Your search found 12 records
1 Bartram, J.; Lloyd, B. 1992. Water use in Andes. Waterlines, 10(3):2-4.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H09726)
2 Bartram, J.; Ballance, R. (Eds.) 1996. Water quality monitoring: A practical guide to the design and implementation of freshwater quality studies and monitoring programmes. London, UK: E & FN Spon. xii, 383p.
Water quality ; Monitoring ; Design ; Water analysis ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; Water use ; Water pollution ; Public health ; Chemical control ; Biological control ; Hydrology ; Sedimentary materials ; Measurement
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 BAR Record No: H022853)
3 Bartram, J.; Cotruvo, J.; Exner, M.; Fricker, C.; Glasmacher, A. (Eds.) 2003. Heterotrophic plate counts and drinking-water safety: The significance of HPCs for water quality and human health. London, UK: IWA publishing. xiii, 256p.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 628.1 G000 BAR Record No: H033187)
4 Bartram, J.; Lewis, K.; Lenton, R.; Wright, A. 2005. Focusing on improved water and sanitation for health. Lancet, 365:810-812.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 7295 Record No: H036705)
5 Howard, G.; Bartram, J.; Pedley, S.; Schmoll, O.; Chorus, I.; Berger, P. 2006. Groundwater and public health. In Schmoll, O.; Howard, G.; Chilton, J.; Chorus, I. (Eds.). Protecting groundwater for health: Managing the quality of drinking-warter sources. London, UK: PUB IWA Publishing for WHO. pp.3-19.
Groundwater ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Waterborne diseases ; Water supply ; Sanitation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 613.287 G000 SCH Record No: H040322)
6 Pruss-Ustun, A.; Bos, R.; Gore, F.; Bartram, J.. 2008. Safer water, better health: costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 60p.
Waterborne diseases ; Gastrointestinal diseases ; Hygiene ; Parasitoses ; Disease prevention ; Control methods ; Cost benefit analysis ; Water supply ; Sanitation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043304)
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596435_eng.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043304.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043304.pdf
(2.63 MB) (2.62 MB)
How much disease could be prevented through increased access to safe water and adequate sanitation, through improved water management and through better hygiene? What do we know about effective interventions, their costs and benefits in specific settings, or about financing policies and mechanisms? This report presents an overview of our current knowledge on the health impacts by country and by disease, of what has worked to reduce that burden, and of the financial requirements. Almost one tenth of the global disease burden, mainly in the developing countries, could be prevented by water, sanitation and hygiene interventions. Moreover, effective and affordable interventions have been shown to further reduce this burden significantly. The economic return of investing in improved access to safe drinkingwater is almost 10-fold. Investing in water management will have dual benefits for health and agriculture. This overview provides arguments for fully integrating water, sanitation and hygiene in countries’ disease reduction strategies - a prerequisite to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It provides the basis for action by the health sector and those sectors managing critical water resources and services. Resulting benefits will include poverty alleviation, improved quality of life and reduction of costs to the health-care system.
7 Bain, R.; Wright, J.; Yang, H.; Gundry, S.; Pedley, S.; Bartram, J.. 2014. Improved but not necessarily safe: water access and the millennium development goals. In Grafton, R. Q.; Wyrwoll, P.; White, C.; Allendes, D. (Eds.). Global water: issues and insights. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University (ANU Press). pp.89-94.
Water management ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Water storage ; Households ; Chemical contamination / Ethiopia / Jordan / Nicaragua / Nigeria / Tajikistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046548)
http://press.anu.edu.au/apps/bookworm/view/Global+Water%3A+Issues+and+Insights/11041/ch04.2.xhtml#toc_marker-24
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046548.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046548.pdf
(0.21 MB)
8 Kelly, E.; Lee, K.; Shields, K. F.; Cronk, R.; Behnke, N.; Klug, T.; Bartram, J.. 2017. The role of social capital and sense of ownership in rural community-managed water systems: qualitative evidence from Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia. Journal of Rural Studies, 56:156-166. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.08.021]
Water supply ; Communal ownership ; Water management ; Community management ; Collective action ; Community involvement ; Committees ; Sustainability ; Resource management ; Social capital ; Information exchange ; Decision making ; Women's participation ; Socioeconomic environment ; Equity ; Labour ; Developing countries ; Rural communities / Ghana / Kenya / Zambia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048374)
(0.36 MB)
Many water systems in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries are community-managed. Ensuring the long-term sustainability of community-managed systems is important to achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) six, which calls for universal access to safe water. Social capital and sense of ownership are theorized to influence the effectiveness of community-management. To explore this relationship, we conducted a qualitative study of how and why social capital and sense of ownership facilitate water system sustainability, and their relationship to one another. Individual interviews and focus group discussions with community members, water committee members, local leaders, and external support actors were conducted in eighteen communities with successful community-managed water systems in Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia. We found that social capital facilitates water system solicitation, water committee elections, resource mobilization, and information sharing. Sense of ownership plays a role in organizing and enabling water system decision processes, physical labor, and resource mobilization. Both social capital and sense of ownership facilitate different forms of community participation that are crucial to processes which support water system sustainability. Further, our results suggest a new theoretical framework where social capital and sense of ownership are inherently linked through community participation and can thereby interact to magnify or undermine each other's effects. Results also suggest that social capital and sense of ownership can have meaningful effects on socioeconomic and gender equality in rural communities by creating opportunities for alternative resource mobilization and female participation. We suggest external support actors actively assess and leverage the social strengths of rural communities, identify successful and skilled community members, encourage female leadership, and emphasize activities and trainings that incorporate social capital and ownership.
9 Luh, J.; Ojomo, E.; Evans, B.; Bartram, J.. 2017. National drinking water targets - trends and factors associated with target-setting. Water Policy, 19(5):851-866. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.108]
Drinking water ; National planning ; Standards ; International comparisons ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Millennium Development Goals ; Assessment ; Rural environment ; Urban environment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048419)
(0.42 MB)
We examine how national targets change with time and show that no consistent pattern exists across all countries examined for this article during the 1980–2013 period. Instead, countries fall into different trend types including constant, increasing, and decreasing national targets with time. We found that level of coverage is one likely factor in determining the national target of a country, where countries with low coverage levels set lower national targets compared to countries with high levels of coverage. In general, most countries set ambitious national targets that require the future rate of change to be more than 20% greater than the current rate. Setting ambitious targets is related to greater progress in increasing coverage, as long as the national target does not require countries to more than triple their current rate of change. Changes in national standards of safe water were shown to have occurred, where improved technology type was not used in national standards in 1994 but was present in 2011 and 2013. Comparison of national and international targets suggests that international targets may influence national targets, with approximately 70% of countries having national targets equal to, higher than, or converging towards international targets.
10 Crocker, J.; Saywell, D.; Shields, K. F.; Kolsky, P.; Bartram, J.. 2017. The true costs of participatory sanitation: evidence from community-led total sanitation studies in Ghana and Ethiopia. Science of the Total Environment, 601-602:1075-1083. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.279]
Sanitation ; Participatory approaches ; Cost analysis ; Community involvement ; Human behaviour ; Hygiene ; Investment ; Development programmes ; Training ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Villages ; Households / Ghana / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048439)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717313992/pdfft?md5=131bf39ae397a5e19fd7896b69ffd7e7&pid=1-s2.0-S0048969717313992-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048439.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048439.pdf
(0.72 MB) (736 KB)
Evidence on sanitation and hygiene program costs is used for many purposes. The few studies that report costs use top-down costing methods that are inaccurate and inappropriate. Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) is a participatory behavior-change approach that presents difficulties for cost analysis. We used implementation tracking and bottom-up, activity-based costing to assess the process, program costs, and local investments for four CLTS interventions in Ghana and Ethiopia. Data collection included implementation checklists, surveys, and financial records review. Financial costs and value-of-time spent on CLTS by different actors were assessed. Results are disaggregated by intervention, cost category, actor, geographic area, and project month. The average household size was 4.0 people in Ghana, and 5.8 people in Ethiopia. The program cost of CLTS was $30.34–$81.56 per household targeted in Ghana, and $14.15–$19.21 in Ethiopia. Most program costs were from training for three of four interventions. Local investments ranged from $7.93–$22.36 per household targeted in Ghana, and $2.35–$3.41 in Ethiopia. This is the first study to present comprehensive, disaggregated costs of a sanitation and hygiene behavior-change intervention. The findings can be used to inform policy and finance decisions, plan program scale-up, perform cost-effectiveness and benefit studies, and compare different interventions. The costing method is applicable to other public health behavior-change programs.
11 Manga, M.; Bartram, J.; Evans, B. E. 2020. Economic cost analysis of low-cost sanitation technology options in informal settlement areas (case study: Soweto, Johannesburg) International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 223(1):289-298. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.06.012]
Sanitation ; Appropriate technology ; Informal settlements ; Cost analysis ; Financing ; Operating costs ; Maintenance ; Waste treatment ; Sewerage ; Latrines ; Population density ; Households ; Case studies / South Africa / Johannesburg / Soweto
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049490)
(0.51 MB)
In Urban Africa, water and sanitation utility companies are facing a huge backlog of sanitation provision in the informal settlement areas. In order to clear this backlog, new investment is required. However, to select appropriate sanitation technologies, lifecycle costs need to be assessed. The aim of this research was to establish lifecycle costs for appropriate sanitation technologies in informal settlement areas. Three sanitation options were compared: simplified sewerage, urine diversion dry toilet (UDDT) and Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrine. Three scenarios for simplified sewerage were considered; gravity flow into existing conventional sewers with treatment; new-build with pumping and treatment; and new-build gravity flow with treatment. The study revealed that simplified sewerage is the cheapest option for Soweto informal settlement, even when the costs of pumping and treatment are included. Gravity simplified sewerage with treatment is cheaper than the UDDT system and VIP latrine at all population densities above 158 and 172 persons/ha, respectively. The total annual cost per household of simplified sewerage and treatment was US$142 compared to US$156 and US$144 for UDDT and VIP latrine respectively. The costs of simplified sewerage could be recovered through a monthly household surcharge and cross-subsidy summing US$5.3 The study concluded that simplified sewerage system was the first choice for Soweto informal settlement areas, given the current population density.
12 Kelly, E.; Cronk, R.; Fisher, M.; Bartram, J.. 2021. Sanitary inspection, microbial water quality analysis, and water safety in handpumps in rural Sub-Saharan Africa. npj Clean Water, 4:3. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-020-00093-z]
Water, sanitation and hygiene ; Water quality ; Biological contamination ; Microbiological analysis ; Risk factors ; Escherichia coli ; Drinking water ; Water supply ; Boreholes ; Manual pumps ; Rural areas ; Models / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050530)
(0.61 MB) (628 KB)
In sub-Saharan Africa, over half of the population is exposed to contaminated drinking water. The WHO recommends both sanitary inspection and water quality analysis to assess the risk of water source contamination, but the relationship between these tools is poorly understood. We explore the relationship between sanitary inspection and water quality analysis using data from 1028 boreholes with handpumps in 12 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Sanitary inspection scores and E. coli occurrence were compared using the models described in published literature, and an alternative model that better reflects causal pathways of contamination. In the alternative model, sanitary risk factors were categorized as contamination sources, carriers, or barrier breakdowns, and the relationships between risk factor combinations and E. coli occurrence were assessed. We found no associations between sanitary risk score and E. coli occurrence using either the established or alternative model. These results confirm that sanitary inspections and microbial analyses convey distinct information, and perfect correlation is neither expected nor desired. The alternative model demonstrated a slightly better model fit than most established models, and the model fit further improved when the occurrence of rainfall in the past two days was added as a carrier. We recommend that: implementers train water system operators to conduct sanitary inspection; and researchers work to improve our understanding of the effect of individual sanitary risk factors, as well as incorporate contextual data into their assessments of sanitary inspection and water quality.
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