Your search found 18 records
1 Owusu, Eric S.; Namara, Regassa E.; Kuwornu, J. K. M. 2011. The welfare-enhancing role of irrigation in farm households in northern Ghana. Journal of International Diversity, 2011(1):61-87.
Households ; Welfare ; Income ; Irrigation water ; Investment ; Poverty ; Developing countries ; Regression analysis ; Models / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044131)
(1.18 MB)
One key poverty reduction strategy in developing countries has been the investment in agricultural water management. There are research-established linkages between irrigation water use and household welfare improvements in some developing countries. In Ghana, irrigation development for livelihood support, which dates back to the 1960s manifested in the construction of formal irrigation infrastructure, starting with the rural savannah and coastal regions. However, to date agriculture is still predominantly rainfed, small-holder and subsistence oriented. It is believed that irrigation potential for poverty reduction is yet to be achieved within the Food and Agricultural Sector Development Programme, as general poverty incidence (60.1%) is still high, particularly in the rural savannah regions of Northern Ghana. Little is however known about the poverty-reducing role of already provided infrastructure against the backdrop of rising quest for more irrigation investments. The extent of irrigation’s welfare-enhancing impact is worth knowing for policy makers. Using the methods of propensity score matching (PSM) and switching regression, it is ascertained that improved access to irrigation in the rural savannah region of Ghana significantly improves household welfare via increase in net farm income, and there is more room for enhanced impacts. Pro-poor irrigation investment in this region significantly reinforces both regional and national poverty reduction drives, and is thus justified.
2 Weligamage, S. P. 2011. An economic analysis of intersectoral water allocation in southeastern Sri Lanka. Thesis submitted to the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State University, USA in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 155p.
Water resources ; Water allocation ; Water use ; Economic analysis ; Economic value ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation programs ; Agricultural development ; River basins ; Case studies ; Farmers ; Welfare ; Analytical methods ; Models ; Surveys ; Indicators ; Households ; Income
/ Sri Lanka / Dry Zone / Kirindi Oya / Menik Ganga / Kumbukkan Oya / Yala Protected Area
/ Sri Lanka / Dry Zone / Kirindi Oya / Menik Ganga / Kumbukkan Oya / Yala Protected Area
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044346)
(3.06 MB)
This dissertation analyzes current patterns and expected benefits of allocation of water in Kirindi-Menik-Kumbukkan composite river basin in southeastern Sri Lanka. The Veheragala Diversion Project changed the historical flow regime of Menik Ganga River by diverting water to the Kirindi Oya Basin for irrigation. This diversion reduced water flow to the Yala Protected Area Complex, a unique, nationally and globally important wildlife refuge situated further downstream, but dry season flows were enhanced. This study develops and applies empirical methods to estimate economic benefits related to two major uses: irrigation and environment. A procedure to quantify water applied on rice farms, based on farmer recall, was developed and empirically used in the Kirindi Oya Irrigation and Settlement Project (KOISP), where differential access to water between its two subareas exists. A production function for rice with water quantity as an input was estimated. Plans to allocate newly diverted water to maximize system-wide annual net benefits by equating marginal value products of water were generated. The value of water for the environment was estimated through a contingent valuation study that asked respondents about their willingness to pay for water releases through the YPC. Benefits were expected as emanating from non-use values of water. Findings showed a diverse pattern of distribution and abundance of irrigation systems across three river basins when the sizes and the types of systems were considered. Average water quantity applied by farmers in the Old Irrigated Area of the KOISP was 17 percent higher than that of farmers in the New Irrigated Area, while annual net rice revenues were 36 percent higher in the Old irrigated Area. The optimum water allocation plan for the KOISP would generate annual incremental net benefits of SLR 157 million and is 28 percent higher than the “Business as Usual” Plan. Mean willingness to pay for water releases estimated using random willingness to pay method was SLR 627 per household per annum. This can be aggregated to a national benefit stream with net present worth of SLR 17.4 billion. This value can be considered as the value of water allocated for environmental uses.
3 Palanisami, K.; Vidhyavathi, A.; Ranganathan, C. R. 2008. Wells for welfare or “illfare”?: Cost of groundwater depletion in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Water Policy, 10(4):391-407. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2008.150]
Wells ; Groundwater irrigation ; Groundwater depletion ; Pumping ; Energy consumption ; Costs ; Investment ; Economic aspects ; Social aspects ; Welfare ; Crop management ; Water use ; Land use ; Irrigated sites ; Social aspects ; Policy / India / Tamil Nadu / Coimbatore District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044799)
(0.12 MB)
Groundwater depletion is experienced in several districts of Tamil Nadu state and Coimbatore district is heading in that direction. The average well failure rate is 47% for open wells and 9% for bore wells. The total cost of depletion for new wells varies from Rs 1,999 per ha to Rs 90,975 per ha. The electricity subsidy to the farmers has varied from Rs 22,621 per ha for coconut growers to Rs 25,498 per ha for banana growers as on 2004. The cost of irrigation per cubic metre (m3) is less on large farms. The average net return with free electricity varies from Rs 0.14 per m3 to Rs 1.38 per m3 and is drastically reduced when electricity is priced at an economic cost, i.e. Rs 21.15 to Rs 20.14 per m3. The shift in cropping pattern towards high value crops helped the farmers to some extent to bear the cost of externalities arising out of depletion. The social cost caused by groundwater overdraft is about Rs 554.3 million, which may increase when the well density increases further. Suggested policy options are to change the cropping pattern to less water-consuming crops, to invest in watershed development activities, to change inefficient pumpsets and to adopt well spacing norms.
4 Katic, Pamela G. 2015. Groundwater spatial dynamics and endogenous well location. Water Resources Management, 29(1):181-196. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0834-5]
Groundwater extraction ; Water management ; Aquifers ; Economic aspects ; Wells ; Welfare ; Hydrology ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046745)
(0.78 MB)
Groundwater economic models have refined optimal extraction rules while lagging behind in the study of optimal spatial policies. This paper develops a theoretical model to estimate welfare gains from optimal groundwater management when the choice variable set is expanded to include well location decisions as well as optimal groundwater extraction paths. Our theoretical results show that if there is spatial heterogeneity in groundwater, the welfare gains from optimal location of wells are substantial even if extraction rates are unregulated. Furthermore, second-best economically defined spacing regulations may possibly have better efficiency results (and lower implementation costs) than first-best uniform taxes or quotas. An application of the model to a real-world aquifer shows the importance of including well location decisions in spatially differentiated groundwater models and the need for (1) robust estimates of the gains from optimal management and; (2) spatially explicit regulations.
5 Price, J. I.; Janmaat, J.; Sugden, Fraser; Bharati, Luna. 2016. Water storage systems and preference heterogeneity in water-scarce environments: a choice experiment in Nepal’s Koshi River Basin. Water Resources and Economics, 13:6-18. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wre.2015.09.003]
Water storage ; Supplemental irrigation ; Rainfed farming ; Rural communities ; Water stress ; Water supply ; Water resources ; Domestic water ; Dry season ; Households ; Welfare ; Econometrics / Nepal / Koshi River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047238)
(0.00 MB)
Many rural communities in Nepal experience considerable water stress during the dry season. Water storage systems (WSSs) have been proposed to supplement rain-fed irrigation and augment domestic water services in these communities. We evaluate household preferences for WSSs using a choice experiment and latent class modeling techniques. Results indicate the presence of three classes. The majority of households (E92%) belong to two equally-sized classes, a relatively privileged group (i.e. wealthier, better educated, etc.) with strong preferences for supplemental irrigation and a less privileged group that is mainly interested in improved domestic water services. The remaining class’ preferences are dominated by the cost attribute and are consistent with households facing severe cash constraints. Estimated welfare effects reveal that WSSs disproportionately benefit the privileged, although this disparity is mitigated with the provision of domestic water. These findings highlight the potential welfare gains from WSS investments, but stress the need for multi-purpose water resource development and the potential for elite capture.
6 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2015. Options for decoupling economic growth from water use and water pollution. A report of the Water Working Group of the International Resource Panel. Paris, France: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). International Resource Panel Secretariat. 78p.
Water resources ; Water reuse ; Water management ; Economic growth ; Water pollution ; Wastewater treatment ; Industrial uses ; Agricultural sector ; Domestic water ; Water policy ; Groundwater ; Climate change ; Water supply ; Virtual water ; Water rates ; Pricing ; Urban areas ; Welfare ; Technological changes ; Land use
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047526)
http://apps.unep.org/publications/index.php?option=com_pub&task=download&file=012014_en
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047526.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047526.pdf
(25.10 MB) (25.1 MB)
7 Hill, R. V.; Porter, C. 2017. Vulnerability to drought and food price shocks: evidence from Ethiopia. World Development, 96:65-77. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.025]
Weather hazards ; Drought ; Food prices ; Households ; Poverty ; Inflation ; Welfare ; Gender ; Socioeconomic environment ; Food consumption ; Forecasting ; Models ; Crop losses ; Rural areas / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048241)
(0.31 MB)
While the measurement and determinants of poverty have been widely studied, vulnerability, or the threat of future poverty, has been more difficult to investigate due to data paucity. We combine nationally representative household data with objective drought and price information to quantify and investigate causes of vulnerability to poverty in Ethiopia. Previous estimates have relied on self-reported shocks and variation in outcomes within a survey, which is inadequate for shocks such as weather and prices that vary more across time than space. We used historical distributions of climate and price shocks in each district to simulate the probable distribution of future consumption for individual households and use these quantify vulnerability to poverty. We find that many Ethiopians are unable to protect their consumption against lack of rainfall and sudden increases in food prices. A moderate drought causes a 9% reduction in consumption for many rural households and recent high inflation has caused a 14% reduction in the consumption of uneducated households in urban areas. We also find that the vulnerability of rural households is considerably higher than that of urban households, despite realized poverty rates being fairly similar. This reflects the fact that the household survey in 2011 was conducted during a year of good rainfall but rapid food price inflation. The results highlight the need for caution in using a snapshot of poverty to target programs, as underlying rates of vulnerability can be quite different from the poverty rate captured at one point in time. The results also suggest that significant welfare gains can be made from risk management in both rural and urban areas.
8 Houessionon, P.; Fonta, W. M.; Bossa, A. Y.; Sanfo, S.; Thiombiano, N.; Zahonogo, P.; Yameogo, T. B.; Balana, Bedru. 2017. Economic valuation of ecosystem services from small-scale agricultural management interventions in Burkina Faso: a discrete choice experiment approach. Sustainability, 9(9):1-16. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091672]
Ecosystem services ; Economic value ; Sustainable agriculture ; Small scale farming ; Water management ; Resource recovery ; Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Drip irrigation ; Organic matter ; Climate change ; Farmers attitudes ; Willingness to pay ; Estimation ; Models ; Welfare / Burkina Faso / Ouagadougou / Dano
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048370)
(0.74 MB) (768 KB)
The main purpose of this paper is to estimate farmers’ preferences and their willingness to pay (WTP) for ecosystem services derived from four agricultural water management (AWM) and resource recovery and reuse (RRR) intervention options in Burkina Faso, using a choice experiment (CE). These include; small water infrastructure, drip irrigation, recovery of organic matter from waste, and treated wastewater. The design decisions relating to attribute selection, the level of attributes, alternatives and choice tasks were guided by literature, field visits, focus group discussions, expert input and an iterative process of the STATA software to generate an orthogonal main-effects CE design. The data used was generated from a random sample of 300 farm households in the Dano and Ouagadougou municipalities in Burkina Faso. Results from conditional logit, latent class logit and mixt logit models show that farmers have positive and significant preferences for drip irrigation, treated wastewater, and organic matter. However, they are WTP on average more for drip irrigation and organic matter for agricultural sustainability. In line with economic theory, the cost of an intervention reduces demand for a given intervention. These findings can provide policy makers with evidence for agricultural policy design to build farmers’ resilience in the Sahel.
9 Getnet, K.; Mekuria, Wolde; Langan, S.; Rivington, M.; Novo, P.; Black, H. 2017. Ecosystem-based interventions and farm household welfare in degraded areas: comparative evidence from Ethiopia. Agricultural Systems, 154:53-62. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.03.001]
Ecosystems ; Households ; Welfare ; Farm income ; Nutrition ; Soil organic matter ; Soil amendments ; Agricultural production ; Land degradation ; Organic fertilizers ; Composts / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048464)
Agricultural productivity and farm household welfare in areas of severe land degradation can be improved through ecosystem-based interventions. Decisions on the possible types of practices and investments can be informed using evidence of potential benefits. Using farm household data together with a farm level stochastic simulation model provides an initial quantification of farm income and nutrition outcomes that can be generated over a five year period from manure and compost based organic amendment of crop lands. Simulated results show positive income and nutrition impacts. Mean farm income increases by 13% over the planning period, from US$32,833 under the business as usual situation (application of 50 kg DAP and 25 kg urea ha- 1 yr- 1) to US$37,172 under application of 10 t ha- 1 yr- 1 farm yard manure during the first three years and 5 t ha- 1 yr- 1 during the last two years. As a result of organic soil amendment, there is an associated increase in the available calorie, protein, fat, calcium, and iron per adult equivalent, giving the improvement in farm household nutrition. The evidence is substantive enough to suggest the promotion and adoption at scale, in degraded ecosystems, of low cost organic soil amendment practices to improve agricultural productivity and subsequent changes in farm household welfare.
10 Gimelli, F. M.; Bos, J. J.; Rogers, B. C. 2018. Fostering equity and wellbeing through water: a reinterpretation of the goal of securing access. World Development, 104:1-9. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.10.033]
Water resources development ; Water supply ; Water availability ; Water rights ; Equity ; Welfare ; Public health ; Sanitation ; Development indicators ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Millennium Development Goals
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048700)
(0.53 MB)
Current approaches to the development of water services such as water supply, sanitation, and hygiene in the Global South are driven by the aim to secure people’s rights to access such services. In this literature-based paper, we illustrate how such an interpretation of access limits the ability of development efforts in the sector to (i) address power inequities mediating access to water services, and; (ii) acknowledge and strengthen wellbeing factors implicated with water services beyond basic health. We argue that maintaining the current interpretation of access limits the ability of development initiatives in the water sector to address pressing issues mediating people’s ability to benefit from water services. To address these limitations, we propose a reinterpretation of the goal of securing access in international development frameworks grounded in Ribot and Peluso’s (2003) theory of access and Amartya Sen’s (1999, 2008, 2013) Capability Approach to human development. Such a reinterpretation strengthens the capacity of global efforts to improve water services to not only foster good health, but also address inequity and other dimensions of human wellbeing such as livelihoods and education.
11 Rosenstock, T. S.; Nowak, A.; Girvetz, E. (Eds.) 2019. The climate-smart agriculture papers: investigating the business of a productive, resilient and low emission future. Cham, Switzerland: SpringerOpen. 321p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92798-5]
Climate-smart agriculture ; Climate change adaptation ; Resilience ; Emission ; Forecasting ; Sustainable agriculture ; Farming systems ; Crop production ; Varieties ; Drought tolerance ; Nutrition ; Seed production ; Soils ; Agroforestry ; Participatory approaches ; Public-private cooperation ; Stakeholders ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Entrepreneurship ; Income ; Agricultural extension ; Innovation ; Supply chain ; Risks ; Uncertainty ; Models ; Policies ; Households ; Welfare ; Women ; Livestock ; Infectious diseases ; Rural finance ; Traditional methods ; Stress ; Religion ; Case studies / Africa / Angola / Zimbabwe / Ethiopia / Kenya / Mozambique / Tanzania / Uganda / Namibia / Planalto / Lushoto
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049125)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-92798-5.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049125.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049125.pdf
(8.51 MB) (8.51 MB)
12 Ahmadi, A.; Kerachian, R.; Skardi, M. J. E.; Abdolhay, A. 2020. A stakeholder-based decision support system to manage water resources. Journal of Hydrology, 589:125138. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125138]
Water resources ; Water management ; Decision support systems ; Stakeholders ; Natural resources management ; Wastewater ; Social networks ; Welfare ; Decision making ; Models / Iran Islamic Republic / Tehran / Kan River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049947)
(1.82 MB)
Based on the Social Choice Theory (SCT), a new Decision Support System (DSS) is presented and employed to rank-order management alternatives (i.e. scenarios) in the water resources management system of Tehran metropolitan area, Iran. In the framework of the presented DSS, the quantitative characteristics of the stakeholders are taken into account to develop a decentralized decision-making method. An agent-based simulation model is employed to evaluate the outcomes of implementing each management scenario by calculating nine distinct environmental, social, and economic criteria over a 25-year simulation period. It is shown that the best scenarios selected by the DSS have merits to enhance the sustainability of the water resources in the study area, and to shift the stakeholders’ network towards cooperation and collaboration.
13 de Frutos Cachorro, J.; Marin-Solano, J.; Navas, J. 2021. Competition between different groundwater uses under water scarcity. Water Resources and Economics, 33:100173. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wre.2020.100173]
Groundwater management ; Water use ; Water scarcity ; Water availability ; Water demand ; Water resources ; Aquifers ; Irrigation water ; Water supply ; Urban areas ; Water extraction ; Farmers ; Welfare ; Models ; Economic aspects / Spain / Western La Mancha Aquifer
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050289)
(0.95 MB)
We study groundwater management under a regime shock affecting water availability, using a dynamic common-property resource game. The different players correspond to different groundwater uses (irrigation or urban water supply), enabling us to consider competition between economic sectors for the stock with limited availability. The players have different water demand functions and, under certain circumstances depending on the shock, different discount rates. The effects of asymmetries in both demand and discount rates are analyzed, comparing cooperative and non-cooperative solutions. A numerical analysis for the particular case of the Western La Mancha aquifer in Spain is conducted to analyze the degree of inefficiency of non-cooperative solutions with respect to cooperative solutions in terms of welfare. We show that a higher asymmetry in discount rates reduces the inefficiency of non-cooperative solutions. The opposite result is obtained when considering the asymmetry in demand.
14 Sam, A. G.; Abidoye, B. O.; Mashaba, S. 2021. Climate change and household welfare in Sub-Saharan Africa: empirical evidence from Swaziland. Food Security, 13(2):439-455. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01113-z]
Climate change ; Food prices ; Household expenditure ; Welfare ; Food consumption ; Food security ; Poverty ; Commodities ; Rural areas ; Urban areas / Africa South of Sahara / Eswatini
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050362)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12571-020-01113-z.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050362.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050362.pdf
(0.60 MB) (616 KB)
The fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and several studies suggest that climate change is expected to increase food insecurity and poverty in many parts of the world. In this paper, we adopt a microeconometric approach to empirically estimate the impact of climate change-induced hikes in cereal prices on household welfare in Swaziland (also Kingdom of Eswatini). We do so first by econometrically estimating expenditure and price elasticities of five food groups consumed by households in Swaziland using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), based on data from the 2009/2010 Swaziland Household Income and Expenditure Survey. Second, we use the estimated expenditure and compensated elasticities from the AIDS model, food shares from the household survey, and food price projections developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) to estimate the proportionate increase in income required to maintain the level of household utility that would have prevailed absent an increase in food prices. Our results show increases in cereal prices due to climate change are expected to double extreme poverty in urban areas and increase poverty in rural areas of the country to staggering levels - between 71 and 75%, compared to 63% before the price changes. Income transfers of between 17.5 and 25.4% of pre-change expenditures are needed to avoid the welfare losses.
15 Jafino, B. A.; Kwakkel, J. H.; Taebi, B. 2021. Enabling assessment of distributive justice through models for climate change planning: a review of recent advances and a research agenda. WIREs Climate Change, 23p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.721]
Climate change adaptation ; Climate change mitigation ; Planning ; Assessment ; Models ; Decision making ; Vulnerability ; Risk management ; Human behaviour ; Welfare ; Policies ; Uncertainty ; Indicators
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050396)
(2.64 MB) (2.64 MB)
Models for supporting climate adaptation and mitigation planning, mostly in the form of Integrated Assessment Models, are poorly equipped for aiding questions related to fairness of adaptation and mitigation strategies, because they often disregard distributional outcomes. When evaluating policies using such models, the costs and benefits are typically aggregated across all actors in the system, and over the entire planning horizon. While a policy may be beneficial when considering the aggregate outcome, it can be harmful to some people, somewhere, at some point in time. The practice of aggregating over all actors and over time thus gives rise to problems of justice; it could also exacerbate existing injustices. While the literature discusses some of these injustices in ad-hoc and case specific manner, a systematic approach for considering distributive justice in model-based climate change planning is lacking. This study aims to fill this gap by proposing 11 requirements that an Integrated Assessment Model should meet in order to enable the assessment of distributive justice in climate mitigation and adaptation policies. We derive the requirements from various ethical imperatives stemming from the theory of distributive justice. More specifically, we consider both intra-generational (among people within one generation) and intergenerational (between generations) distributive justice. We investigate to what extent the 11 requirements are being met in recent model-based climate planning studies, and highlight several directions for future research to advance the accounting for distributive justice in model-based support for climate change planning.
16 Boansi, D.; Owusu, V.; Tambo, J. A.; Donkor, E.; Asante, B. O. 2021. Rainfall shocks and household welfare: evidence from northern Ghana. Agricultural Systems, 194:103267. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103267]
Climate change ; Rain ; Farmers ; Welfare ; Households ; Farm income ; Crop production ; Agricultural productivity ; Crop yield ; Food consumption / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050594)
(0.57 MB)
CONTEXT: Rainfall shocks pose a threat to farmers in rural West Africa especially in the wake of the recurrent climate variability and its impacts on agricultural production. Despite the harm they pose, limited empirical studies exist on the welfare implications of rainfall shocks on farmers' welfare in West Africa. In addition, the potential impacts of rainfall induced commodity and labor market failures have not been given much attention in the empirical literature.
OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to analyze the impact of negative rainfall shocks and commodity and labor market failures on farm households' welfare in northern Ghana. Examining the impact of commodity and labor market failures amidst the experience of a negative rainfall shock helps to identify the possible entry points through which the adverse impacts of rainfall deficits may be reduced.
METHODS: The study is based on a household survey data from the Africa Rising program, historical daily climate data from the CCAFS-Climate data portal and random rainfall distributions from Monte Carlo simulation. A total of 1168 households were considered in the analysis. We analyze the impact of rainfall shocks and the above-mentioned entitlement failures using a static optimization model that incorporates a crop yield response function.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We found that an increase in the frequency of negative rainfall shocks under a dry future with and without entitlement failures would impact negatively on the total income and consumption levels of both the asset non-poor and asset poor households in the study area. The asset poor households would however bear the brunt of the impact, and the anticipated impact would mostly be yielded through changes in agricultural incomes and expenditure on food purchases. With increasing risk of dry rainfall conditions, total incomes of farmers could decrease by 7.3% to 45.5%. It was found that ignoring potential failures in commodity and labor markets lead to over/underestimation of the impacts of major rainfall deficits on the different types of farmers. The impact of rainfall shocks on the welfare of farmers is scenario and cluster dependent.
SIGNIFICANCE: The results have significance for policy formulation and future research. The findings from this study indicate a need for targeting and acknowledgement of the differential impacts of climate shocks on the different farmer groups. Efforts made in future research to incorporate entitlement failures in climate impact studies could produce more informative guide for effective policy formulation.
OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to analyze the impact of negative rainfall shocks and commodity and labor market failures on farm households' welfare in northern Ghana. Examining the impact of commodity and labor market failures amidst the experience of a negative rainfall shock helps to identify the possible entry points through which the adverse impacts of rainfall deficits may be reduced.
METHODS: The study is based on a household survey data from the Africa Rising program, historical daily climate data from the CCAFS-Climate data portal and random rainfall distributions from Monte Carlo simulation. A total of 1168 households were considered in the analysis. We analyze the impact of rainfall shocks and the above-mentioned entitlement failures using a static optimization model that incorporates a crop yield response function.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We found that an increase in the frequency of negative rainfall shocks under a dry future with and without entitlement failures would impact negatively on the total income and consumption levels of both the asset non-poor and asset poor households in the study area. The asset poor households would however bear the brunt of the impact, and the anticipated impact would mostly be yielded through changes in agricultural incomes and expenditure on food purchases. With increasing risk of dry rainfall conditions, total incomes of farmers could decrease by 7.3% to 45.5%. It was found that ignoring potential failures in commodity and labor markets lead to over/underestimation of the impacts of major rainfall deficits on the different types of farmers. The impact of rainfall shocks on the welfare of farmers is scenario and cluster dependent.
SIGNIFICANCE: The results have significance for policy formulation and future research. The findings from this study indicate a need for targeting and acknowledgement of the differential impacts of climate shocks on the different farmer groups. Efforts made in future research to incorporate entitlement failures in climate impact studies could produce more informative guide for effective policy formulation.
17 Asrat, D.; Anteneh, A.; Adem, M.; Berhanie, Z. 2022. Impact of Awash irrigation on the welfare of smallholder farmers in eastern Ethiopia. Cogent Economics and Finance, 10(1):2024722. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2021.2024722]
Irrigation ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Welfare ; Consumption ; Expenditure ; Income ; Poverty ; Participation ; Households ; Livestock ; Models / Ethiopia / Awash River / Asayta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050913)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23322039.2021.2024722?needAccess=true
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050913.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050913.pdf
(1.19 MB) (1.19 MB)
Ethiopia’s agriculture is dominated by small-scale rain-fed production in combinations of natural and manmade factors have resulted in serious poverty. Irrigation farming is increasing been used as a strategy in Ethiopia. However, lack of consensus on the role of the irrigation sector on the welfare of smallholder farmers and pitfalls in impact study methodologies resulted in mixed findings. This study evaluated the impact of Awash irrigation on the welfare of rural smallholder farmers. Two-stage stratified sampling technique employed to select sample households. Cross-sectional household level data from a survey of 315; 165 irrigation users and 151 non-users smallholder farmers in Asiyta district, Ethiopia used for the analysis. This study employed endogenous switching regression model to control for endogeneity problems associated with adoption decision. Accordingly, the correlation coefficient result proved that the existence of self-selection and endogeneity. Results indicated, irrigation users’ per capita consumption expenditure and income were 16 percent and 35 percent, respectively, higher compared to non-irrigation-users significantly. Endogenous switching regression model further identified amount of own land cultivated, education status, number of extension contact, livestock holding, nearest market distance, access to non-farm job and nearest canal distance significantly determine irrigation participation. The study concluded that Awash irrigation is one of the viable solutions to improve the welfare of smallholder farmers in the study area. Therefore, governmental and non-governmental organization should promote, improve and expand Awash irrigation in all areas of the Woreda in particular and irrigation agriculture in general.
18 Scognamillo, A.; Sitko, N.; Bandara, S.; Hewage, S.; Munaweera, T.; Kwon, J. 2022. The challenge of making climate adaptation profitable for farmers: evidence from Sri Lanka's rice sector. Environment and Development Economics, 27(5):451-469. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X21000371]
Climate change adaptation ; Rice ; Agricultural practices ; Strategies ; Farmers ; Water availability ; Irrigation systems ; Productivity ; Rain ; Household income ; Welfare ; Water stress ; Soil erosion ; Risk / Sri Lanka / Anuradhapura
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051358)
(0.30 MB)
Adapting agricultural systems to changes in seasonal precipitation is critical for the agricultural sector in Sri Lanka. This paper presents evidence on the adoption drivers and the welfare impacts of agricultural strategies adopted by Sri Lankan rice farmers to adapt to low rainfall conditions. We estimate the causal impact of adopting different adaptive strategies across three different dimensions: (a) sensitivity to water stress, (b) household productivity, and (c) household livelihood conditions. The results highlight important trade-offs faced by farmers between reducing vulnerability to water stress and maximizing profitability and welfare outcomes. These findings are important for informing policies to support climate adaptation among smallholders, and to build and improve the climate resilience of Sri Lanka's rice sector.
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