Your search found 12 records
1 Kafle, K.; Benfica, R.; Winters, P. 2018. Does relative deprivation induce migration?: evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Rome, Italy: International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). 42p. (IFAD Research Series 21)
Migration ; Living standards ; Measurement ; Household consumption ; Household expenditure ; Migrants ; Poverty ; Socioeconomic environment ; Equity ; Models / Africa South of Sahara / United Republic of Tanzania / Ethiopia / Malawi / Nigeria / Uganda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049176)
https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40236764/21_Research_n%C2%B021_web.pdf/39613ca3-ef3a-48c9-9440-c5de858aba53
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049176.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049176.pdf
(0.67 MB) (684 KB)
This paper revisits the decades-old relative deprivation theory of migration. In contrast to the traditional view that portrays absolute income maximization as a driver of migration, we test whether relative deprivation induces migration in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. Taking advantage of the internationally comparable longitudinal data from integrated household and agriculture surveys from Tanzania, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria and Uganda, we use panel fixed effects to estimate the effects of relative deprivation on migration. We find that a household’s migration decision is based not only on its well-being status, but also on the relative position of the household in the well-being distribution of the local community. Relative deprivation of wealth was positively associated with migration and migration increased with the absolute level of wealth. These results are robust to alternative specifications including pooled data across the five countries, and the “migration-relative deprivation” relationship is amplified in rural, agricultural and male-headed households. Results imply a need to renew the discussion of relative deprivation as a cause of migration.
2 Kafle, Kashi; Benfica, R.; Winters, P. 2020. Does relative deprivation induce migration?: evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 102(3):999-1019. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajae.12007]
Migration ; Deprivation ; Household consumption ; Expenditure ; Migrants ; Living standards ; Socioeconomic environment ; Economic aspects ; Models / Africa South of Sahara / United Republic of Tanzania / Ethiopia / Malawi / Nigeria / Uganda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049532)
(0.54 MB)
This analysis revisits the decades-old relative deprivation theory of migration. In contrast to the traditional view that migration is driven by absolute income maximization, we test whether relative deprivation induces migration in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. Taking advantage of the internationally comparable longitudinal data from integrated household and agriculture surveys from Tanzania, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda, we use panel fixed effects to estimate the effects of relative deprivation on migration decisions. Using per capita consumption expenditure and multidimensional wealth index as well-being measures, we find that a household’s migration decision is based not only on its absolute well-being level but also on the relative position of the household in the well-being distribution of the community in which it resides. We also discover that the effect of relative deprivation on migration is amplified in rural, agricultural, and male-headed households. Results are robust to alternative specifications including the use of Hausman Taylor Instrumental Variable (HTIV) estimator and pooled data across the five countries. Results confirm that the “migration-relative deprivation” relationship also holds in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. We argue that policies designed to check rural–urban migration through rural transformation and poverty reduction programs should use caution because such programs can increase economic inequality, which further increases migration flow.
3 Dessalegn, Mengistu; Nicol, Alan; Debevec, Liza. 2020. From poverty to complexity?: the challenge of out-migration and development policy in Ethiopia. [Policy Brief of the Migration Governance and Agricultural and Rural Change (AGRUMIG) Project]. London, UK: SOAS University of London. 8p. (AGRUMIG Policy Brief Series 2)
Migration ; Development policies ; Governance ; Labour mobility ; Migrants ; Agriculture ; Employment ; Remittances ; Rural areas ; Urban areas ; Poverty / Africa / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049561)
http://agrumig.iwmi.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/41/2020/01/Policy-Brief-Series-No.-2.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049561.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049561.pdf
(1.35 MB) (1.35 MB)
This brief assesses the current state of migration-related policies in Ethiopia, and provides some early recommendations and policy pointers based on work carried out under the AGRUMIG project. In Ethiopia, the scale of migration and its impacts on rural and urban transformations are underestimated and probably increasing. There is a lack of a coherent national migration policy in the country, which is a potential development hindrance. Establishing a national migration policy and improving bilateral arrangements with receiving countries could help Ethiopia reap greater positive impacts from migration and remittance income, including assisting in crucial processes of social transformation in rural areas.
4 Sedova, B.; Kalkuhl, M. 2020. Who are the climate migrants and where do they go?: evidence from rural India. World Development, 129:104848. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104848]
Rural urban migration ; Climate change ; Extreme weather events ; Migrants ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Precipitation ; Temperature ; Policies ; Econometrics ; Models / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049638)
(14.80 MB)
In this paper, we move from the large strand of research that looks at evidence of climate migration to the questions: who are the climate migrants? and where do they go? These questions are crucial to design policies that mitigate welfare losses of migration choices due to climate change. We study the direct and heterogeneous associations between weather extremes and migration in rural India. We combine ERA5 reanalysis data with the India Human Development Survey household panel and conduct regression analyses by applying linear probability and multinomial logit models. This enables us to establish a causal relationship between temperature and precipitation anomalies and overall migration as well as migration by destination. We show that adverse weather shocks decrease rural-rural and international migration and push people into cities in different, presumably more prosperous states. A series of positive weather shocks, however, facilitates international migration and migration to cities within the same state. Further, our results indicate that in contrast to other migrants, climate migrants are likely to be from the lower end of the skill distribution and from households strongly dependent on agricultural production. We estimate that approximately 8% of all rural-urban moves between 2005 and 2012 can be attributed to weather. This figure might increase as a consequence of climate change. Thus, a key policy recommendation is to take steps to facilitate integration of less educated migrants into the urban labor market.
5 Suhardiman, Diana; Rigg, J.; Bandur, M.; Marschke, M.; Miller, M. A.; Pheuangsavanh, N.; Sayatham, M.; Taylor, D. 2021. On the coattails of globalization: migration, migrants and COVID-19 in Asia. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(1):88-109. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1844561]
Migration ; Migrants ; Migrant labour ; Labour mobility ; COVID-19 ; Pandemics ; Sustainable livelihoods ; Globalization ; Working conditions ; Unemployment ; Remuneration ; Uncertainty ; Social aspects ; Economic aspects ; Households / Asia / Bangladesh / India / Lao People's Democratic Republic / Myanmar / Singapore / Thailand / China
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050115)
(1.73 MB)
Positioning migrants as quintessential globalisation subjects, this paper reveals how the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the ambivalent positioning of migration as a pathway for human development. Drawing on interviews with international and domestic labour migrants from Bangladesh, India, Laos and Myanmar working in Laos, Myanmar, China, Singapore and Thailand, the paper explores the vulnerabilities, challenges and opportunities that have come with migration and how these have been reconfigured as the pandemic has progressed, disproportionately heightening migrants’ exposure to the virus and their socioeconomic precarity. Through their personal stories, the paper provides insights into the evolving livelihood pathways of migrant workers during the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, their (changing) views of migration as a route to progress, and tentatively sets out how ruptures caused by the pandemic may lead to a re-thinking of livelihood pathways for such men and women and their families.
6 Huijsmans, R. (Ed.) 2016. Generationing development: a relational approach to children, youth and development. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. 335p. (Palgrave Studies on Children and Development) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55623-3]
Children ; Youth ; Child development ; Young workers ; Age groups ; Socioeconomic environment ; Economic development ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Gender ; Women ; Violence ; Discrimination ; Refugees ; Poverty ; Migration ; Migrants ; Labour ; Sex workers ; Agricultural sector ; Farmers ; Teachers ; Parents ; Livelihoods ; Education ; Schools ; Households ; Marriage ; Social aspects ; Rural communities ; Cash transfers ; Urban areas / Jordan / Canada / Vietnam / Ethiopia / Ghana / India / Ecuador / Burundi / Nova Scotia / Addis Ababa / Tamale / Tamil Nadu
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H049581)
7 Murzakulova, A.; Dessalegn, Mengistu; Phalkey, N. 2021. Examining migration governance: evidence of rising insecurities due to COVID-19 in China, Ethiopia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Morocco, Nepal and Thailand. Comparative Migration Studies, 9:44. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-021-00254-0]
Migration ; Governance ; Livelihoods ; Policies ; Migrants ; COVID-19 ; Pandemics / Asia / Africa / Europe / China / Ethiopia / Kyrgyzstan / Republic of Moldova / Morocco / Nepal / Thailand
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050732)
https://comparativemigrationstudies.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40878-021-00254-0.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050732.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050732.pdf
(0.49 MB) (505 KB)
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly changed the context of global migration. From a migration perspective, the pandemic is a source of insecurities that challenge migrants, their livelihoods and migration governance. Meanwhile, curtailment in movement has led to economic decline affecting labour markets. For migrant origin and hosting countries, this poses multidimensional development challenges. Analysis from March to August 2020 of China, Ethiopia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Morocco, Nepal and Thailand highlights the varying ways in which they are all severely affected by the disruptions in migration, suggesting a potentially emerging complex situation in migration patterns and pathways. The disruptions in migration and remittances have had a profound impact on migrants and migrant-sending households. The uncertainty of migration returning to pre-pandemic levels and the potential of lasting consequences on migrants and migration patterns and pathways, suggests a future of greater risk and exploitation, and a wider gap between formal and informal migration. This paper calls for greater mobility cooperation between countries and suggests strengthening mobility migration frameworks and policies for safer migration and for the rights of migrants.
8 Bastia, T. 2019. Gender, migration and social transformation: intersectionality in Bolivian itinerant migrations. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge. 180p. (Gender, space and society)
Gender relations ; Gender equality ; Migration ; Social networks ; Social mobility ; Transformation ; Migrants ; Women ; Labour market ; Mining ; Decision making ; Collective action ; Communities ; Political aspects ; Domestic violence ; Legislation ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Children ; Households / Bolivia / Spain / Argentina / Cochabamba / Buenos Aires / Madrid / Algeciras / San Fernando
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H051328)
9 Gebreegziabher, A. G.; Haile, B. 2023. Gender sensitivity of Ethiopia’s legislation on emigration: findings and recommendations. [Policy Brief of the Migration Governance and Agricultural and Rural Change (AGRUMIG) Project]. London, UK: SOAS University of London. 8p. (AGRUMIG Policy Brief Series 12)
Emigration ; Legislation ; Gender equality ; Migrants ; Governance ; Agriculture ; Rural areas ; Employment ; Women ; Policies ; Rehabilitation ; Institutions / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051962)
(6.37 MB)
10 Mollinga, P.; Lamba, A.; Aderghal, M.; Amzil, L.; Dessalegn, Mengistu; Masotti, M.; Murzakulova, A.; Kharel, A.; Sugden, F.; Pagogna, R.; Fengbo, C.; Jian, C. 2023. Making sense of diversity in agrarian and rural change outcomes of labor out-migration through comparative analysis: first lessons from China, Ethiopia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Morocco, Nepal and Thailand. [Policy Brief of the Migration Governance and Agricultural and Rural Change (AGRUMIG) Project]. London, UK: SOAS University of London. 8p. (AGRUMIG Policy Brief Series 24)
Labour ; Migration ; Migrants ; Governance ; Diversity ; Agrarian structure ; Rural development ; Policies ; Remittances ; Households ; Agriculture ; Livelihoods ; Land concentration ; Environmental factors ; Comparative analysis / China / Ethiopia / Kyrgyzstan / Republic of Moldova / Morocco / Nepal / Thailand
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052014)
(3.01 MB)
11 Varshney, Deepak; Meenakshi, J. V. 2023. Employment effects of an emergency assistance package for migrants displaced by COVID-19 in India. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 45(4):1922-1940. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13364]
Employment ; Migrants ; Emergency relief ; COVID-19 ; Social welfare ; State intervention ; Cost effectiveness analysis ; Households ; Rural areas / India / Bihar / Jharkhand / Madhya Pradesh / Rajasthan / Uttar Pradesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052032)
(1.65 MB)
This paper examines the employment effects of an emergency assistance package by the Indian government, the Garib Kalyan Rozgar Abhiyaan that had the sole objective of providing employment to returning migrants. It was targeted to 116 districts that had seen returning migrants in excess of 25,000, was limited in duration to 4 months, and was directed at top-up funding to public works and 25 other target sectors in rural areas. Using a sharp RD approach, we find that the intervention had substantive impacts on employment and in reducing rationing in public works and that it did so in a cost-effective manner. In contrast to the widespread impression of a slow-moving bureaucracy, these results point to an administrative machinery that was able to successfully implement this project within a relatively short period of time.
12 Murzakulova, A.; Abdoubaetova, A. 2022. Mainstreaming the needs of migrant children and sending communities into the rural schools development agenda in Kyrgyzstan. [Policy Brief of the Migration Governance and Agricultural and Rural Change (AGRUMIG) Project]. London, UK: SOAS University of London. 7p. (AGRUMIG Policy Brief Series 8)
Migration ; Migrants ; Children ; Mainstreaming ; Labour ; Schools ; Rural areas ; Communities ; Stakeholders ; Infrastructure ; Policies ; Governance / Kyrgyzstan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052219)
(1.21 MB)
Many studies indicate that labor migration is the main economic survival strategy for all population groups in Kyrgyzstan, but especially young people. Migration affects rural schools in several ways. Young people are not interested in fully completing their secondary education, and after the 9th grade, many drop out of school and start looking for jobs. This problem is compounded by the shortage of school teachers in the country. According to the Ministry of Education and Science of the Kyrgyz Republic, teaching vacancies in subjects such as computer science, English, biology, chemistry, mathematics and physical education have not been filled for years in many schools. Recent university graduates are not interested in filling these vacancies as labor migration offers a more favorable way of entering the labor market.
This migration of the working age population can, however, have a negative impact on left-behind children, worsening their academic performance. National Assessment of the Educational Achievements for grad school students (NOODU) data show that students’ performance at schools differs markedly between children whose parents are labour migrants outside of the country and their peers whose parents remain with them. The former often have the worst performances in schools. This is mostly because left behind children, mostly teens, have to fill the labour shortage in the household.
The multidimensional impacts of labor mobility are therefore closely intertwined and reflected in problems felt within the school system (lack of teachers and poor academic performance of migrant children). This can cause long-term negative impacts on education. However, despite the scale of labor migration, very little has been done to understand how rural schools cope with these challenges. This policy brief aims to raise stakeholder awareness of the impact of labor migration on the institution of secondary education in rural communities with active migration outflows, and offers key recommendations for further actions and interventions.
This migration of the working age population can, however, have a negative impact on left-behind children, worsening their academic performance. National Assessment of the Educational Achievements for grad school students (NOODU) data show that students’ performance at schools differs markedly between children whose parents are labour migrants outside of the country and their peers whose parents remain with them. The former often have the worst performances in schools. This is mostly because left behind children, mostly teens, have to fill the labour shortage in the household.
The multidimensional impacts of labor mobility are therefore closely intertwined and reflected in problems felt within the school system (lack of teachers and poor academic performance of migrant children). This can cause long-term negative impacts on education. However, despite the scale of labor migration, very little has been done to understand how rural schools cope with these challenges. This policy brief aims to raise stakeholder awareness of the impact of labor migration on the institution of secondary education in rural communities with active migration outflows, and offers key recommendations for further actions and interventions.
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