Your search found 10 records
1 Qureshi, S. A.; Ahmad, I.; Sadiq, M. 1992. Technical appraisal of farmers tubewell screens in Pakistan. In Manor, S.; Parker, D. Groundwater, farmer-managed irrigation systems and sustainable groundwater management: a South Asian Regional Workshop of the FMIS Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 18-21 May 1992. Vol. 1. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). pp.95,i-xii.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H010237)
(0.72 MB)
2 Qazi, T. N.; Hussain, S. A.; Ahmad, I.. 1997. Application of geographic information system (GIS) in drainage research. In ICID, 7th ICID International Drainage Workshop, "Drainage for the 21st century," 17-21 November 1997, Penang, Malaysia - Proceedings, volume 3: Management challenge, training and research. Malacca, Malaysia: Malaysian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage (MANCID) pp.T13:1-15.
GIS ; Drainage ; Research ; Irrigation effects ; Irrigation canals ; Irrigation programs ; Waterlogging ; Soil salinity ; Land use ; Water table ; Monitoring ; Analysis ; Case studies ; Models / Pakistan / Fordwah Eastern Sadiqia (south) Project
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: ICID 631.62 G000 ICI Record No: H022817)
3 Ahmad, I.; Qazi, T. N. 1999. Present status of geographic information system and remote sensing applications in Pakistan and their future prospects. In Nieuwenhuis, G. J. A.; Vaughan, R. A.; Molenaar, M. (Eds.). Operational remote sensing for sustainable development: Proceedings of the 18th EARSeL Symposium on Operational Remote Sensing for Sustainable Development, Enschede, Netherlands, 11-14 May 1998. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A. A. Balkema. pp.413-418.
GIS ; Remote sensing ; Public sector ; Institutions ; Development projects ; Private sector / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 621.3678 G000 NIE Record No: H024850)
4 Hafeez, A.; Qazi, T. N.; Ahmad, I.; Basharat, M. 1999. Study of watertable behaviour to evaluate drainage measures in Swabi area. In ICID, 17th Congress on Irrigation and Drainage, Granada, Spain, 1999: Water for Agriculture in the Next Millennium - Transactions, Vol.1C, Q.48, Poster Session: Irrigation under conditions of water scarcity: Q.48.1: Management of irrigation systems and strategies to optimize the use of irrigation water. New Delhi, India: ICID. pp.239-246.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: ICID 631.7 G000 ICI Record No: H025161)
5 Mahmood, A.; Oweis, T.; Ashraf, M.; Majid, A.; Aftab, M.; Aadal, N. K.; Ahmad, I.. 2015. Performance of improved practices in farmers’ fields under rainfed and supplemental irrigation systems in a semi-arid area of Pakistan. Agricultural Water Management, 155:1-10. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.03.006]
Agricultural practices ; Performance evaluation ; Irrigation systems ; Supplemental irrigation ; Irrigated farming ; Rainfed farming ; Farmers ; Water use ; Soil moisture ; Agricultural production ; Crop yield ; Wheat ; Groundnuts ; Farm income ; Costs ; Semiarid zones ; Intensification / Pakistan / Chakwal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047698)
(1.17 MB)
In Pakistan, like many of the developing countries, crop yields under dryland agriculture are very low. This field research aimed at investigating improving land and water productivities and farmers’ incomes through improved water management, crop intensification and diversification under rainfed and supplemental irrigation (SI) conditions. With improved packages (e.g. high yielding varieties, appropriate seed rates, time of sowing, and use of fertilizers) an average of 31% higher yields of rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum) were obtained by farmers compared to their traditional practices. The net income under the improved package was about Rs. 70,000/ha (1 US$ = Rs. 72), almost double that under farmers’ current practices. The highest wheat yield of 5102 kg/ha obtained in small plots was 28% higher than for farmers’ current practices; followed by the raised bed yield of 4776 kg/ha. With only 20% extra cost for water used as SI for small plot sowing with improved practices, there was 47% higher wheat yield and over 60% higher net income obtained compared to farmers’ practices. Similarly, with about 10% additional cost for SI, groundnut (Arachis hypogea) yield and net income increased up to four times compared to farmers’ practices. It may be concluded that, in this environment, much of the yield gap between farmers and research may be closed by adopting simple and low cost integrated packages.
6 Waqas, M. M.; Shah, S. H. H.; Awan, Usman Khalid; Waseem, M.; Ahmad, I.; Fahad, M.; Niaz, Y.; Ali, S. 2020. Evaluating the impact of climate change on water productivity of maize in the semi-arid environment of Punjab, Pakistan. Sustainability, 12(9):3905. (Special issue: Climate Resilient Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093905]
Climate change ; Impact assessment ; Water productivity ; Crop production ; Maize ; Semiarid zones ; Soil hydraulic properties ; Groundwater recharge ; Irrigation systems ; Precipitation ; Temperature ; Rain ; Models / Pakistan / Punjab / Lower Chenab Canal system
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050210)
(1.37 MB) (1.37 MB)
Impact assessments on climate change are essential for the evaluation and management of irrigation water in farming practices in semi-arid environments. This study was conducted to evaluate climate change impacts on water productivity of maize in farming practices in the Lower Chenab Canal (LCC) system. Two fields of maize were selected and monitored to calibrate and validate the model. A water productivity analysis was performed using the Soil–Water–Atmosphere–Plant (SWAP) model. Baseline climate data (1980–2010) for the study site were acquired from the weather observatory of the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD). Future climate change data were acquired from the Hadley Climate model version 3 (HadCM3). Statistical downscaling was performed using the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) for the A2 and B2 scenarios of HadCM3. The water productivity assessment was performed for the midcentury (2040–2069) scenario. The maximum increase in the average maximum temperature (Tmax) and minimum temperature (Tmin) was found in the month of July under the A2 and B2 scenarios. The scenarios show a projected increase of 2.8 C for Tmax and 3.2 C for Tmin under A2 as well as 2.7 C for Tmax and 3.2 C for Tmin under B2 for the midcentury. Similarly, climate change scenarios showed that temperature is projected to decrease, with the average minimum and maximum temperatures of 7.4 and 6.4 C under the A2 scenario and 7.7 and 6.8 C under the B2 scenario in the middle of the century, respectively. However, the highest precipitation will decrease by 56 mm under the A2 and B2 scenarios in the middle of the century for the month of September. The input and output data of the SWAP model were processed in R programming for the easy working of the model. The negative impact of climate change was found under the A2 and B2 scenarios during the midcentury. The maximum decreases in Potential Water Productivity (WPET) and Actual Water Productivity (WPAI) from the baseline period to the midcentury scenario of 1.1 to 0.85 kgm-3 and 0.7 to 0.56 kgm-3 were found under the B2 scenario. Evaluation of irrigation practices directs the water managers in making suitable water management decisions for the improvement of water productivity in the changing climate.
7 Waqas, M. M.; Niaz, Y.; Ali, S.; Ahmad, I.; Fahad, M.; Rashid, H.; Awan, U. K. 2020. Soil salinity mapping using satellite remote sensing: a case study of Lower Chenab Canal System, Punjab. Earth Sciences Pakistan, 4(1):07-09. [doi: https://doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2020.07.09]
Soil salinity ; Mapping ; Canals ; Irrigation schemes ; Satellite imagery ; Remote sensing ; Groundwater ; Landsat ; Normalized difference vegetation index ; Case studies / Pakistan / Punjab / Indus Basin / Lower Chenab Canal System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050213)
https://earthsciencespakistan.com/archives/1esp2020/1esp2020-07-09.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050213.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050213.pdf
(0.31 MB) (318 KB)
Salinity is the most important factor of consideration for the water management policies. The water availability from the rootzone reduced with the increase in the soil salinity due to the increase in the osmatic pressure. In Pakistan, salinity is the major threat to the agriculture land due to the tradition practices of irrigation and extensive utilization of the groundwater to meet the cope the irrigation water requirement of high intensity cropping system. The salinity impact is spatially variable on the canal commands area of the irrigation system. There is dire need to map the spatially distributed soil salinity with the high resolution. Landsat satellite imagery provides an opportunity to have 30m pixel information in seven spectral wavelength ranges. In this study, the soil salinity mapping was performed using pixel information on visible and infrared bands for 2015. These bands were also used to infer Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The raw digital numbers were converted into soil salinity information. The accuracy assessment was carried out using ground trothing information obtained using the error matrix method. Four major classes of non-saline, marginal saline, moderate saline and strongly, saline area was mapped. The overall accuracy of the classified map was found 83%. These maps can be helpful to delineate hot spots with severe problem of soil salinity in order to prepare reciprocate measures for improvement.
8 Waseem, M.; Jaffry, A. H.; Azam, M.; Ahmad, I.; Abbas, A.; Lee, J.-E. 2022. Spatiotemporal analysis of drought and agriculture standardized residual yield series nexuses across Punjab, Pakistan. Water, 14(3):496. (Special issue: The Impacts of Climate Change on Hydrologic Extremes) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030496]
Drought ; Agriculture ; Crop production ; Wheat ; Crop yield ; Trends ; Time series analysis ; Soil moisture ; Climate change ; Meteorological factors ; Precipitation / Pakistan / Punjab
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050918)
(3.60 MB) (3.60 MB)
Food security for the growing global population is closely associated with the variations in agricultural yield at the regional scale. Based on this perspective, the current study was designed to determine the impacts of drought on wheat production in the Punjab province, which is the agricultural hub of Pakistan. Wheat is a staple food in Pakistan, and Punjab provides a major contribution to the total wheat production of the country. Therefore, Punjab is vital to scientific concerns regarding the evaluation of climatic impacts on the annual wheat yield. The current study offers a better understanding of the drought impacts on wheat in Punjab during 2001–2019. The Standardized Precipitation Index was used to assess the impact of drought stress on the wheat yield. Its temporal evolution indicates the recurrent appearance of drought episodes during the wheat cropping season. Furthermore, meteorological drought was noticed in all study years except for 2019. The results reveal that 2002 experienced severe drought conditions. The frequency of drought was calculated as 29% for SPI-12. The relationships between soil moisture, the Standardized Yield Residual Series (SYRS), and the detrended SPI at lags of 1–12 months indicate that zones 1 and 2 are more sensitive to dry conditions. The results presented in this study provide evidence to authorities responsible for developing policies in the context of natural hazards, particularly droughts, and for preparing drought mitigation plans and implementing the adaptation strategies to minimize the effects of drought on wheat yields.
9 Patle, P.; Singh, P. K.; Ahmad, I.; Matsuno, Y.; Leh, Mansoor; Ghosh, Surajit. 2023. Spatio-temporal estimation of green and blue water consumptions and water and land productivity using satellite remote sensing datasets and WA+ framework: a case study of the Mahi Basin, India. Agricultural Water Management, 277:108097. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.108097]
Water use ; Land productivity ; Water productivity ; Satellite observation ; Remote sensing ; Datasets ; Frameworks ; Estimation ; Evapotranspiration ; Semiarid zones ; Case studies / India / Madhya Pradesh / Gujarat / Rajasthan / Mahi Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051577)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377422006448/pdfft?md5=50b09813950cc58134ad605f62d666a9&pid=1-s2.0-S0378377422006448-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051577.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051577.pdf
(15.50 MB) (15.5 MB)
The agricultural activities contribute to the largest share of water consumption in the arid and semi-arid basins. In this study, we demonstrate the application of Water Accounting Plus (WA+) for estimation of the green water consumption (ETGreen) and blue water consumption (ETBlue) for assessing the water productivity (WP) and land productivity (LP) to identify the bright-spots and hot-spots at the district administrative unit level for effectively managing the scarce water resources and sustaining food security in a highly non-resilient semi-arid basin of India. The WA+ framework uses satellite remote sensing datasets from different sources for this purpose and we used the data from 2003 to 2020. The long-term average of ETGreen and ETBlue in the Mahi basin is found to be 15.8 km3 /year and 12.32 km3 /year, respectively. The blue water index (BWI) and green water index (GWI) in the basin vary from 0.282 to 0.598 and 0.40–0.72. We found that the BWI is highest for the districts of Gujarat, whereas, the GWI is highest for the districts of Madhya Pradesh. The long-term average of the LP and WP for both the irrigated and rainfed cereals in the basin is found as 2287.71 kg/ha & 1713.62 kg/ha and 0.721 kg/ m3 & 0.483 kg/m3 , respectively from 2003 to 2020. The WP (rainfed) of all the districts of the Gujarat is comparatively lower (varying from 0.34 kg/m3 to 0.5 kg/m3 ) than the districts of the Madhya Pradesh (varying from 0.59 kg/m3 to 0.70 kg/m3 ) and the Rajasthan (varying from 0.48 kg/m3 to 0.73 kg/m3 ). Based on the results, we found that the Ratlam district of the Madhya Pradesh has both highest LP and WP (irrigated) as 2573.96 kg/ha and 2.14 kg/m3 , respectively among all the districts of the Mahi basin, and hence it is classified as the ‘Bright spot-district’. The Anand district is found to have the lowest WP and LP as 0.44 kg/m3 and 2467.51 kg/ha, respectively and hence it is classified as the ‘hot spot-district’. For rainfed cereals, we found that the Neemuch district of Madhya Pradesh has the highest WP and LP as 0.59 kg/m3 and 1948.13 kg /ha, respectively, and the Anand district with the lowest WP as 0.34 kg/m3 and LP of 1572.21 kg/ha, respectively. Therefore, we classified the Neemach district as the ‘Bright spot-district’ and the Anand district as the hot spot- district for rainfed cereals. These findings will help develop sustainable and actionable agricultural water management plans by the policymakers and stakeholders in the basin.
10 Wang, L.; Zhang, F.; Nepal, Santosh; Xiang, Y.; Tang, H.; Shi, X.; Zeng, C.; Ahmad, I.; Yu, Z. 2023. Response of runoff processes to temperature rise in basins with different glacier ratios in the monsoon-influenced southern Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 45:101299. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2022.101299]
River basins ; Runoff ; Temperature ; Glaciers ; Monsoons ; Forecasting / Asia / Tibetan Plateau / Karuxung River Basin / Dudh Koshi River Basin / Arun River Basin / Gandaki River Basin / Lhasa River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051663)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581822003123/pdfft?md5=aad81fb593686cfca687574039f2915b&pid=1-s2.0-S2214581822003123-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051663.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051663.pdf
(9.56 MB) (9.56 MB)
Study region: River basins with glacier ratios ranging from 1.8% to 20.7% in the monsoon-influenced southern Tibetan Plateau.
Study focus: The response of runoff processes in basins with different glacier ratios under global warming of 1.5 C and 2 C was explored based on SPHY (Spatial Processes in Hydrology) model and GCMs (General Circulation Models).
New hydrological insights for the region: More prominent temperature and precipitation changes were observed in the monsoon-influenced southern Tibetan Plateau compared with the global averages. With increasing temperature and precipitation, the total runoff and glacier runoff of these basins showed increasing trends under global warming of 1.5 C and 2 C. Compared with the baseline period (1985–2014), increases were observed in the total runoff (1.7–20.6%), base flow (2.8–8.3%), glacier runoff (8.1–35.9%), and rainfall runoff (6.0–36.0%) of these basins. In contrast, snowmelt runoff decreased (- 28.3% - - 4.3%). Therefore, relevant management and allocation of water resources may be required. The hydrological regulation function of glaciers was found to be strongly correlated with glacier ratio. In general, the hydrological regulation function of glaciers would decrease in the future along with warming induced glacier retreat. These findings would help deepen the understanding of runoff processes on the Tibetan Plateau and other alpine regions, thus providing a scientific basis for water resources management under climate change.
Study focus: The response of runoff processes in basins with different glacier ratios under global warming of 1.5 C and 2 C was explored based on SPHY (Spatial Processes in Hydrology) model and GCMs (General Circulation Models).
New hydrological insights for the region: More prominent temperature and precipitation changes were observed in the monsoon-influenced southern Tibetan Plateau compared with the global averages. With increasing temperature and precipitation, the total runoff and glacier runoff of these basins showed increasing trends under global warming of 1.5 C and 2 C. Compared with the baseline period (1985–2014), increases were observed in the total runoff (1.7–20.6%), base flow (2.8–8.3%), glacier runoff (8.1–35.9%), and rainfall runoff (6.0–36.0%) of these basins. In contrast, snowmelt runoff decreased (- 28.3% - - 4.3%). Therefore, relevant management and allocation of water resources may be required. The hydrological regulation function of glaciers was found to be strongly correlated with glacier ratio. In general, the hydrological regulation function of glaciers would decrease in the future along with warming induced glacier retreat. These findings would help deepen the understanding of runoff processes on the Tibetan Plateau and other alpine regions, thus providing a scientific basis for water resources management under climate change.
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