Your search found 52 records
1 Ashofteh, P.-S.; Rajaee, T.; Golfam, P.; Chu, X. 2019. Applying climate adaptation strategies for improvement of management indexes of a river–reservoir irrigation system. Irrigation and Drainage, 68(3):420-432. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2336]
Irrigation systems ; Rivers ; Reservoir storage ; Climate change adaptation ; Policies ; Strategies ; Water resources ; Water demand ; Water use ; Cropping patterns ; Models ; Case studies / Iran Islamic Republic / Gharanghu Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049266)
(1.47 MB)
Among the various water users, the agricultural sector is the largest consumer of water in the world. Thus, the implementation of agricultural adaptation strategies is essential for an optimal allocation of water resources in a changing climate. The objective of this study is to examine the changes in management criteria for a multi-purpose reservoir system and its downstream Gharanghu irrigation network in Iran under climate change. Five management scenarios were evaluated by changing cropping patterns. First, simulations were performed by using HadCM3 (under the A2) for different climatic scenarios to quantify future reservoir inflows and estimate the future downstream demand (2040–2069). The results showed that water resources decreased by 20% and water use increased by 25% compared to the baseline (1971–2000). Then, eight management indexes were calculated based on the water resources and uses simulated by the WEAP model for the future. The indexes were compared for conditions with and without applying the climate adaptation strategies. Results showed that flexibility increased by 19% and vulnerability decreased by 1.7% with demand management and a 5% reduction of water consumption, while flexibility increased by 38% and vulnerability decreased by 28% with a 20% reduction of demand. Applying adaptation strategies in agriculture can significantly reduce the negative effects of climate change.
2 Sadeghi, S. H.; Moghadam, E. S.; Delavar, M.; Zarghami, M. 2020. Application of water-energy-food nexus approach for designating optimal agricultural management pattern at a watershed scale. Agricultural Water Management, 233:106071. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106071]
Agricultural development ; Water productivity ; Energy generation ; Food security ; Nexus ; Watersheds ; Energy consumption ; Water use ; Indicators ; Living standards ; Cropping patterns ; Land use ; Economic aspects ; Models ; Case studies / Iran Islamic Republic / Shazand Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049526)
(2.63 MB)
The increasing demands of the population and the need for development obliged the optimal use and adaptive management of the watershed resources. Accordingly, it is necessary to adopt comprehensive measures to reach sustainable development goals. This objective can be achieved by the application of interdisciplinary and professional approaches through establishing dynamic and optimal balance in supply and demand resources. However, such important optimization approaches have been rarely practiced at the watershed scale. The present study has been therefore formulated to apply a linear water-energy-food nexus optimization for the Shazand watershed, Markazi Province, Iran. This approach was applied for planning 14 crops planted in orchard, irrigated farms, and rain-fed farms, between 2006 and 2014, and targeting water-energy-food nexus index (WEFNI) maximization. The connections among the water, energy, and food were then evaluated through determining the amount of consumption, mass productivity, and economic productivity of water and energy. The results of WEFNIs revealed that almond has the highest WEFNI with values of 0.92, 0.76, 0.76, 0.83, 0.86, 0.86, 0.87, 0.87, and 0.88. Whilst, potato with WEFNI of 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.06, 0.09, 0.10 and 0.11, sugar cane with WEFNI of 0.10 and cucumber with WEFNI of 0.13 had the lowest scores and the corresponding lowest performance among the study crops. The outcomes of optimization study explained that the current situation of land use in the Shazand Watershed is unsuitable to minimize water and energy consumption and maximize benefit. The results can be used as an effective tool for designating proper soil and water resource management strategies in the region.
3 Hamidi, M. 2020. The key role of water resources management in the Middle East dust events. Catena, 187:104337. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.104337]
Water resources ; Water management ; Dust storms ; Water scarcity ; Precipitation ; Temperature ; Wind speed ; Vegetation ; Rivers ; Flow discharge / Middle East / Iraq / Iran Islamic Republic / Tigris River / Euphrates River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049543)
(0.79 MB)
Dust events in the Middle East have resulted in serious environmental problems in many countries in the area. The dust activities in the Middle East were intensified in recent years due to many factors including climate change, drought, and poor water management strategies. This paper investigates the dust activity during 1980–2010 in the Lower Mesopotamia and southwestern Iran and demonstrates that the dust activity in the study area has increased after 1999. This study investigates the role of surface temperature, precipitation, water resources, vegetation, and surface wind velocity on the development of dust events during the study period. This investigation is performed using the correlation analysis of the normalized value of the 5 and 10 year moving average of the mentioned parameters to evaluate the role of each parameter on the increase of dust activity in the last decade of the study period. The correlation analysis demonstrates that the dust activity has the highest correlation and relationship to the water resources of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and indicates the key role of water resources management on the dust activity in the study area. It is shown, The large scarcity of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers water resources has occurred when there was not a sharp reduction in the average precipitation in the study area. Hence, the excessive water withdrawal through the dam construction projects could be considered as the main reason of large reduction of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers water resources and high dust activity in the Middle East during the last decades.
4 Ahmadianfar, I.; Zamani, R. 2020. Assessment of the hedging policy on reservoir operation for future drought conditions under climate change. Climatic Change, 159(2):253-268. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02672-y]
Water reservoirs ; Reservoir operation ; Climate change ; Policies ; Drought ; Forecasting ; Agricultural water use ; Water requirements ; Water resources ; Rain ; Water demand ; Sustainability ; Models ; Performance evaluation / Iran Islamic Republic / Jarreh Reservoir
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049557)
(1.05 MB)
Reservoirs play a fundamental role in enhancing sustainable development and economic circumstances, especially in areas with limited water resources. Recently, experts in water resources management have been faced with global warming and climate change as two critical issues that are causing serious problems in water resources. Accordingly, the current study attempts to evaluate the future climate change impacts on agricultural reservoir operation. The results indicated an increase in mean long-term temperature, decreased reservoir’s inflow, and an increase in the agricultural water requirement for the Jarreh reservoir system in southwestern Iran, during the period of 2025–2054, under the RCP 8.5 scenario. The results also showed a decrease in reliability (37%) and an increase in vulnerability (9%) using standard operation policy (SOP) under future climate conditions. Due to the predicted drought conditions for the study area, a two-dimensional hedging policy is proposed to mitigate the negative effects of climate change. The results of the hedging model indicated an improvement in the performance of indices in comparison with the use of SOP under climate change impacts. Generally, by using the hedging policy, decreased vulnerability (24%) and reduced maximum deficiencies (14%) are expected for future climate changes.
5 Attar, H. K.; Noory, H.; Ebrahimian, H.; Liaghat, A.-M. 2020. Efficiency and productivity of irrigation water based on water balance considering quality of return flows. Agricultural Water Management, 231:106025 (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106025]
Irrigation water ; Irrigation efficiency ; Sustainability ; Water productivity ; Water balance ; Water quality ; Cropping patterns ; Water use ; Drainage ; Salinity ; Evapotranspiration / Iran Islamic Republic / Moghan Irrigation and Drainage Network / Aras River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049555)
(1.16 MB)
Efficiency is one of the most important assessment indicators in irrigation systems. Classical efficiency (CE) is not an exact index due to the lack of consideration of the return flows. Therefore, the neoclassical concepts of the efficiency are considered to take a part of losses of irrigation water as a return flow into account. Quality of the return flows may change in their path and it must be considered in evaluating the efficiency and productivity of irrigation water. This research was carried out to investigate this challenge. Sustainable efficiency (SE) was applied based on the water balance and quality of return flows. The methodology and detail for computing different parameters and their quality and beneficial coefficients in water balance equation were presented. Moghan irrigation and drainage network in the northwest of Iran was selected as the study area and CE and SE were calculated in meso and micro levels using the meteorological data, cropping pattern, irrigation water volume, natural and artificial drainages, infiltration and return flow quality. In addition, the irrigation water productivity was calculated by considering the volume of water based on the different concepts of efficiency. Quality coefficient related to return flow had different values in different months (0.85 in August and 1 in November and December). The results showed that about 87 % of inflow, 91 % of the rainfall, 89 % of the evapotranspiration, 13 % of the non-reusable water, and 91 % of the return flow were useful in the study area. The highest and the lowest efficiencies are occurred in September and November, respectively. The average of meso and micro Sefficiencies were 72 % and 47.5 %, respectively, and the CE was 37.9 %. The results showed that water productivity based on the SE is more than that of the CE. The water productivity at the meso level also showed a higher value than at the micro level.
6 Nazemi, N.; Foley, R. W.; Louis, G.; Keeler, L. W. 2020. Divergent agricultural water governance scenarios: the case of Zayanderud Basin, Iran. Agricultural Water Management, 229:105921. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105921]
Water governance ; Water resources ; Watersheds ; Water demand ; Agriculture ; Water market ; Sustainability ; Rural development ; Land use planning ; Economic aspects ; Political aspects ; Decision making ; Case studies / Iran Islamic Republic / Zayanderud Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049552)
(1.87 MB)
There is an urgent need to consider adaptation strategies for agricultural water resources in response to the ever-growing demand for freshwater around the world. This is especially poignant in arid and semi-arid regions, like the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) where water resources have been extremely limited historically. Today, water resources are declining due to a variety of factors, including climate change, population growth and changing food preferences. Research on this topic typically seeks to assess the impact of discreet alternative interventions in isolation. However, it is necessary to analyze the broader factors affecting agricultural water management as interconnected components of a complex water governance system within a specific geographic context. This research uses an exploratory, formative scenario planning approach to a) identify important adaptation strategies, b) use those adaptation strategies to construct a small set of coherent, plausible and diverse regional agricultural water governance scenarios, and c) analyze future scenarios of the Zayandehroud watershed in Iran in the year 2040. The research shares five scenarios that exemplify divergent adaptation and mitigation approaches to agriculture water demand in Zayandehroud watershed, including adhering to the status quo. Each scenario embodies different economic and political priorities to reveal how those priorities impact the ecological, social, and economic sustainability of this watershed. These scenarios provide insights into the long-term implications of near-term decisions about water and food security, resilience of local communities and the ecological integrity of the regional watershed. This research explores the conceptual relationships between components of the water governance system and demonstrates an approach to analyzing alternative constellations of factors that will impact agricultural water management. Policy-makers can make more effective policies if they consider how to transform the broader system of regional water governance, rather than only evaluating discrete agricultural water management projects on a project-by-project basis.
7 Alimohammadi, H.; Bavani, A. R. M.; Roozbahani, A. 2020. Mitigating the impacts of climate change on the performance of multi-purpose reservoirs by changing the operation policy from SOP [Standard Operating Policy] to MLDR [Modified Linear Decision Rule]. Water Resources Management, 22p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-020-02516-5]
Climate change mitigation ; Water reservoirs ; Reservoir operation ; Reservoir storage ; Water resources ; Dams ; Policies ; Runoff ; Water demand ; Sustainability ; Models ; Performance indexes ; Case studies / Iran Islamic Republic / Karaj Dam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049577)
(2.03 MB)
In many parts of the world, especially in metropolitan areas with dry climates, shortages of freshwater resources have become a significant challenge in water resources management. Rapid population growth and climate change in these areas impose additional burdens on water consumption, especially on surface water resources, which are increasingly becoming scarce. In this study, a change from the Standard Operating Policy (SOP) to the Modified Linear Decision Rule (MLDR) policy is considered as a solution to mitigate the impacts of climate change on dams and reservoir operation. The two policies were compared by using five reservoir system performance indices (reliability, resiliency, vulnerability, sustainability and meeting demands) and three hydropower energy generation indices. This study pertained to the Karaj hydropower dam reservoir in Iran and speculated on 2020–2039. Changing the operation policy from current SOP to the MLDR policy can mitigate the adverse effects brought by climate change. According to the results, the SOP policy works best for reservoir operation if there is enough water (optimistic scenario). In the case of pessimistic scenarios (shortage of water), operating the reservoir system with SOP policy would turn into a crisis in supplying drinking water. On the other hand, the MLDR policy prevents the complete draining of the reservoir. In all water-demand scenarios, the MLDR policy reduces the amount of time (by over 90%) in which the reservoir remains empty, compared to the SOP policy. The final results demonstrate how the MLDR policy can mitigate the undesirable effects of climate change.
8 Goli, I.; Najafabadi, M. O.; Lashgarara, F. 2020. Where are we standing and where should we be going?: gender and climate change adaptation behavior. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 33(2):187-218. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-020-09822-3]
Climate change adaptation ; Gender analysis ; Behavior ; Women's participation ; Women farmers ; Agricultural production ; Rice ; Male involvement ; Social aspects ; Ethics ; Decision making ; Environmental effects ; Policies ; Models / Iran Islamic Republic / Mazandaran
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049580)
(1.36 MB)
Climate change poses as one of the greatest ethical challenges of the contemporary era and which is rapidly affecting all sectors and ecosystems, including natural ecosystems and human and social environments. The impacts on human societies, and societies’ ability to mitigate and adapt to these changes and to adhere to ethical principles are influenced by various factors, including gender. Therefore, this study aimed to design a model of climate change adaptation behavior among rice farmers in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran, based on gender analysis (IUCN, UNDP and GGCA in Training manual on gender and climate change, 2009) and using the developed model of protection motivation theory (Bockarjova and Steg in Glob Environ Change 28:276–288, 2014). For this purpose, 173 female and 233 male rice farmers in Mazandaran Province were selected through stratified random sampling. The results showed that threat and coping appraisal had positive and significant effects on climate change adaptation behavior in both groups. Additionally, men’s and women’s perceived severity had the greatest impact on threat appraisal, and response costs had the greatest impact on their coping appraisal of climate change. Given that climate change adaptation behavior has been largely dependent on the development of ethical principles and the behavior of men and women toward climate change and based on the research findings, some suggestions are recommended at the mega (international), macro (governmental and legislative), meso (related organizations) and micro (rice farmers) levels for male and female rice farmers to adapt to the climate change phenomenon.
9 Caldera, U.; Breyer, C. 2020. Strengthening the global water supply through a decarbonised global desalination sector and improved irrigation systems. Energy, 200:117507. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117507]
Desalination ; Water supply ; Irrigation systems ; Sea water ; Water desalting ; Forecasting ; Irrigation efficiency ; Water use efficiency ; Water demand ; Water stress ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Renewable energy ; Solar energy ; Photovoltaic systems ; Electricity generation ; Costs ; Models / USA / China / Iran Islamic Republic / India / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049616)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220306149/pdfft?md5=7119625a4e8a2f44996624d275fcdf09&pid=1-s2.0-S0360544220306149-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049616.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049616.pdf
(4.83 MB) (4.83 MB)
This study analyses the role that renewable energy based desalination, in conjunction with improvements in water use efficiency in the irrigation sector, can play towards securing future global water supplies. It is found that the global desalination demand by 2050 can be reduced by much as 30% and 60%, depending on the irrigation efficiency growth rate. India, China, USA, Pakistan and Iran account for between 56% and 62% of the global desalination demand. Decarbonising the desalination sector by 2050, will result in global average levelised cost of water decreasing from about 2.4 €/m3 in 2015, considering unsubsidised fossil fuel costs, to approximately 1.05 €/m3 by 2050, with most regions in the cost range of 0.32 €/m3 – 1.66 €/m3. Low-cost renewable electricity, in particular solar photovoltaics and battery storage, is found to form the backbone of a sustainable and clean global water supply, supported by measures to increase irrigation efficiency. The results show the untapped relationships between the irrigation and decarbonised desalination sector that can be utilised to strengthen the global water supply for the decades to come and meet United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
10 Delavar, M.; Morid, S.; Morid, R.; Farokhnia, A.; Babaeian, F.; Srinivasan, R.; Karimi, P. 2020. Basin-wide water accounting based on modified SWAT model and WA+ framework for better policy making. Journal of Hydrology, 585:124762. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124762]
Water accounting ; Soil water ; Models ; Policy making ; Evapotranspiration ; Water resources ; Water conservation ; Groundwater table ; Aquifers ; Water extraction ; Irrigation management ; Remote sensing ; Land use ; Indicators / Iran Islamic Republic / Tashk-Bakhtegan Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049675)
(8.75 MB)
Evaluation of water resources systems and implementation of appropriate management strategies requires accurate and well classified information describing supply, demand, and consumption. The WA+ water accounting framework is a relevant tool in this regard. Earlier applications of the WA+ framework draw heavily from remote sensing (RS) data; however, applying RS data limits the application of the framework to past and current situations. Such analyses are needed for future assessments due to new management and climate scenarios. Therefore, the objective of this research is to link WA+ with the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to enhance it and to evaluate water management strategies through an integrated framework. The resulting system, SWAT-FARS (customized version of SWAT model for Fars region) is capable of supporting macro and micro water planning through a systematic presentation of the past trends, current and future status in water supply and demand. To explore this methodology, the system was applied to the Tashk-Bakhtegan basin (Iran). The trends in supply and consumption within the basin and some of the water saving policies that are mandated by the country’s 6th development plan were evaluated. Application of SWAT-FARS to the Task-Bakhtegan basin showed decrease in “Manageable water” of about 23% and a simultaneous increase of “Incremental irrigation” of about 53%; this lack of accessible water and imbalance of manageable water and water usage has almost omitted the basin’s “Outflows”. To alleviate pressures on the basin’s water resources, a suggested elimination of rice cultivation and improving pressurized irrigation showed the first policy could reduce water consumption by 0.08 BCM/yr and the second one can even increase water consumption by 0.25 BCM/yr over current conditions. The methodology used to develop SWAT-FARS is strongly recommended for other regions suffering water scarcity.
11 Aghaie, V.; Alizadeh, H.; Afshar, A. 2020. Agent-based hydro-economic modelling for analysis of groundwater-based irrigation water market mechanisms. Agricultural Water Management, 234:106140. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106140]
Water market ; Irrigation water ; Groundwater irrigation ; Hydrological factors ; Economic aspects ; Water pricing ; Auctions ; Agent-based models ; Decision making ; Aquifers ; Licences ; Government ; Farmers ; Case studies / Iran Islamic Republic / Rafsanjan Plain
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049682)
(2.42 MB)
Agricultural water markets play a crucial role in arid and semi-arid regions by reallocating water and transferring it from low-value uses to high-value uses. Several markets for surface water and groundwater are functioning all over the world to increase economic well-being of farmers and meet environmental flow requirements. However, there is not a consensus on precisely which market mechanism may be more environmentally and economically beneficial. This study presents an agent-based groundwater market model to analyze the economic and hydrologic impacts of three market mechanisms, designed based on the cap-and-trade scheme, that differ in the price discovery process, two of which are uniform price double-auction and the third is a discriminatory price double-auction. This study also analyzes the hydrologic and economic impacts of water buyback programs. Modeling results, applied to Rafsanjan Plain, an arid region in Iran, show that the discriminatory price double-auction is the most hydrologically and economically advantageous mechanism since it reduces the annual water level drawdown by 38 % and brings about more profits for farmers in comparison with other market mechanisms. Furthermore, the buyback program effectively reduces the inequality of wealth distribution (Gini Index) and increases farmers' net benefit while reducing their surplus.
12 Bagheri, M.; Kholghi, M.; Hosseini, S. M.; Amiraslani, F.; Hoorfar, A. 2020. Participatory approach in aquifer storage and recovery management in arid zones, does it work? Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 10:100368. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100368]
Aquifers ; Water storage ; Participatory approaches ; Arid zones ; Groundwater management ; Wastewater ; Water quality ; State intervention ; Stakeholders ; Local communities ; Farmers ; Socioeconomic environment ; Indicators / Iran Islamic Republic / Tehran / Fashafuyeh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049723)
(2.07 MB)
Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) with treated wastewater, is considered as an effective solution for a critical aquifer decline due to groundwater overexploitation. In ASR operational step and after the aquifer storage phase, the problem is the new groundwater right for stakeholders and specifically farmers. In a 2-year study, the potential of a participatory approach for solving this problem was investigated and applied in Fashafoeyeh aquifer in southern Tehran Province. This aquifer faces a critical situation of groundwater from point of view of quantitative and qualitative aspects. Firstly, five indicators were considered including agricultural efficiency, water resource efficiency, water governance, local participation, and economic factors. Then 23 farmers and agricultural landowners were selected based on age, education, and gender. A questionnaire was designed, surveyed, and filled out after interviewing them in several field trips to the site. The results of data analysis showed that 96% of farmers and landowners were highly motivated in the implementation of the participatory approach in ASR management. Moreover, 91% showed a high desire to decrease the groundwater withdrawal from wells. A high percentage of stakeholders had a tendency to participate in some aspects of ASR system. In the meantime, many farmers had a negative viewpoint about government supports. The results illustrate a correlation between agriculture efficiency with participation in the government's projects and implementation. Moreover, a correlation exists between water management in the field and participation in government's projects as well as local participatory. This research emphasises on proper planning through face-to-face dialogue with farmers and landowners. In this regard, they collaborate in a participatory approach, as well as a technical and social team to implement the aquifer storage and recovery management.
13 Tahmasebi, T.; Karami, E.; Keshavarz, M. 2020. Agricultural land use change under climate variability and change: drivers and impacts. Journal of Arid Environments, 180:104202. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104202]
Farmland ; Land use change ; Climate change ; Water scarcity ; Strategies ; Resilience ; Developing countries ; Farmers ; Crop production ; Fertilizers ; Pesticides ; Markets ; Financing ; Social aspects ; Institutions ; Environmental impact ; Policies ; Households ; Living standards ; Case studies / Iran Islamic Republic / Eij County
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049790)
(2.68 MB)
Few comprehensive studies have clearly addressed climate change impacts on agricultural land use change in developing countries. Also, land use studies have rarely reflected the perception of farmers concerning the drivers and consequences of land use change. This study aimed to evaluate agricultural land use changes using the case of Eij County, Iran, and determine the perceived drivers and consequences of land use conversion under climate change. To investigate the potential drivers of land use change, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 rural households. Also, to reveal the consequences of land use change, 185 farmers were surveyed. The results indicated that farming practices have transformed from almost entirely growing annual crops into the cultivating trees as the main crop with cereals as a subsidiary crop. Moreover, the changes in agricultural land use were found to be driven by the interplay between natural, institutional, economic, social, and psychological factors. Using grounded theory, the causal, contextual, and intervening drivers of agricultural land use conversion were identified, and their sequences and relationships were established. The findings also revealed that the rational adjustment in land use patterns poses great economic benefits and reduces the vulnerability of rural households, in the face of recurrent droughts.
14 Lalehzari, R.; Kerachian, R. 2020. Developing a framework for daily common pool groundwater allocation to demands in agricultural regions. Agricultural Water Management, 241:106278. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106278]
Groundwater ; Water allocation ; Agricultural regions ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation water ; Water productivity ; Cropping patterns ; Crop water use ; Soil water balance ; Water supply ; Decision making ; Strategies ; Economic aspects ; Models ; Uncertainty / Iran Islamic Republic / Shahrekord Plain
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049923)
(5.95 MB)
In this paper, a new methodology is developed for the allocation of groundwater to agricultural lands considering the cultivated area of different crops, selling price and net benefit of products, and crops’ water requirements. The methodology includes an integrated model with daily time steps for simulating soil water balance, cultivar growth, and groundwater level fluctuations. The developed simulation model is linked with a particle swarm optimization model to find the optimal net benefit of beneficiaries. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is also implemented to evaluate the fuzzy responses of the model against the existing uncertainty in the water supply. To evaluate the applicability and efficiency of the proposed methodology, it is applied to a real-world common pool groundwater allocation for agricultural uses in Iran. The results show that a centralized water allocation strategy can increase water productivity under water stress conditions by more than 0.2 kg/m3 for wheat, and barley. This policy can also provide the highest values for the benefit per cost ratio and the economic efficiency of land.
15 Ahmadi, A.; Kerachian, R.; Skardi, M. J. E.; Abdolhay, A. 2020. A stakeholder-based decision support system to manage water resources. Journal of Hydrology, 589:125138. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125138]
Water resources ; Water management ; Decision support systems ; Stakeholders ; Natural resources management ; Wastewater ; Social networks ; Welfare ; Decision making ; Models / Iran Islamic Republic / Tehran / Kan River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049947)
(1.82 MB)
Based on the Social Choice Theory (SCT), a new Decision Support System (DSS) is presented and employed to rank-order management alternatives (i.e. scenarios) in the water resources management system of Tehran metropolitan area, Iran. In the framework of the presented DSS, the quantitative characteristics of the stakeholders are taken into account to develop a decentralized decision-making method. An agent-based simulation model is employed to evaluate the outcomes of implementing each management scenario by calculating nine distinct environmental, social, and economic criteria over a 25-year simulation period. It is shown that the best scenarios selected by the DSS have merits to enhance the sustainability of the water resources in the study area, and to shift the stakeholders’ network towards cooperation and collaboration.
16 Shafieiyoun, E.; Gheysari, M.; Khiadani, M.; Koupai, J. A.; Shojaei, P.; Moomkesh, M. 2020. Assessment of reference evapotranspiration across an arid urban environment having poor data monitoring system. Hydrological Processes, 34(20):4000-4016. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13851]
Evapotranspiration ; Assessment ; Arid zones ; Urban environment ; Weather data ; Monitoring ; Water requirements ; Remote sensing ; Air temperature ; Humidity ; Solar radiation ; Meteorological stations ; Models ; Sensitivity analysis / Iran Islamic Republic / Isfahan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049952)
(23.80 MB)
Estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) in urban areas is challenging but essential in arid urban climates. To evaluate ET0 in an urban environment and non-urban areas, air temperature and relative humidity were measured at five different sites across the arid city of Isfahan, Iran, over 4 years. Wind speed and sunshine hours were obtained from an urban surrounding weather station over the same period and used to estimate ET0. Calculated ET0 was compared with satellite-based ET0 retrieved from the MOD16A2 PET product. Although MODIS PET was strongly correlated with the Valiantzas equation, it overestimated ET0 and showed average accuracy (r = 0.93–0.94, RMSE = 1.18–1.28 mm/day, MBE = 0.73–0.84 mm/day). The highest ET0 differences between an urban green space and a non-urban area were 1.1 and 0.87 mm/day, which were estimated by ground measurements and MODIS PET, respectively. The sensitivity of ET0 to wind speed and sunshine hours indicated a significant effect on cumulative ET0 at urban sites compared to the non-urban site, which has a considerable impact on the amount of irrigation required in those areas. Although MODIS PET requires improvement to accurately reflect field level microclimate conditions affecting ET0, it is beneficial to hydrological applications and water resource managers especially in areas where data is limited. In addition, our results indicated that using limited data methods or meteorological data from regional weather stations, leads to incorrect estimation of ET0 in urban areas. Therefore, decision-makers and urban planners should consider the importance of precisely estimating ET0 to optimize management of urban green space irrigation, especially in arid and semi-arid climates such as the city of Isfahan.
17 Raju, K. S.; Kumar, D. N. 2020. Review of approaches for selection and ensembling of GCMs [Global Climate Models]. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 11(3):577-599. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2020.128]
Climate change ; Models ; Performance indexes ; Indicators ; Water resources ; Decision making ; Forecasting ; Techniques ; Precipitation ; Uncertainty / Middle East / South Asia / East Asia / South East Asia / Europe / Africa / USA / China / India / Australia / Canada / Iraq / Syrian Arab Republic / Iran Islamic Republic
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049973)
https://iwaponline.com/jwcc/article-pdf/11/3/577/716759/jwc0110577.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049973.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049973.pdf
(0.47 MB) (476 KB)
Global climate models (GCMs) are developed to simulate past climate and produce projections of climate in future. Their roles in ascertaining regional issues and possible solutions in water resources planning/management are appreciated across the world. However, there is substantial uncertainty in the future projections of GCM(s) for practical and regional implementation which has attracted criticism by the water resources planners. The present paper aims at reviewing the selection of GCMs and focusing on performance indicators, ranking of GCMs and ensembling of GCMs and covering different geographical regions. In addition, this paper also proposes future research directions.
18 Chamine, H. I.; Barbieri, M.; Kisi, O.; Chen, M.; Merkel, B. J. (Eds.) 2019. Advances in sustainable and environmental hydrology, hydrogeology, hydrochemistry and water resources. Proceedings of the 1st Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-1), Hammamet, Tunisia, 12-15 November 2018. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. 449p. (Advances in Science, Technology and Innovation: IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01572-5]
Hydrology ; Hydrogeology ; Water resources ; Water management ; Sustainable development ; Water reuse ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Water balance ; Water footprint ; Water governance ; Groundwater table ; Water levels ; Groundwater recharge ; Alluvial aquifers ; Water quality ; Water pollution ; Contamination ; Surface water ; Evapotranspiration ; Soil water content ; Drinking water ; Chemicophysical properties ; Climate change ; Drought ; Flooding ; Precipitation ; Forecasting ; Rainfall-runoff relationships ; Snow cover ; Geographical information systems ; Remote sensing ; Satellite observation ; Landsat ; Stream flow ; Saltwater intrusion ; Coastal area ; Salinity ; Farmers ; Fertilizers ; Dams ; Malaria ; Sediment ; Catchment areas ; Wetlands ; Rivers ; Watersheds ; Semiarid zones ; Urbanization ; Reservoirs ; Environment ; Case studies ; Models / Mediterranean region / Russian Federation / Spain / Portugal / France / Cambodia / Indonesia / Tunisia / Algeria / Iraq / Vietnam / Nigeria / Turkey / Morocco / Sudan / Kuwait / Ethiopia / Malaysia / Senegal / Ghana / Oman / Iran Islamic Republic / Egypt / Palestine / South Africa / Bangladesh / India / Pakistan / Baribo Basin / Medjerda River / Sebaou River / Seyhan Basin / Great Kabylia / Boukadir Wadi / Sidi Bel Abbes Basin / Gilgit River Basin / Moscow / Chennai / Telangana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H049482)
19 UNESCO; UNESCO International Centre for Water Security and Sustainable Management (i-WSSM). 2020. Water reuse within a circular economy context. Paris, France: UNESCO; Daejeon, Republic of Korea: UNESCO International Centre for Water Security and Sustainable Management (i-WSSM). 218p. (Global Water Security Issues Series 2)
Water reuse ; Economic growth ; Wastewater treatment ; Recycling ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Water resources ; Water availability ; Water governance ; Water scarcity ; Water security ; Water management ; Industrial water use ; Drinking water ; Freshwater ; Irrigation ; Food production ; Water market ; Climate change ; Resource recovery ; Treatment plants ; Technology ; Legal frameworks ; Regulations ; Best practices ; Observation ; Decision making ; Policies ; Stakeholders ; Periurban areas ; Case studies ; Towns / Latin America / Caribbean / Singapore / Australia / Morocco / Iran Islamic Republic / Spain / Nigeria / India / Kenya / Brazil / Nairobi / Bengaluru / Iguazu River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050062)
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/documentViewer.xhtml?v=2.1.196&id=p::usmarcdef_0000374715&file=/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_1cd25cc1-2aee-472d-a7cc-0ab8c1be4b8a%3F_%3D374715eng.pdf&locale=en&multi=true&ark=/ark:/48223/pf0000374715/PDF/374715eng.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050062.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050062.pdf
(14.60 MB) (14.6 MB)
20 Mirzaei, A.; Zibaei, M. 2021. Water conflict management between agricultural and wetland under climate change: application of economic-hydrological-behavioral modelling. Water Resources Management, 35(1):1-21. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-020-02703-4]
Water resources ; Conflict management ; Water management ; Agriculture ; Wetlands ; Climate change adaptation ; Strategies ; Economic aspects ; Hydrology ; Modelling ; Farmers' attitudes ; Policies ; Water users ; Water demand ; Groundwater ; Irrigation systems ; Cropping patterns ; Case studies / Iran Islamic Republic / Kerman / Halilrud Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050193)
(1.22 MB)
Water resources at the basin level are affected by climate change in the form of available water scarcity and multiple droughts leading to conflicts among different water users, especially between the agricultural sector and wetland services. However, owing to the multidimensional and multi-scalar nature of water management and climate change, it is needed to integrate tools to analyze impacts and adaptation. Accordingly, the current study presents an economic-hydrological-behavioral modeling to evaluate potential effects of climate change and adaptation strategies on irrigated agriculture and to manage water resources conflicts among different water users and uses in basins. This model has an iterative framework between a farm-based multi-objectives optimization model, a water evaluating and planning model (WEAP), and an agent-based model, which can represent socio-economic, hydrologic, agronomic and behavioral systems covering all dimensions and scales related to climate change. For this purpose, the economic-hydrological-behavioral modelling was applied in a case study in the Halilrud Basin in Kerman Province, Iran. Results revealed that adoption of suitable adaptive strategies and measures could mitigate the effects of climate change and provide more water to restore the Jazmourian Wetland in this basin. Additionally, the results indicated that different forms of rigidity in the individual behavior of farmers slowed down the adaptation of the agricultural sector, so that implementation of adaptive strategies led to only 14% less water consumption.
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