Your search found 14 records
1 Khandker, V.; Gandhi, V. P.; Johnson, N. 2020. Gender perspective in water management: the involvement of women in participatory water institutions of eastern India. Water, 12(1):196. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010196]
Water management ; Gender ; Women's participation ; Participatory approaches ; Water institutions ; Water user associations ; Community involvement ; Water policy ; Decision making ; Impact assessment ; Social aspects ; Economic aspects ; Household surveys / India / Assam / Bihar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049625)
(1.20 MB) (1.20 MB)
The paper examines the extent, nature, and factors affecting women’s involvement in participatory irrigation institutions of eastern India. Effective participatory water institutions are urgently needed to improve water management in eastern India, and a significant aspect of this is the involvement of women. There is inadequate representation, participation, and involvement of women in most water institutions. From the participatory and social point of view, this is a significant concern. The relevant data are obtained from the states of Assam and Bihar through a focused survey administered to 109 women in 30 water institutions, and a larger farmer-institutional survey covering 510 households and 51 water institutions. The research examines the extent and nature of the involvement of women in these institutions, as well as in farm decision-making, and the factors that prevent or foster their participation. Additionally, it examines the gender congruence in views regarding water institution activities and their performance, and the perceived benefits of formal involvement of women. The results show that their inclusion is very low (except required inclusion in Bihar), and the concerns of women are usually not being taken into account. Women are involved in farming and water management decisions jointly with men but not independently. Findings indicate that the views of women and men differ on many aspects, and so their inclusion is important. Responses indicate that if women participate formally in water user associations, it would enhance their social and economic standing, achieve greater gender balance, expand their awareness of water management, and contribute to better decision-making in the water institutions.
2 Kalkuhl, M.; Schwerhoff, G.; Waha, K. 2020. Land tenure, climate and risk management. Ecological Economics, 171:106573. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106573]
Land tenure ; Climate change ; Risk management ; Share cropping ; Fertilizer application ; Farmers ; Livestock ; Investment ; Precipitation ; Strategies ; Household surveys ; Models / Africa / Burkina Faso / Cameroon / Ghana / Niger / Senegal / Egypt / Ethiopia / Kenya / South Africa / Zambia / Zimbabwe
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049641)
(1.66 MB)
We analyze to what extent climate conditions affect the prevalence of sharecropping as a form of traditional land tenure. We investigate how sharecropping tenure is related to climate risk and how it interacts with fertilizer use and livestock ownership that both influence production risk. We first develop a stylized theoretical model to illustrate the role of climate for land tenure and production. Our empirical analysis is based on more than 9000 households with considerable heterogeneity in climate conditions across several African countries. We find that farmers in areas with low precipitation are more likely to be sharecroppers. We further find evidence for risk management interaction effects as sharecropping farmers are less likely to own livestock and more likely to use fertilizer. In economies where formal kinds of insurance are unavailable, sharecropping thus functions as a form of insurance and reduces the need for potentially costly risk management strategies.
3 Kunwar, S. B.; Bohara, A. K.; Thacher, J. 2020. Public preference for river restoration in the Danda Basin, Nepal: a choice experiment study. Ecological Economics, 175:106690. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106690]
River restoration ; Public opinion ; Ecosystem services ; Environmental impact ; Water quality ; Willingness to pay ; Policy making ; Urban areas ; Communities ; Household surveys ; Models / Nepal / Danda River Basin / Siddharthanagar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049706)
(3.85 MB)
This paper develops a choice experiment method to assess the potential for sustainable management of a freshwater system, the Danda River, in Nepal. We use a primary survey data from 637 households, and the empirical analysis is conducted using the Generalized Multinomial Logit (GMNL) model. The findings indicate substantial demand for restoration of the Danda River, and it is indicative of the local public's preferences for an improvement in the Danda river ecosystem. Households were willing to pay up to $1.63/year to move away from the status quo level of services in the Danda River. Our analysis incorporates the respondents' preference uncertainty, and we also explore the presence of spatial heterogeneity using the method of hot spot analysis. We find the inclusion of preference uncertainty slightly increased the precision of the marginal willingness to pay estimates, while the hot spot analysis indicates that heterogeneity in preferences for the ecosystem services surfaces primarily from an urban center. Finally, results also indicates that households prefer community-based management of the Danda River, which highlights the need for policymakers to decentralize their management to the local communities so as to enhance interest in conservation of common pool resources like river ecosystems.
4 Moyo, M.; Van Rooyen, A.; Bjornlund, H.; Parry, K.; Stirzaker, R.; Dube, T.; Maya, M. 2020. The dynamics between irrigation frequency and soil nutrient management: transitioning smallholder irrigation towards more profitable and sustainable systems in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 26p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2020.1739513]
Irrigation schemes ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Soil fertility ; Soil moisture ; Nutrient management ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation water ; Water productivity ; Agricultural productivity ; Maize ; Water use ; Rain ; Fertilizers ; Sustainability ; Decision making ; Monitoring techniques ; Household surveys / Zimbabwe / Mkoba Irrigation Scheme / Silalatshani Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049729)
(3.28 MB)
Successful irrigated agriculture is underpinned by answering two critical questions: when and how much to irrigate. This article quantifies the role of the Chameleon and the Wetting Front Detector, monitoring tools facilitating decision-making and learning about soil-water-nutrient dynamics. Farmers retained nutrients in the root zone by reducing irrigation frequency, number of siphons, and event duration. Water productivity increased by more than 100% for farmers both with and without monitoring tools. Transitioning smallholder irrigation systems into profitable and sustainable schemes requires investment in technology, farmers and institutions. Importantly, technologies need embedding in a learning environment that fosters critical feedback mechanisms, such as market constraints.
5 Abate, G. T.; Dereje, M.; Hirvonen, K.; Minten, B. 2020. Geography of public service delivery in rural Ethiopia. World Development, 136:105133. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105133]
Public services ; Extension programmes ; Agricultural extension ; Health services ; Rural areas ; Villages ; Household surveys ; Poverty ; Economic aspects ; Policies / Africa / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049965)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X20302606/pdfft?md5=52d0f3462221caaca9a6ff158dde8c00&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X20302606-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049965.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049965.pdf
(0.95 MB) (976 KB)
Remote areas are often characterized by lower welfare outcomes due to economic disadvantages and higher transaction costs for trade. But their poorer situation may also be linked to worse public service delivery. Relying on large household surveys in rural Ethiopia, we explore this by assessing the association of two measures of remoteness – (1) the distance of service centers to district capitals and (2) the distance of households to service centers (the last mile) – with public service delivery in agriculture and health sectors. In the agriculture sector, we document statistically significant and economically meaningful associations between exposure to agriculture extension and the two measures of remoteness. For health extension, only the last mile matters. These differences between the two sectors could be due to the fact that more remote villages tend to have fewer agriculture extension workers who also put in fewer hours than their peers in more connected areas. This does not apply in the health sector. These findings provide valuable inputs for policymakers aiming to improve inclusiveness in poor rural areas.
6 Zenelabden, N.; Dikgang, J. 2022. Satisfaction with water services delivery in South Africa: the effects of social comparison. World Development, 156:105861. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105861]
Water supply ; Comparisons ; Socioeconomic environment ; Household income ; Water quality ; Public services ; Drinking water ; Household surveys / South Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051134)
(0.41 MB)
This paper investigates the role of social comparisons in determining the satisfaction of South African households with municipal water service delivery. We use a unique balanced-panel dataset from 2015 to 2017 with national coverage, from Statistics South Africa General Household Surveys. Our results show that social comparison significantly affect household satisfaction with water service delivery. Moreover, we find evidence of both downward and upward comparison, with the latter having the strongest effect. Hence, we find indication of both altruism or risk sharing and information signalling between closer neighbours. We conclude that, since satisfaction with water service delivery seems to be strongly influenced by psychological and behavioural factors such as social comparison, satisfaction surveys serve a limited purpose as a foundation for public policy, because satisfaction is determined in part by factors that are unrelated to the actual service experienced by households. Our empirical evidence confirms this line of reasoning. The findings are robust for variety of reference groups.
7 Kidane, R.; Wanner, T.; Nursey-Bray, M.; Masud-All-Kamal, Md.; Atampugre, G. 2022. The role of climatic and non-climatic factors in smallholder farmers’ adaptation responses: insights from rural Ethiopia. Sustainability, 14(9):5715. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095715]
Climate change adaptation ; Strategies ; Climatic factors ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Decision making ; Rural areas ; Livelihoods ; Vulnerability ; Rain ; Crops ; Diversification ; Policies ; Household surveys / Africa / Ethiopia / Tigray / Raya Azebo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051184)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/9/5715/pdf?version=1652329978
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051184.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051184.pdf
(0.94 MB) (960 KB)
This paper discusses how climatic and non-climatic factors, either separately or together, shape the adaptation responses of smallholder farmers in the Raya Azebo district of Ethiopia. Their adaptation responses included adjusting planting periods, crop diversification, changing crop types, adopting improved seeds, using irrigation, conducting migration, participation in wage employment, selling local food and drinks, and owning small shops. These adaptation responses were motivated by various climatic (e.g., drought and rainfall variability) as well as non-climatic factors (e.g., market conditions, yield-related factors, land scarcity, labor shortages, soil fertility issues, crop diseases, and limited local employment options). We therefore argue (i) that successful adaptation requires a broader understanding not just of climatic factors but also of the various social-ecological factors that shape smallholder farmers’ adaptations; and (ii) that the successful design and implementation of locally appropriate planned adaptation interventions require the inclusion of both climatic and non-climatic factors.
8 Islam, M. R. 2023. Factors influencing economic benefit of rainwater harvesting: an empirical analysis. AQUA - Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 72(1):32-48. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.040]
Rainwater harvesting ; Economic benefits ; Household surveys ; Poverty reduction ; Poverty alleviation ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Climate change ; Water supply ; Water use ; Infrastructure ; Water management / Bangladesh / Khulna / Bagerhat / Mongla
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051623)
https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article-pdf/72/1/32/1163987/jws0720032.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051623.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051623.pdf
(0.46 MB) (472 KB)
This study examines key factors influencing the economic benefit of rainwater harvesting on the household at the Mongla Upazila in the Bagerhat district of coastal Bangladesh. The household survey questionnaire was used to collect primary data from 1040 households. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analysis was applied to understand the relationship between economic benefit and factors that can affect economic benefit in the household. The empirical result shows that income (1.103**), storage capacity (0.574***), water price (32708.9***), age of rainwater harvesting (100.083***), and total cost (1.627***) positively impact economic benefit while the number of children (35.531**) has a negative relationship. The finding confirms the validity of statistical hypotheses. In addition, heterogeneity analysis was employed to test the model's strength and robustness check to validate the structural function and efficiency of the regression model. The finding concludes with policy recommendations, especially for rain-intensive countries that focus on (i) formulating and implementing rainwater harvesting policy; (ii) integrating rainwater harvesting as a tool for poverty reduction and achieving sustainable development goals; (iii) minimizing mismanagement of (rain) water that causes floods; (iv) initiating programmes and taking the necessary steps for providing financial and non-financial incentives for rainwater harvesting in commercial, and non-commercial buildings.
9 Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Mitra, Archisman; Osmani, Z.; Habib, A.; Mukherji, Aditi. 2023. Impact assessment of Solar Irrigation Pumps (SIPs) in Bangladesh: a baseline technical report. New Delhi, India: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 75p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2022.230]
Solar powered irrigation systems ; Pumps ; Impact assessment ; Solar energy ; Energy generation ; Gender equity ; Social inclusion ; Cropping patterns ; Irrigation practices ; Water extraction ; Tube wells ; Climate-smart agriculture ; Business models ; Tariffs ; Costs ; Tenant farmers ; Training ; Seasonal cropping ; Cultivated land ; Plot size ; Food security ; Public-private partnerships ; Villages ; Household surveys ; Socioeconomic environment ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Diesel oil / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051815)
(3.44 MB)
10 Gulte, E.; Tadele, H.; Haileslassie, Amare; Mekuria, Wolde. 2023. Perception of local communities on protected areas: lessons drawn from the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. Ecosystems and People, 19(1):2227282. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2023.2227282]
Protected areas ; Local communities ; Attitudes ; National parks ; Benefit-sharing mechanisms ; Biodiversity conservation ; Community organizations ; Participatory management ; Planning ; Economic benefits ; Income generation ; Awareness-raising ; Multi-stakeholder processes ; Livestock ; Ecotourism ; Livelihoods ; Household surveys / Ethiopia / Bale Mountains National Park
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052099)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/26395916.2023.2227282?needAccess=true&role=button
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052099.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052099.pdf
(2.79 MB) (2.79 MB)
A study targeting the Bale Mountains National Park in Ethiopia was conducted to gain a deeper understanding of local communities’ opinion on benefits and disbenefits of protected areas and existing benefit-sharing mechanisms and to suggest future research for development direction related to the management of protected areas. Household surveys, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were tools used to collect data. The results obtained through the analysis of the factors affecting the attitude of local communities on the park and its management demonstrated that efforts should be concentrated on improving communication with local communities and short-term economic benefits as well as identifying the reasons for the unhealthy relationships and addressing them. These issues can partly be addressed through creating and supporting effective and functioning multistakeholder platforms for dialogue and co-production of knowledge, continuous meetings and awareness-raising campaigns and integrating more income-generating activities. The results also suggested that park management and government authorities use their authority to decide how local communities should participate in Bale Mountains National Park management initiatives. Such a top-down approach affects the sustainability of the efforts to conserve protected areas because local stakeholders lack incentives to participate. This also leads to inadequate understanding of the complex relationships between people and protected areas they depend on and the inability to tailor management responses to specific needs and conditions. The study discussed the implications of the results for future planning and management of protected areas and forwarded recommendations for policy and future research for development directions.
11 Magesa, B. A.; Mohan, G.; Matsuda, H.; Melts, I.; Kefi, M.; Fukushi, K. 2023. Understanding the farmers’ choices and adoption of adaptation strategies, and plans to climate change impact in Africa: a systematic review. Climate Services, 30:100362. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2023.100362]
Climate change adaptation ; Strategies ; Sustainable development ; Farmers ; Smallholders ; Livelihood diversification ; Precipitation ; Food security ; Farming systems ; Vulnerability ; Indicators ; Poverty reduction ; Food insecurity ; Models ; Household surveys ; Irrigation schemes ; Organic fertilizers ; Inorganic fertilizers ; Crop production ; Agroforestry ; Climate-smart agriculture / South Africa / Africa / Ethiopia / Malawi / Ghana / United Republic of Tanzania / Kenya / Zimbabwe / Burkina Faso / Uganda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052074)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405880723000237/pdfft?md5=e2175d4b9bd12db7695ef961ea5e949f&pid=1-s2.0-S2405880723000237-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052074.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052074.pdf
(6.40 MB) (6.40 MB)
The study evaluates the farmers' choices and adoption of adaptation measures and plans by smallholder farmers to reduce the effects of climate change on their farming activities. We conducted a systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. We found 66 associated studies to understand farmers’ adaptation measures to climate change impacts in Africa. The paper summarizes four categories, including i) crop varieties and management; ii) water and soil management; iii) financial schemes, migration, and culture; and finally, iv) agriculture and weather services. The findings revealed that majority of studies identified crop diversification (51.5%), planting drought-tolerant varieties (45%), changing planting dates (42%), and planting early maturing crops (22%) as dominant strategies. These adaptation strategies are a welcome development and may be beneficial for responding to the impacts of climate change. However, they might not be effective during times of more extreme climate changes in the coming decades. Hence, more transformative changes, such as building more infrastructures for irrigation, promoting crop insurance, using improved varieties, and increasing opportunities for livelihood diversification, should be considered in addition to the existing adaptation strategies and potentially contributes towards SDG 1 (No Poverty) and 2 (Zero Hunger).
12 Aqib, S.; Seraj, M.; Ozdeser, H.; Khalid, Sidra; Raza, M. H.; Ahmad, T. 2024. Assessing adaptive capacity of climate-vulnerable farming communities in flood-prone areas: insights from a household survey in South Punjab, Pakistan. Climate Services, 33:100444. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2023.100444]
Climate change adaptation ; Farmers' attitudes ; Strategies ; Flooding ; Vulnerability ; Communities ; Household surveys / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052555)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405880723001061/pdfft?md5=afdfe8cee8e87131edd325a2524b7f82&pid=1-s2.0-S2405880723001061-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052555.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052555.pdf
(2.30 MB) (2.30 MB)
Climate change poses a significant threat to agricultural systems worldwide. In Pakistan, an agrarian country where the majority of the population relies on agriculture for their livelihoods, the impacts of climate change can be particularly devastating. Understanding the adaptive capacity of farmers is crucial in order to identify effective strategies for coping with the impacts of climate change. This study aimed to assess the adaptive capacity of farmers in Rajanpur and Dera Ghazi Khan, two flood-prone districts of South Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected in October 2022 from 448 farmers through multistage stratified random sampling, and multivariate regression and bivariate probit models were used to analyze the likelihood of farmers adopting certain joint strategies and the impact of socioeconomic factors on their decision-making. Results indicated that concern for climate change and knowledge of market value of crops were significant determinants for farmers adopting joint strategies, while farmers with more experience and alternate sources of income were less likely to do so. Increased irrigation was a top strategy used despite its potential negative environmental impacts. Findings highlight the need for a holistic approach to climate adaptation that considers complex social, economic, and environmental factors and appreciates the complex decision-making process that farmers undergo. Understanding the local context is key to developing effective interventions to support climate resilience and sustainable livelihoods in agricultural communities.
13 Rajkhowa, P. 2024. From subsistence to market-oriented farming: the role of groundwater irrigation in smallholder agriculture in eastern India. Food Security, 17p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-024-01437-0]
Groundwater irrigation ; Smallholders ; Markets ; Farming systems ; Commercialization ; Diversification ; Irrigation systems ; Surface irrigation ; Household surveys ; Inorganic carbon ; Land degradation ; Crop production / India / Odisha
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052732)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12571-024-01437-0.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052732.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052732.pdf
(2.68 MB) (2.68 MB)
Empowering smallholder farmers in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) and improving their livelihood is a critical goal for poverty reduction. To achieve this, agricultural commercialization can play an important role. However, a prerequisite to achieving agricultural commercialization is access and control of stable irrigation. This study revisits empirically the relationship between groundwater irrigation and crop commercialization. It also analyses the underlying mechanisms of how groundwater affects crop commercialization through on-farm production diversity. Studying the effects of groundwater irrigation on crop commercialization is essential for comprehending the trade-off between agricultural benefits and the environmental costs of groundwater irrigation. Geospatial and remote sensing information, combined with primary household data from small-scale farmers in eastern India, are employed in conjunction with an instrumental variable technique and a 3SLS simultaneous equation model for the analysis. The results suggest that small-scale farmers in eastern India experience enhanced crop commercialization when they have access to groundwater irrigation. Furthermore, the study suggests that the utilization of groundwater irrigation indirectly promotes crop commercialization by incentivizing farmers to diversify their production system.
14 Wabela, K.; Hammani, A.; Tekleab, S.; Taky, A. 2024. Farmers’ perception on technical and irrigation water user associations (IWUAs) performance of selected small-scale irrigation schemes in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 10(9):11. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-023-00989-x]
Small-scale irrigation ; Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation water ; Irrigation management ; Irrigated farming ; Water user associations ; Farmers ; Institutions ; Rift valleys ; Water allocation ; Household surveys ; Water distribution systems ; Water scarcity ; Food security / Ethiopia / Twelve River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052744)
(0.80 MB)
Local irrigation institutions are crucial for effectively managing and sustaining irrigation schemes. This study assessed the farmers' perceptions on technical and irrigation water user associations' (IWUAs) management performance of selected irrigation schemes in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Four small-scale irrigation (SSI) schemes, namely, Furfuro, Murtute, Bedene Alemtena (hereafter referred to as Bedene), and Sibisto, were selected for this study. Data were collected using scheme performance reports, household surveys, key informant interviews (KII), focus group discussions (FGD) with various stakeholders, and field observations. Results showed that the reliability and water delivery performance of Furfuro and Sibisto were rated as good by 52% and 41% of respondents, respectively, and poor by 22% and 25%. In Murtute and Bedene, 73% and 51% of respondents, respectively, said that the reliability and water delivery performance were poor, and 11% and 21% rated them as good. Similarly, in Murtute and Bedene, 32% and 37% of respondents, respectively, said that the water allocation was seriously unfair, and 50% and 43% said that they occasionally see unfairness. Although the severity of the problems varies between schemes, the operation, maintenance, and water allocation systems of all schemes were unsatisfactory. The general observation of participants in FGD, KII, and household surveys indicated that the IWUAs were unable to manage the schemes based on the outlined rules and regulations. Lack of training and financial constraints affected the IWUA's ability to manage the schemes properly. In general, poor market access, high input costs, and inefficient irrigation management systems impacted the irrigation production in the study area.
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