Inmagic DB/Text WebPublisher PRO: 19 records

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1 Qadir, M.; Drechsel, Pay; Cisneros, B. J.; Kim, Y.; Pramanik, A.; Mehta, P.; Olaniyan, O. 2020. Global and regional potential of wastewater as a water, nutrient and energy source. Natural Resources Forum, 44(1):40-51. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12187]

Wastewater treatment ; Recycling ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Nutrients ; Energy sources ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Fertilizers ; Wastewater irrigation ; Energy generation ; Energy recovery ; Forecasting ; Municipal wastewater ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Urban population ; Water stress / Asia / Africa South of Sahara / Middle East / North Africa / Europe / Latin America / Caribbean / North America / Oceania

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049500)

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1477-8947.12187
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049500.pdf

(1.44 MB)

There is a proactive interest in recovering water, nutrients and energy from waste streams with the increase in municipal wastewater volumes and innovations in resource recovery. Based on the synthesis of wastewater data, this study provides insights into the global and regional “potential” of wastewater as water, nutrient and energy sources while acknowledging the limitations of current resource recovery opportunities and promoting efforts to fast-track highefficiency returns. The study estimates suggest that, currently, 380 billion m3 (m3 = 1,000 L) of wastewater are produced annually across the world which is a volume fivefold the volume of water passing through Niagara Falls annually. Wastewater production globally is expected to increase by 24% by 2030 and 51% by 2050 over the current level. Among major nutrients, 16.6 Tg (Tg = million metric ton) of nitrogen are embedded in wastewater produced worldwide annually; phosphorus stands at 3.0 Tg and potassium at 6.3 Tg. The full nutrient recovery from wastewater would offset 13.4% of the global demand for these nutrients in agriculture. Beyond nutrient recovery and economic gains, there are critical environmental benefits, such as minimizing eutrophication. At the energy front, the energy embedded in wastewater would be enough to provide electricity to 158 million households. These estimates and projections are based on the maximum theoretical amounts of water, nutrients and energy that exist in the reported municipal wastewater produced worldwide annually. Supporting resource recovery from wastewater will need a step-wise approach to address a range of constraints to deliver a high rate of return in direct support of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 6, 7 and 12, but also other Goals, including adaptation to climate change and efforts in advancing “netzero” energy processes towards a green economy.

2 Kehrein, P.; van Loosdrecht, M.; Osseweijer, P.; Garfí, M.; Dewulf, J.; Posada, J. 2020. A critical review of resource recovery from municipal wastewater treatment plants - market supply potentials, technologies and bottlenecks. Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology, 6(4):877-910. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EW00905A]

Municipal wastewater ; Resource recovery ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Technology ; Water reuse ; Health hazards ; Fertilizers ; Membrane filtration ; Oxidation ; Sewage sludge ; Waste incineration ; Cellulose ; Energy recovery ; Methane ; Biogas ; Thermal energy ; Nutrients ; Markets ; Policies / Netherlands / Belgium / Flanders

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049692)

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2020/ew/c9ew00905a
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049692.pdf

(2.11 MB) (2.11 MB)

In recent decades, academia has elaborated a wide range of technological solutions to recover water, energy, fertiliser and other products from municipal wastewater treatment plants. Drivers for this work range from low resource recovery potential and cost effectiveness, to the high energy demands and large environmental footprints of current treatment-plant designs. However, only a few technologies have been implemented and a shift from wastewater treatment plants towards water resource facilities still seems far away. This critical review aims to inform decision-makers in water management utilities about the vast technical possibilities and market supply potentials, as well as the bottlenecks, related to the design or redesign of a municipal wastewater treatment process from a resource recovery perspective. Information and data have been extracted from literature to provide a holistic overview of this growing research field. First, reviewed data is used to calculate the potential of 11 resources recoverable from municipal wastewater treatment plants to supply national resource consumption. Depending on the resource, the supply potential may vary greatly. Second, resource recovery technologies investigated in academia are reviewed comprehensively and critically. The third section of the review identifies nine non-technical bottlenecks mentioned in literature that have to be overcome to successfully implement these technologies into wastewater treatment process designs. The bottlenecks are related to economics and value chain development, environment and health, and society and policy issues. Considering market potentials, technological innovations, and addressing potential bottlenecks early in the planning and process design phase, may facilitate the design and integration of water resource facilities and contribute to more circular urban water management practices.

3 Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Kumara, I. U.; Fernando, Sudarshana. 2020. Solid and liquid waste management and resource recovery in Sri Lanka: a 20 city analysis. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 83p.

Waste management ; Solid wastes ; Liquid wastes ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Resource management ; Urban areas ; Urban wastes ; Municipal wastewater ; Treatment plants ; Waste disposal ; Sewerage ; Septic tanks ; Faecal sludge ; Latrines ; Recycling ; Desludging ; Composting ; Waste landfills ; Water supply ; Municipal authorities ; Local authorities ; Households ; Sanitation ; Development projects / Sri Lanka / Anuradhapura / Badulla / Batticaloa / Colombo / Galle / Jaffna / Kaluthara / Kandy / Kilinochchi / Kurunegala / Mannar / Matale / Matara / Mullaithivu / Negombo / Nuwara Eliya / Puttalam / Ratnapura / Trincomalee / Vauniya

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050009)

https://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H050009.pdf

(16.1 MB)

4 Nikiema, Josiane; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Asiedu, Zipporah; Saad, Dalia; Lamizana, B. 2020. Water pollution by plastics and microplastics: a review of technical solutions from source to sea. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 112p.

Water pollution ; Plastics ; Microplastics ; Waste management ; Sea pollution ; Freshwater pollution ; Contamination ; Water quality ; Wastewater treatment ; Treatment plants ; Recycling ; Technology ; Drinking water treatment ; Industrial wastewater ; Costs ; Municipal wastewater ; Solid wastes ; Sewage sludge ; Landfill leachates ; Waste incineration ; Risk ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Developing countries ; Policies ; Energy recovery ; Wetlands / USA / Europe / China

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050126)

https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/34424/WPMM.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050126.pdf

(2.63 MB) (26.6 MB)

5 African Development Bank (AfDB); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); GRID-Arendal. 2020. Sanitation and wastewater atlas of Africa. Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: African Development Bank (AfDB); Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Arendal, Norway: GRID-Arendal. 284p.

Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Wastewater management ; Hygiene ; Municipal wastewater ; Industrial wastewater ; Agricultural wastewater ; Wastewater treatment ; Faecal sludge ; Latrines ; Water reuse ; Resource recovery ; Business models ; Economic aspects ; Water resources ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Contamination ; Groundwater ; Regulations ; Drought stress ; Stormwater runoff ; Ecosystem services ; Environmental health ; Waterborne diseases ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Policies ; Institutions ; Governance ; Rural areas ; Population growth / Africa / Algeria / Angola / Benin / Botswana / Burkina Faso / Burundi / Cabo Verde / Cameroon / Central African Republic / Chad / Comoros / Congo / Cote d'Ivoire / Democratic Republic of the Congo / Djibouti / Egypt / Equatorial Guinea / Eritrea / Ethiopia / Gabon / Gambia / Ghana / Guinea / Guinea-Bissau / Kenya / Lesotho / Liberia / Libya / Madagascar / Malawi / Mali / Mauritania / Mauritius / Morocco / Mozambique / Namibia / Niger / Nigeria / Rwanda / Sao Tome and Principe / Senegal / Seychelles / Sierra Leone / Somalia / South Africa / South Sudan / Sudan / Eswatini / Togo / Tunisia / Uganda / United Republic of Tanzania / Zambia / Zimbabwe

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050261)

https://www.afdb.org/sites/all/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afdb.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fsanitation_and_wastewater_atlas_of_africa_compressed.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050261.pdf

(47.50 MB) (47.5 MB)

6 Gehring, T.; Deineko, E.; Hobus, I.; Kolisch, G.; Lubken, M.; Wichern, M. 2021. Effect of sewage sampling frequency on determination of design parameters for municipal wastewater treatment plants. Water Science and Technology, 84(2):284-292. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.588]

Municipal wastewater ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Sewage ; Pollutant load ; Temperature ; Estimation ; Datasets ; Uncertainty / Germany / Switzerland

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050515)

https://iwaponline.com/wst/article-pdf/84/2/284/914986/wst084020284.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050515.pdf

(0.59 MB) (600 KB)

The uncertainty associated with the determination of load parameters, which is a key step in the design of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), was investigated on the basis of data sets from 58 WWTPs. A further analysed aspect was the organic load variations associated with variable sewage temperatures. Data from 26 WWTPs with a high inflow sampling frequency was used to simulate scenarios to investigate the effect of lower sampling frequencies through a Monte Carlo approach. The calculation of 85-percentile values for chemical oxygen demand (COD) loadings based on only 26 samples per year is associated with a variability of up to ±18%. Approximately 90 samples per year will be necessary to reduce this uncertainty for estimation of COD loadings below 10%. Hence, a low sampling frequency can potentially lead to under- or overestimation of design parameters. Through an analogous approach, it was possible to identify uncertainties of ±11% in COD loading when weekly average data was used with four samples per week. Finally, a tendency to lower COD input loads with increasing temperatures was identified, with a reduction of about 1% of the average loading per degree Celsius.

7 Janeiro, C. N.; Arsenio, A. M.; Brito, R. M. C. L.; van Lier, J. B. 2020. Use of (partially) treated municipal wastewater in irrigated agriculture; potentials and constraints for Sub-Saharan Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 118-119:102906. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2020.102906]

Wastewater irrigation ; Municipal wastewater ; Irrigated farming ; Wastewater treatment ; Urban agriculture ; Developing countries ; Water reuse ; Water quality ; Parameters ; Health hazards ; Public health ; Food production ; Supply chains ; Reclamation ; Guidelines / Africa South of Sahara / Mozambique / Maputo

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050855)

https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050855.pdf

(0.49 MB)

This review identifies the potentials and constraints of using (partially) treated or blended wastewater for irrigation in order to assess the potentials in the context of cities in sub-Saharan Africa, specifically Maputo, the capital of Mozambique. Less than 5% of the wastewater produced in the region is being treated. Nonetheless, untreated, partially treated, and/or blended wastewater is extensively being used for agricultural purposes. Despite the last updated WHO 2006 guidelines for ‘wastewater use in agriculture’, authorities only consider the different water quality parameters at the point of use. Other aspects such as irrigation type, crop management and post harvesting practices, which clearly influence the contaminant log reduction, are simply ignored. Those parameters, however, are considered alternatives to a classic contaminant log reduction, which may be very beneficial for developing countries. In a more holistic approach, trade-off is favoured between the required water quality for irrigation, use of affordable treatment technologies, and adequate post-harvest strategies to reduce the current health risks to acceptable levels. Such a trade-off makes use of multiple barrier approach, whereby wastewater treatment and critical point barriers throughout the supply chain are combined. Thus, there is a long way ahead to achieve proper water reclamation for productive use; the current paradigm has to change. Current restrictive guidelines are unrealistic given current practices, and approaches more appropriate to the location's situation still need to be developed. A multiple barrier approach in combination with master planning is recommended to consider wastewater treatment and critical point barriers throughout the supply chain.

8 Neha; Kansal, A. 2022. Acceptability of reclaimed municipal wastewater in cities: evidence from India's National Capital Region. Water Policy, 24(1):212-228. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2021.197]

Municipal wastewater ; Water reuse ; Wastewater treatment ; Water scarcity ; Water supply ; Drinking water ; Urban areas ; Risk ; Awareness ; Policies ; Stakeholders / India / Delhi

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050859)

https://iwaponline.com/wp/article-pdf/24/1/212/997656/024010212.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050859.pdf

(0.73 MB) (744 KB)

Willingness to reuse reclaimed municipal wastewater was ascertained through a questionnaire completed by 424 respondents, opinions of 17 experts, and interviews with 15 farmers. Information was collected to assess their knowledge of water scarcity and to determine the influence of demographics, correlation to perceived risk, willingness, challenges, and barriers related to the acceptance of reclaimed water. Most respondents were receptive to the idea of using it for purposes other than drinking, and ‘water conservative’ individuals were inclined towards using it even for drinking. Farmers were concerned about its quality and implications for the health of using it for irrigation. Effective communication between authorities and end-users can promote the idea of reusing greywater and reclaimed water for domestic use, and, eventually, for drinking. These findings will be useful in developing an integrated, practical, and strategic framework for treating wastewater for reuse in other cities not only in India but also in other developing countries.

9 Hiruy, A. M.; Mohammed, J.; Haileselassie, M. M.; Acharya, K.; Butte, G.; Haile, Alemseged Tamiru; Walsh, C.; Werner, D. 2022. Spatiotemporal variation in urban wastewater pollution impacts on river microbiomes and associated hazards in the Akaki Catchment, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Science of the Total Environment, 826:153912. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153912]

Municipal wastewater ; Water pollution ; River water ; Biological contamination ; Bacteria ; Faecal pollution ; Faecal coliforms ; Water quality standards ; Antimicrobial resistance ; Microbiological risk assessment ; Extended spectrum beta-lactamases ; Real time PCR ; Surface water ; Catchment areas ; Irrigation ; Effluents ; Health hazards / Ethiopia / Addis Ababa / Akaki River / Akaki Catchment

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051034)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896972201004X/pdfft?md5=e4136acb70d545e2d44e8f9069c0a381&pid=1-s2.0-S004896972201004X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051034.pdf

(2.34 MB) (2.34 MB)

In Addis Ababa and its environs, most urban wastewater is discharged into rivers without treatment. This study related urban wastewater characteristics to the prevalence of faecal, antibiotic resistant, and potentially pathogenic bacteria in rivers of the Akaki catchment across six locations, for the dry and wet season. Spatiotemporal variation in bacterial hazards across the catchment was up to 6 log10 units. Cooccurrence of sewage pollution marker gene HF183 in all river samples testing positive for the Vibrio cholerae marker gene ompW, and high levels of these two genes in untreated wastewater, identified human sewage as the likely source of Vibrio cholerae hazards in the catchment. Levels of the marker genes rodA for E. coli, HF183 for human host associated Bacteroides, ciaB for Arcobacter, and ompW for Vibrio cholerae were all higher in the dry season than in the wet season. Marker gene gyrB for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was not detected in the samples. From the sequencing data, notable bacterial genera in the dry season included wastewater pollution indicators Arcobacter and Aeromonas, whereas soil erosion may explain the greater prominence of Legionella, Vicinamibacter, and Sphingomonas during the wet season. Except for the most upstream location, all faecal coliform (FC) counts exceeded WHO standards of 1000 CFU/100 mL for unrestricted irrigation. Concerningly, 0.6–20% of FC had ESBL producing antimicrobial resistance traits. In conclusion, multiple bacterial hazards were of concern for river water users in the Akaki catchment, and elevated in the dry season, when the river water is being used for irrigation of vegetable fields that supply the markets of Addis Ababa. This reflects inadequate treatment and limited dilution of urban wastewater by the natural river flows during periods of low rainfall.

10 Biswas, J. K.; Mondal, B.; Priyadarshini, P.; Abhilash, P. C.; Biswas, S.; Bhatnagar, A. 2022. Formulation of water sustainability index for India as a performance gauge for realizing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6. Ambio, 51(6):1569-1587. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01680-1]

Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Indicators ; Public health ; Social change ; Biophysics ; Policies ; Sustainability ; Water resources ; Wastewater treatment ; Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Drinking water ; Freshwater ; Municipal wastewater / India

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051075)

https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051075.pdf

(1.09 MB)

Anthropogenic activities targeting economic progress have triggered changes in the Earth system processes causing depletion of resources and degradation of ecosystems. Water is a critical natural resource which has been severely impacted through groundwater depletion, surface water contamination and ocean acidification resulting in repercussions on human health and biodiversity losses. Likewise, India, a mega biodiversity nation has been critically affected by degradation and drawdown of water resources with far-reaching consequences on environmental vitality and socio-economic development. In order to prevent extreme water scarcity in the near future, the country needs to promote sustainable utilisation of water resources by adhering to the targets of Goal 6 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs). The present work, therefore, has focussed on the development of a Water Sustainability Index (WSI) for India that would help attaining the targets of SDG 6. A total of 12 indicators categorized under biophysical and social development dimensions and synonymous with the targets of SDG 6 have been used for the formulation of WSI and thereby understanding how much water resources are used annually in a sustainable manner. The study also highlights the interrelationship between the diverse social development and health indicators (SDG 3) of Indian community. The research has the potential to provide guidance for efficient use of water resources in India. Acting as a yardstick and guiding star, the sustainability metric will help the nation to monitor whether it is on the right track and navigate its journey towards achieving water sustainability. It also calls for cautious course correction and restructuring of current Indian policy and operational instruments for effective green governance and sustainable water management.

11 Eid-Sabbagh, K.; Roukoz, S.; Nassif, Marie-Helene; Velpuri, Naga; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier. 2022. Analysis of water reuse potential for irrigation in Lebanon. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 145p. (IWMI Research Report 181) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2022.211]

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H051388)

https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub181/rr181.pdf

(7.07 MB)

Water scarcity and pollution are major threats for human development in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, and Lebanon is no exception. Wastewater treatment and reuse in agriculture can contribute to addressing the increasing water crisis in the MENA region. However, what is the actual potential of water reuse as a solution for agriculture in Lebanon? This report addresses this question and provides the most comprehensive assessment of water reuse potential up to now. Using geographic information system (GIS) modelling and the best and most recent data available in the country, the report develops a detailed technical assessment of the quantities of treated water available for safe reuse in irrigation, and identifies the wastewater treatment plants that have the highest potential for that purpose.
The report also examines the governance barriers that need to be overcome for the water reuse potential to materialize in practice. These barriers include structural shortcomings in the wastewater sector combined with challenges of governance and the lack of a regulatory framework for reuse management. Once the current economic, financial and political crisis in Lebanon eases, addressing these barriers will be key to achieving more and safer water reuse in the country.

12 Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Al-Hamdi, M.; AbuZeid, K. (Eds.) 2022. Water reuse in the Middle East and North Africa: a sourcebook. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 292p. (Also in Arabic) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2022.225]

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051502)

https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Books/PDF/water_reuse_in_the_middle_east_and_north_africa-a_sourcebook.pdf

(5.76 MB)

13 Ali, M.; Hong, P.-Y.; Mishra, H.; Vrouwenvelder, J.; Saikaly, P. E. 2022. Adopting the circular model: opportunities and challenges of transforming wastewater treatment plants into resource recovery factories in Saudi Arabia. Water Reuse, 12(3):346-365. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2022.038]

Circular economy ; Models ; Resource recovery ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Water reuse ; Freshwater ; Municipal wastewater ; Water resources ; Water scarcity ; Water demand ; Technology ; Sludge ; Seawater ; Bioplastics ; Cellulose ; Ammonium ; Phosphates ; Infrastructure / Saudi Arabia

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051475)

https://iwaponline.com/jwrd/article-pdf/12/3/346/1113980/jwrd0120346.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051475.pdf

(1.28 MB) (1.28 MB)

With the ever-growing population, water, energy, and resources need to be used carefully, reused, and renewed. There is an increasing global interest in resource recovery from ‘waste’, which is driven by sustainability and environmental concerns and motivated by the potential for economic benefits. A new era in waste (water) management is being realized where wastewater treatment is becoming part of the circular economy by integrating the production of reusable water with energy and resource recovery. In this new perspective, wastewater is no longer seen as a waste to be treated with energy expenditure but rather as a valuable source of freshwater, energy, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous), and materials (e.g., bioplastics, cellulose fibres, and alginate). In this review paper, the conversion of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) into resource recovery factories (RRFs) is presented as one of the ways forward to achieve a circular economy in the water sector for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The advanced technologies, some highlighted in the article, can be installed, integrated, or retrofitted into existing WWTPs to create RRFs enabling the recovery of freshwater, cellulose, alginate-like exopolymers (bio-ALE), and biogas from municipal wastewater achieving climate neutrality, decarbonization, and production of new and promising resources. The article highlights the need for modular, adaptive, and/or decentralized approaches using sustainable technologies such as aerobic granular sludge (AGS)-gravity-driven membrane (AGS-GDM), anaerobic electrochemical membrane bioreactor (AnEMBR), and anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) for conducive localized water reuse. The increase in reuse will reduce the pressure on non-renewable water resources and decrease dependency on the energy-intensive desalination process. This article also outlines the water challenges that are arising in KSA and what are the major water research programmes/themes undertaken to address these major challenges.

14 Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Velpuri, Naga Manohar; Orabi, Mohamed O. M. 2022. Wastewater production, treatment and reuse in MENA: untapped opportunities?. In Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Al-Hamdi, M.; AbuZeid, K. (Eds.). Water reuse in the Middle East and North Africa: a sourcebook. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.15-42.

Wastewater treatment ; Water reuse ; Municipal wastewater ; Composition ; Resource recovery ; Effluents ; Pollutants ; Treatment plants ; Water scarcity ; Water pollution ; Population ; Health hazards / Middle East / North Africa / Algeria / Bahrain / Egypt / Iraq / Jordan / Kuwait / Lebanon / Libya / Mauritania / Morocco / Oman / Palestine / Qatar / Saudi Arabia / Sudan / Syrian Arab Republic / Tunisia / United Arab Emirates / Yemen

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051737)

https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Books/PDF/water_reuse_in_the_middle_east_and_north_africa-a_sourcebook-chapter-2.pdf

(887 KB)

15 Velpuri, Naga Manohar; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Orabi, Mohamed O. M. 2023. Spatially Explicit Wastewater Generation and Tracking (SEWAGE-TRACK) in the Middle East and North Africa Region. Science of the Total Environment, 875:162421. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162421]

Wastewater treatment ; Municipal wastewater ; Rural areas ; Population ; Datasets ; Water productivity ; Estimation ; Models ; Water reuse ; Water availability ; Groundwater recharge ; Coastal areas / Middle East / North Africa / Algeria / Bahrain / Egypt / Iraq / Jordan / Kuwait / Lebanon / Libya / Mauritania / Morocco / Oman / Qatar / Saudi Arabia / Sudan / Syrian Arab Republic / Tunisia / United Arab Emirates / Palestine / Yemen / West Bank

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051814)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969723010379/pdfft?md5=82d74b7a49632b1eb1e88e5793e98775&pid=1-s2.0-S0048969723010379-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051814.pdf

(2.10 MB) (2.10 MB)

This study developed the SEWAGE-TRACK model for disaggregating lumped national wastewater generation estimates using population datasets and quantifying rural and urban wastewater generation and fate. The model allocates wastewater into riparian, coastal, and inland components and summarizes the fate of wastewater into productive (direct and indirect reuse) and unproductive components for 19 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. As per the national estimates, 18.4 km3 of municipal wastewater generated in 2015, was disaggregated over the MENA region. Results from this study revealed urban and rural areas to contribute to 79 % and 21 % of municipal wastewater generation respectively. Within the rural context, inland areas generated 61 % of the total wastewater. The riparian and coastal regions produced 27 % and 12 %, respectively. Within the urban settings, riparian areas produced 48 %, while inland and coastal regions generated 34 % and 18 % of the total wastewater, respectively. Results indicate that 46 % of the wastewater is productively used (direct reuse and indirect use), while 54 % is lost unproductively. Of the total wastewater generated, the most direct use was observed in the coastal areas (7 %), the most indirect reuse in the riparian regions (31 %), and the most unproductive losses in inland areas (27 %). The potential of unproductive wastewater as a non-conventional freshwater source was also analyzed. Our results indicate that wastewater is an excellent alternative water source and has high potential to reduce pressure on non-renewable sources for some countries in the MENA region. The motivation of this study is to disaggregate wastewater generation and track wastewater fate using a simple but robust approach that is portable, scalable and repeatable. Similar analysis can be done for other regions to produce information on disaggregated wastewater and its fate. Such information is highly critical for efficient wastewater resource management.

16 Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Nassif, Marie Helene; Tawfik, Mohamed; Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Mapedza, Everisto; Lahham, Nisreen; Al-Hamdi, M. 2023. Expanding water reuse in the Middle East and North Africa: policy report. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 18p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2023.203]

Water reuse ; Water resources ; Water availability ; Water scarcity ; Wastewater treatment ; Municipal wastewater ; Resource recovery ; Water policies ; Water governance ; Planning ; Guidelines ; Irrigation water ; Agricultural water use ; Water quality standards ; Health hazards ; Sustainability ; Financing ; Cost recovery ; Business models ; Stakeholders ; Gender-transformative approaches ; Women ; Social aspects / Middle East / North Africa / Algeria / Bahrain / Egypt / Iraq / Jordan / Kuwait / Lebanon / Libya / Mauritania / Morocco / Oman / Palestine / Qatar / Saudi Arabia / Sudan / Syrian Arab Republic / Tunisia / United Arab Emirates / Yemen

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051838)

https://rewater-mena.iwmi.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2023/04/Expanding_water_reuse_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa-Policy_report.pdf

(5.90 MB)

17 Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Al-Hamdi, M.; AbuZeid, K. (Eds.) 2023. Water reuse in the Middle East and North Africa: a sourcebook. In Arabic. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 292p. (Also in English) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2023.221]

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052507)

https://rewater-mena.iwmi.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2023/11/Water-reuse-in-the-Middle-East-and-North-Africa-A-sourcebook-Arabic.pdf

(4.76 MB)

18 Duckett, D.; Troldborg, M.; Hendry, S.; Cousin, H. 2024. Making waves: promoting municipal water reuse without a prevailing scarcity driver. Water Research, 249:120965. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120965]

Water reuse ; Municipal wastewater ; Wastewater treatment ; Water law ; Water security ; Circular economy

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052451)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135423014057/pdfft?md5=3e528287bf9ef7ded6d669e53c3f10ee&pid=1-s2.0-S0043135423014057-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052451.pdf

(2.08 MB) (2.08 MB)

The wealth of water reuse research in scarcity and/or rapid urbanisation contexts has underpinned significant change in many relatively water scarce contexts. Less progress has been achieved in water rich contexts; a fact illustrated by the lack of change on the ground. The Climate Emergency demands that all municipalities urgently contribute to more efficient resource management of water. Consequently, to advance municipal scale reuse projects in locations where scarcity is not forcing the issue, for example Scotland, there is a need to predicate water reuse on different drivers, specifically climate change and the circular economy. Moreover, greater contextual sensitivity needs to be applied when exploring barriers to reuse to more critically exploit opportunities, for example avenues to reform complex regulatory frameworks, different contingencies around trust, and different potential degrees of the yuck factor. To achieve this, new initiatives need to be urgently undertaken to consider the barriers to reuse that will not be swept aside by the imperative of scarcity. The notion of a yum factor, whereby positive sentiments are nurtured to combat instinctive repugnance, coined as yuck by the bioethicist Arthur Caplan, is advanced as a strategic objective to promote more rapid expansion of municipal scale reuse.

19 Jamshidi, S.; Farsimadan, M.; Mohammadi, H. 2024. A holistic approach for performance evaluation of wastewater treatment plants: integrating grey water footprint and life cycle impact assessment. Water Science and Technology, 89(7):1741-1756. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.081]

Wastewater treatment plants ; Water reuse ; Water footprint ; Carbon footprint ; Grey water ; Environmental impact ; Impact assessment ; Nexus approaches ; Energy consumption ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Sustainable development ; Water quality ; Sewage ; Municipal wastewater

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052751)

https://iwaponline.com/wst/article-pdf/89/7/1741/1401105/wst089071741.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052751.pdf

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Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have positive and negative impacts on the environment. Therefore, life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) can provide a more holistic framework for performance evaluation than the conventional approach. This study added water footprint (WF) to LCIA and defined index for accounting for the damage ratio of carbon footprint (CF) to WF. The application of these innovations was verified by comparing the performance of 26 WWTPs. These facilities are located in four different climates in Iran, serve between 1,900 and 980,000 people, and have treatment units like activated sludge, aerated lagoon, and stabilization pond. Here, grey water footprint (GWF) calculated the ecological impacts through typical pollutants. Blue water footprint (BWF) included the productive impacts of wastewater reuse, and CF estimated CO2 emissions from WWTPs. Results showed that GWF was the leading factor. was 4–7.5% and the average WF of WWTPs was 0.6 m3/ca, which reduced 84%, to 0.1 m³/ca, through wastewater reuse. Here, wastewater treatment and reuse in larger WWTPs, particularly with activated sludge had lower cumulative impacts. Since this method takes more items than the conventional approach, it is recommended for integrated evaluation of WWTPs, mainly in areas where the water–energy nexus is a paradigm for sustainable development.