines the need for correcting the sequence and mix of yield boosting technologies such as irrigation, improved seeds, and fertilizer that are promoted in arid environments such as Tigray. We recommend that water control must proceed or implemented in tandem with improved seeds and fertilizer technologies. Unless soil moisture is improved by investing in moisture improving technologies, the use of seed and fertilizer in moisture stress areas such as Tigray may have adverse effects.
4 Namara, Regassa E.; Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Giordano, Meredith; de Fraiture, C. 2013. Small pumps and poor farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa: an assessment of current extent of use and poverty outreach. Water International, 38(6):827-839. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2014.847777]
Irrigation systems ; Irrigated sites ; Pumps ; Poverty ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Water lifting ; Technology ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Socioeconomic environment / Africa South of Sahara / Ethiopia / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H046200)
(0.36 MB)
The expansion of irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa has been slow. In Asia, the rapid expansion of smallholder irrigation systems was attributed in part to the availability and affordability of motorized pumps. This paper appraises the current extent of pump-based irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa; profiles the socio-economic and demographic attributes of current pump adopters; and assesses the poverty outreach of small-pump technology. It shows that private smallholder irrigation is practised mainly by the wealthier farmers. The development of groundwater irrigation requires targeted and deliberate public-policy interventions and institutional support focusing on the more marginal farmers.
5 Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Villholth, Karen G.; Hanjra, Munir A.; Yirga, M.; Namara, Regassa E. 2013. Cost-benefit analysis and ideas for cost sharing of groundwater irrigation: evidence from north-eastern Ethiopia. Water International, 38(6):852-863. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2014.847006]
Groundwater irrigation ; Groundwater development ; Cost benefit analysis ; Wells ; Investment ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Sensitivity analysis / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H046202)
(0.23 MB)
The government of Ethiopia has invested in groundwater development for smallholder irrigation in the Raya Valley and Kobo Valley, north-eastern Ethiopia, where the hydrogeological potential is large but not fully developed. A cost-benefit analysis shows that investment in deep groundwater irrigation development is viable at a 9.5% discount rate in 75% of the wells. Assuming full cost recovery of capital investment, the annual payment rates (annuity) that irrigation users should pay over the wells’ service life (25 years) were estimated. It is recommended that future investment be based on cost sharing rather than full cost recovery to facilitate uptake and address financial realities.
6 Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Rebelo, Lisa-Maria; Notenbaert, A.; Ergano, K.; Abebe, Yenenesh. 2013. Determinants of adoption of rainwater management technologies among farm households in the Nile River Basin. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 38p. (IWMI Research Report 154) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2013.218]
Water management ; Water conservation ; Rainwater ; Farmers ; Gender ; Households ; Living standards ; Economic aspects ; River basins ; Watersheds ; Landscape ; Soil conservation / Ethiopia / Nile River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046434)
(2.48 MB)
Agriculture is the main sector of the Ethiopian economy. Uneven distribution of rainfall, droughts and high rainfall intensities contribute to low agricultural productivity and high levels of food insecurity. High population growth, the cultivation of steep and marginal lands, poor land management practices and lack of effective rainwater management (RWM) strategies aggravate the situation. Studies show that the adoption of RWM technologies is low and is influenced by several factors. This study assesses the patterns and the factors that influence farm household adoption of RWM technologies. Unlike previous studies which typically examined a single technology rather than the interdependence between technologies, the conceptual framework of this study is based on the premise that farmers are more likely to adopt a combination of promising RWM technologies. The need to consider this interdependence is one of the many recommendations made by this study to promote the adoption of RWM technologies.
7 Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Giordano, Meredith A.; Langan, Simon; Namara, Regassa E. 2014. Economic analysis of factors influencing adoption of motor pumps in Ethiopia. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 6(12):490-500. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2014.0576]
Economic analysis ; Irrigation methods ; Technology ; Pumps ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Food security ; Poverty ; Households ; Gender ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Agricultural production / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046743)
http://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1416240530_Gebregziabher%20et%20al.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046743.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046743.pdf
(0.37 MB)
The Ethiopian economy depends heavily on smallholder agriculture, and this sector directly affects the country’s economic development, food security and poverty alleviation efforts. The adoption of smallholder irrigation technologies as a means to tackle these challenges has become an important policy issue in the development agenda of the country. The lack of access to low-cost irrigation technologies is, however, one of the major bottlenecks to increase smallholder irrigation. This paper examines the factors influencing farmers’ decisions to adopt low-cost small motor pumps. The analysis is based on a survey of 800 farm households in four regions of Ethiopia. We use a combination of econometric techniques to find comparable households among adopter and non-adopter sample households. First, we employ a multivariate probit model to check whether a correlation exists between motor pumps and other water lifting technologies (that is, bucket, treadle and electric pumps). A non-parametric matching method is used to identify a counterfactual (control group) among the non-adopter sample households. Finally, a probit model is adopted to model the determinants of farmers’ motor pump adoption decisions. Our analysis reveals that gender; age; ownership of oxen; access to extension; access to surface and shallow ground water; social capital and regional differences captured by a regional dummy, all influence farmers’ decision of motor pump adoption.
8 Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Haileslassie, A. 2014. Assessments of key small-scale irrigation technologies, agricultural water management options and integrated irrigated fodder in Ethiopia. Unpublished Discussion Paper prepared by Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Small-Scale Irrigation Project for Stakeholder Consultation Workshop. 30p.
Small scale farming ; Irrigation methods ; Technology ; Agriculture ; Waste management ; Assessment ; Watershed management ; Groundwater ; Water use ; Multiple use ; Cost benefit analysis ; Groundwater irrigation ; Projects ; Poverty ; Water storage ; Climate change ; Adaptation ; Food security ; Living standards ; River basins ; Rural areas ; Landscape ; Smallholders / Ethiopia / Africa / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046756)
(0.88 MB)
9 Haile, Alemseged Tamiru; Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria. 2014. Shallow groundwater irrigation in Dangilaworeda of Amhara region in Ethiopia: situation analysis and area of concern [Abstract only] In Arba Minch University. A base for building climate resilient green economy: proceedings of the 14th Symposium on Sustainable Water Resources Development, Arba Minch, Ethiopia, 27-28 June 2014. Arba Minch, Ethiopia: Arba Minch University. pp.12-13.
Groundwater irrigation ; Wells ; Irrigation water ; Households ; Water demand / Ethiopia / Amhara Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046871)
10 Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Rebelo, Lisa-Maria; Langan, Simon. 2016. Interdependence in rainwater management technologies: an analysis of rainwater management adoption in the Blue Nile Basin. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 18:(2)449-466. [doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10668-015-9656-8]
Rain water management ; Water harvesting ; Technology ; River basins ; Highlands ; Land degradation ; Erosion ; Agricultural production ; Food security ; Water conservation ; Soil conservation ; Farmers ; Households ; Watersheds / Ethiopia / Blue Nile Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046954)
(0.56 MB)
In the Blue Nile Basin of Ethiopian highlands, rainfall distribution is extremely uneven both spatially and temporally. Drought frequently results in crop failure, while high rainfall intensities result in low infiltration and high runoff causing soil erosion and land degradation. These combined factors contribute to low agricultural productivity and high levels of food insecurity. Poor land management practices coupled with lack of effective rainwater management strategies aggravate the situation. Over the past two decades, however, the Government of Ethiopia has attempted to address many of these issues through a large-scale implementation of a number of soil and water conservation measures. Despite the success of interventions, uptake and adoption remains low. The conceptual framework of this study is based on the premise that farmers are more likely to adopt a combination of rainwater management technologies as adaptation mechanism against climate variability and agricultural production constraints. This contrasts the previous work that typically examined a single technology without considering the interdependence between technologies. Data used in this study come from household survey in seven watersheds in the Ethiopian Blue Nile Basin. A multivariate probit model was used to account for the potential correlation and interdependence of various components of rainwater management technologies. Our results suggest that rainwater management technologies are related with each other; hence, any effort to promote the adoption of rainwater management technologies has to consider such interdependence of technologies, or failure to do so may mask the reality that farmers face a set of choices in their adoption decisions.
11 Schmitter, Petra; Haileslassie, Amare; Nakawuka, Prossie; Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Tesema, M.; Tegegne, D.; Abdela, M.; Yilak, D. L.; Tilahun, S.; Ayana, M.; Langan, Simon. 2016. The importance of Ethiopian soils in irrigation and overall watershed management [Abstract only] Paper presented at the Strategic Forum on Sustainable development in Africa: Opportunities and Pitfalls for Universities and NGO’s, Heverlee, Belgium, 15 January 2016. 1p.
Watershed management ; Irrigation methods ; Surface irrigation ; Groundwater irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Water quality ; Water management ; Soil sampling ; Soil moisture ; Agronomic practices ; Crop production ; Tillage / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047383)
(0.01 MB)
Irrigation has a large potential to increase agricultural output and yield per unit area. However, the long term sustainability increased production, together with degradation of the soils (and associated water bodies) in irrigated areas may be irreparably damaged by inappropriate watering schedules. In Ethiopia, surface and groundwater irrigation has been promoted intensively throughout the country. While many projects focus on individual or scheme level water access, very little is known about the sustainability of irrigation in Ethiopia. Aside, from water quantity the quality of irrigation water has a significant impact on soil stability and its chemical properties. In the Ziway, a very important irrigation area in Oromia, soils are increasingly becoming sodic due to the large irrigation quantities and the poor water quality. The International Water Management Institute focusses through various research for development projects on improving irrigation water management, increasing groundwater recharge and assessing the environmental impact of irrigation for various soils throughout the Amhara, Oromia and SNNPR region. Irrigation scheduling tools have been introduced at individual and scheme based small holder farms for the irrigation of high value horticultural and fodder crops to improve water and crop productivity and reduce nutrient leaching. Simultaneously groundwater recharge experiments were carried out using deep tillage and soil & water conservation practices in the rainy season. In these studies, soils are sampled, irrigation quantified, soil moisture measured and standard agronomic practices monitored. Additionally, socio-economic data are being collected on household composition, land holding, labor involved in as well as income generated by the various technologies. Preliminary results showed that crop productivity was not effect while reducing water between 18-35% as function of the prevailing soil types. For the groundwater recharge studies lowest runoff values and highest crop productivity values were observed in the deep tillage plots compared to zero and normal tillage. The socio-economic as well as biophysical data are used in field as well as watershed models to assess the environmental and economic impact of various irrigation scenarios throughout the agro-ecological zones.
12 Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Hagos, Fitsum; Haileslassie, Amare; Getnet, Kindie; Hoekstra, D.; Gebremedhin, B.; Bogale, A.; Getahun, Y. 2016. Does investment in motor pump-based smallholder irrigation lead to financially viable input intensification and production?: an economic assessment. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). 28p. (Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) Working Paper 13)
Small scale farming ; Small scale systems ; Irrigation systems ; Smallholders ; Pumping ; Investment ; Intensification ; Economic aspects ; Assessment ; Production costs ; Financing ; Household expenditure ; Fertilizers ; Agricultural production ; Irrigated land ; Rainfed farming ; Cost benefit analysis ; Land use ; Policy making ; Farmers
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047625)
(450 KB)
Privately adopted motor pump-based smallholder irrigation is different from conventional irrigation schemes in many ways. Unlike to scheme based irrigation that usually experience financial deficits and complex management bureaucracies, privately owned and managed irrigation technologies avoid problems related with collective action. This study focuses on the impact of motor pump-based smallholder irrigation in input use and production as compared to rainfed production systems and investigates the financial viability of such investments. Data used in this study come from the baseline and motor pump surveys of Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) project conducted in five districts of four LIVES intervention zones conducted in 2014, but in reference to the 2012/2013 production season. The non-parametric propensity score matching (PSM) method was used to assess the effect of motor pump-based smallholder irrigation on input use and production. Following this, we adopt a cost-benefit analysis framework to study whether such investment is financial viable. Results show that as compared to rainfed agriculture, the use of motor pump-based smallholder irrigation leads to significantly higher and financially viable input use and production. Based on different scenarios, the estimated net present values (NPV) computed at 8.5%; 13.9%; 25.9%; 28% and 30% interest rates show investment in motor pump-based smallholder irrigation is financially viable and robust even at high interest rate and volatile market conditions. The data also suggest that an increase in irrigated land leads to a higher profit margin/ha as a result of lower cost/ha and higher gross production values/ha. Despite that over abstraction of water and use of agro-chemicals may result in land degradation and reduced marginal benefits due to loss of micro nutrients and genetic diversity of crop varieties, our analyses fail to capture such external costs.
13 Hagos, Fitsum; Haileslassie, Amare; Getnet, Kindie; Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Bogale, A.; Getahun, Y. 2016. Marketing patterns of rainfed and irrigated systems: do they differ? Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) 29p. (Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) Working Paper 14)
Irrigation systems ; Rainfed farming ; Marketing techniques ; Economic aspects ; Farmers ; Irrigated farming ; Crops ; Cereal crops ; Grain legumes ; Vegetables ; Fruits ; Production possibilities ; Econometric models ; Households ; Irrigated land ; Land ownership / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047626)
(67.8 KB)
This study used nationwide dataset of 5000 households from four regions in Ethiopia to identify important determinants of market orientation, market participation and market outlet choices. The study used ordinary least square and instrumental regression and multivariate probit (MVP) techniques to do just that. Market-orientation was affected by productive capacity, oxen, total land area, irrigated land area, access to irrigation, and access to market information. Market participation is, in turn, affected by market oriented production, productive capacity and the availability of market information. With respect to outlet choices, the important role of market access conditions (mainly roads and storage facilities) and services (extension services and access to micro credit) were found to be important. Expanding the necessary infrastructure for irrigation development or creating the conditions for household adoption of different irrigation technologies is important for market production and participation and outlet choice decisions of households. Provision of adequate and timely marketing information is also another entry point to transform agriculture.
14 Getnet, Kindie; Haileslasseie, Amare; Dessalegne, Y.; Hagos, Fitsum; Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria. 2016. On the profitability of irrigated fodder production: comparative evidence from smallholders in Koga irrigation scheme, Ethiopia. Animal Production Science, 57(9):1962-1974. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15651]
Irrigation schemes ; Irrigated farming ; Farm income ; Profitability ; Investment ; Smallholders ; Stochastic processes ; Livestock ; Risk management ; Grasslands ; Chloris gayana ; Crop production ; Feed crops ; Onions ; Tomatoes ; Wheat ; Barley / Ethiopia / Koga Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047709)
Irrigated fodder production can be vitalised as a useful strategy to sustainably intensify subsistence livestock production owned and managed by smallholders and to diversify farm income through linkages to commercial livestock systems. However, uncertainty about the production and market environment of such a non-traditional commodity can be a major hindrance against commercialisation and scaling out of irrigated fodder production. This makes ex-ante analysis of profit portfolio and its determinants necessary in order to improve farmers’ investment and risk management decisions. Using a stochastic approach to farm profit analysis to account for business uncertainty, this paper simulated and compared the level and distribution of profit that smallholders in Koga irrigation scheme (Ethiopia) can generate from irrigated Rhodes grass seed and from traditional irrigated crops. The finding shows the absolute and comparative profitability of irrigated Rhodes grass seed. Though 0.19 times less profitable than irrigated onion, irrigated Rhodes grass seed is 4 times, 1.27 times, and 1.25 times more profitable than irrigated barley, irrigated wheat, and irrigated tomato, respectively. Profit from the commodity is robust to adverse business conditions such as yield reduction, cost increase, and price reduction, assuring optimism about positive financial returns from investments to expand production. Long-term business viability can be improved and farm income further stabilised through interventions targeted at fodder agronomy to enhance crop yield and at value chain development to improve market linkages and output price.
15 Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Abera, D. A.; Gebresamuel, G.; Giordano, Meredith; Langan, Simon. 2016. An assessment of integrated watershed management in Ethiopia. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 28p. (IWMI Working Paper 170) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2016.214]
Integrated management ; Watershed management ; Erosion ; Soil texture ; Soil fertility ; Gully erosion ; Vegetation ; Biodiversity ; Land productivity ; Grazing lands ; Cultivated land ; Surface water ; Groundwater recharge ; Water availability ; Rainwater ; Water harvesting ; Downstream ; Upstream ; Crop production ; Livestock production ; Socioeconomic environment ; Farm income ; Farmers ; Smallholders ; Resource management ; Living standards ; Community involvement ; Sedimentation ; Institutions / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047915)
(2 MB)
Sustainable participatory watershed management is an approach promoted by the Ethiopian government to restore natural resources and agricultural productivity across the country. This comparative study between six watershed programs shows that this approach increases farmers’ food security and incomes (around 50% on average), as well as their resilience to drought and other climate shocks. However, the study also confirms that the nature and scale of impact can vary significantly between watershed programs. The success of watershed management depends on multiple factors from the hydrological profile of the watershed to the local social and economic environment. Tailoring watershed interventions to the local context, associating conservation and livelihoods activities, and providing further financial and technical support to watershed committees are among the recommendations of this paper.
16 Otoo, Miriam; Lefore, Nicole; Schmitter, Petra; Barron, Jennie; Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria. 2018. Business model scenarios and suitability: smallholder solar pump-based irrigation in Ethiopia. Agricultural Water Management – Making a Business Case for Smallholders. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 67p. (IWMI Research Report 172) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2018.207]
Business management ; Models ; Solar energy ; Energy policies ; Irrigation methods ; Irrigation practices ; Pumping ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Alternative methods ; Environmental sustainability ; Environmental impact ; Corporate culture ; Policy making ; Renewable energy ; Agricultural financial policy ; Financing ; Supply chain ; Economic aspects ; Irrigated farming ; Agricultural production ; Investment ; Intensification ; Food security ; Nutrition ; Water supply ; Water management ; Groundwater ; Regulations ; Rural communities ; Markets ; Small scale systems ; Women's participation ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Case studies ; Innovation scaling / Africa / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048583)
(2 MB)
This report outlines a business model approach to assessing the feasibility and for encouraging investment in smallholder solar pump irrigation. It also proposes a new methodology for mapping the suitability of solar energy-based irrigation pumps. The proposed business model framework and the methodology for suitability mapping are applied to Ethiopia as a case study, based on data from existing case studies and reports. A brief analysis outlines the regulatory and institutional context for investment in solar pump irrigation, and the ways in which it both constrains and attempts to support investment. The report identifies and outlines three business model scenarios that present opportunities for investing in smallholder solar pump-based irrigation, which would contribute towards sustainable intensification for food and nutrition security. The business model scenarios are based on the value proposition of supplying water to smallholder farmers for irrigated agricultural production. Analysis of potential gains and benefits suggests that direct purchase of solar pumps by farmers is feasible, and that out-grower schemes and pump supplier options with bundled financing offer promising solutions. The potential constraints that different investors may face in up-scaling the business models are also discussed, particularly within institutional, regulatory and financial contexts. The report provides development actors and investors with evidence-based information on the suitability and sustainability of solar pump irrigation in Ethiopia, as well as suggestions for helping to enable smallholders to invest in individually-owned, smallholder photovoltaic (PV) solar pumps.
17 Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Haileslassie, Amare; Biazin, B.; Schmitter, Petra; Chali, A.; Otoo, Miriam; Lefore, Nicole; Barron, Jennie; Tegegne, Desalegn; Dubale, T. 2019. Solar-powered water pumping can boost smallholder income: a business model based on action research from LIVES [Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders] and Africa RISING [Research in Sustainable Intensification for the Next Generation] sites. In Mekonnen, K.; Yasabu, S.; Gebremedhin, B.; Woldemeskel, E.; Tegegne, A.; Thorne, P. (Eds.). Proceedings of a Workshop and Exhibition on Promoting Productivity and Market Access Technologies and Approaches to Improve Farm Income and Livelihoods in Ethiopia: Lessons from Action Research Projects, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 8-9 December 2016. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). pp.78-80.
Water supply ; Solar energy ; Pumping ; Irrigation water ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Farm income ; Business models ; Costs ; Projects / Ethiopia / Oromia / Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR)
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049338)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/102356/AR_proceedings_2019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049338.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049338.pdf
(0.61 MB) (6.23 MB)
18 Mekuria, Wolde; Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Lefore, Nicole. 2020. Exclosures for landscape restoration in Ethiopia: business model scenarios and suitability. Agricultural Water Management – Making a Business Case for Smallholders. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 62p. (IWMI Research Report 175) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.201]
Landscape conservation ; Exclosures ; Business models ; Land degradation ; Sustainable land management ; Natural resources management ; Ecosystem services ; Crop production ; Fruits ; Trees ; Apiculture ; Honey production ; Livestock production ; Fattening ; Feed production ; Forage yield ; Grazing lands ; Land use ; Land cover ; Horticulture ; Environmental sustainability ; Integrated systems ; Markets ; Supply chain ; Financing ; Income ; Incentives ; Cash flow ; Cost benefit analysis ; Economic viability ; Investment ; Institutions ; Strategies ; Regulations ; Policies ; Multi-stakeholder processes ; Private sector ; Government agencies ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Feasibility studies ; Rural areas ; Local communities ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Gender ; Women ; Living standards / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049614)
(2.88 MB)
Land degradation is a critical problem around the world. Intensive rain-fed and irrigated crop and livestock systems have contributed to the degradation of land and natural resources. Numerous institutional and socioeconomic challenges complicate attempts to reverse land degradation, including the lack of short-term incentives for investment; low investment by communities in natural resources management that offers little immediate financial reward; failure of public sector institutions to invest sufficiently in natural resources management because of low, immediate political rewards; and sectoral fragmentation, among others. In poor communities, the incentive to extract short-term economic returns from land and natural resources often outweighs perceived benefits from investing in long-term environmental restoration, and related economic and ecosystem returns.
Restoring degraded ecosystems through the establishment of exclosures – areas that are excluded from woodcutting, grazing and agricultural activities – is an increasingly common practice in the Ethiopian Highlands, and regional states are also following this practice. This report proposes and applies an adapted business model to explore the feasibility of exclosures for land restoration. It aims to identify short-term revenue streams from activities that can be carried out within exclosures, such as beekeeping, harvesting fodder for livestock fattening, and cultivating high-value plant species, including fruits and herbs. These are feasible, sustainable economic activities that could allow for the restoration of ecosystem services over the long term. Mobilization of financial resources, engagement of local communities, provision of training and continuous follow-up, as well as facilitation of market opportunities in the value chain for local communities and enterprises (e.g., creating market linkages and establishing innovation platform to engage with market actors) could support the sustainable implementation of the revenue streams.
Restoring degraded ecosystems through the establishment of exclosures – areas that are excluded from woodcutting, grazing and agricultural activities – is an increasingly common practice in the Ethiopian Highlands, and regional states are also following this practice. This report proposes and applies an adapted business model to explore the feasibility of exclosures for land restoration. It aims to identify short-term revenue streams from activities that can be carried out within exclosures, such as beekeeping, harvesting fodder for livestock fattening, and cultivating high-value plant species, including fruits and herbs. These are feasible, sustainable economic activities that could allow for the restoration of ecosystem services over the long term. Mobilization of financial resources, engagement of local communities, provision of training and continuous follow-up, as well as facilitation of market opportunities in the value chain for local communities and enterprises (e.g., creating market linkages and establishing innovation platform to engage with market actors) could support the sustainable implementation of the revenue streams.
19 Namara, R. E.; Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Giordano, M.; De Fraiture, C. 2023. Small pumps and poor farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa: an assessment of current extent of use and poverty outreach. In Pavelic, Paul; Villholth, K. G.; Verma, Shilp. (Eds.). Sustainable groundwater development for improved livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge. pp.83-95. (Routledge Special Issues on Water Policy and Governance)
Small-scale irrigation ; Pumps ; Farmers ; Poverty ; Assessment ; Smallholders ; Groundwater irrigation ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Technology ; Policies / Africa South of Sahara / Ethiopia / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H052024)
The expansion of irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa has been slow. In Asia, the rapid expansion of smallholder irrigation systems was attributed in part to the availability and affordability of motorized pumps. This paper appraises the current extent of pump-based irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa; profiles the socio-economic and demographic attributes of current pump adopters; and assesses the poverty outreach of small-pump technology. It shows that private smallholder irrigation is practised mainly by the wealthier farmers. The development of groundwater irrigation requires targeted and deliberate public-policy interventions and institutional support focusing on the more marginal farmers.
20 Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Villholth, Karen G.; Hanjra, Munir A.; Yirga, M.; Namara, R. E. 2023. Cost-benefit analysis and ideas for cost sharing of groundwater irrigation: evidence from north-eastern Ethiopia. In Pavelic, Paul; Villholth, K. G.; Verma, Shilp. (Eds.). Sustainable groundwater development for improved livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge. pp.148-159. (Routledge Special Issues on Water Policy and Governance)
Groundwater irrigation ; Cost benefit analysis ; Cost sharing ; Smallholders ; Wells ; Investment ; Income ; Financing ; Cost recovery ; Households / Africa South of Sahara / Ethiopia / Raya Valley / Kobo Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H052027)
The government of Ethiopia has invested in groundwater development for smallholder irrigation in the Raya Valley and Kobo Valley, north-eastern Ethiopia, where the hydrogeological potential is large but not fully developed. A cost-benefit analysis shows that investment in deep groundwater irrigation development is viable at a 9.5% discount rate in 75% of the wells. Assuming full cost recovery of capital investment, the annual payment rates (annuity) that irrigation users should pay over the wells’ service life (25 years) were estimated. It is recommended that future investment be based on cost sharing rather than full cost recovery to facilitate uptake and address financial realities.
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