Your search found 19 records
1 Hellberg, S. 2017. Water for survival, water for pleasure - a biopolitical perspective on the social sustainability of the basic water agenda. Water Alternatives, 10(1):65-80.
Water supply ; Sustainable development ; Water users ; Basic needs ; Water rights ; Water access ; Water policy ; Communities ; Population ; Social structure ; Living standards ; Survival ; Socioeconomic environment ; Political aspects ; State intervention / South Africa / eThekwini Municipality
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048045)
http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol10/v10issue1/342-a10-1-4/file
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048045.pdf
(0.61 MB) (620 KB)
This article explores the social sustainability of the basic water agenda. It does so through a biopolitical analysis of water narratives from eThekwini municipality, South Africa, where a policy of Free Basic Water (FBW) has been implemented. The article addresses the question of what water 'is' and 'does' and shows that water and water governance are productive of lifestyles, people’s self-understanding and how they view their place in the social hierarchy. The analysis brings to light that a differentiated management system, that provides different levels of water services to different populations and individuals, becomes part of (re)producing social hierarchies and deepens divisions between communities. Based on these findings, the article argues that while the basic water agenda has brought successful results globally and remains important in terms of guaranteeing health and survival for the most vulnerable, it should not be confused with efforts of social sustainability. Social sustainability would not only involve a situation where basic needs are met but would also have to address effects of water systems on the relationships between individuals and populations in society.
2 Molden, D. 2020. Scarcity of water or scarcity of management? International Journal of Water Resources Development, 36(2-3):258-268. (Special issue: Global Water Resources: Festschrift in Honour of Asit K. Biswas). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2019.1676204]
Water scarcity ; Water management ; Water access ; Water availability ; Infrastructure ; Climate change ; Institutions ; Mountains ; Human rights / USA / Lesotho / Egypt / Nepal / Los Angeles / Kathmandu Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049584)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07900627.2019.1676204?needAccess=true#aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGFuZGZvbmxpbmUuY29tL2RvaS9wZGYvMTAuMTA4MC8wNzkwMDYyNy4yMDE5LjE2NzYyMDQ/bmVlZEFjY2Vzcz10cnVlQEBAMA==
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049584.pdf
(1.18 MB) (1.18 MB)
This article investigates the relation between water scarcity and water management. There are many different perceptions of water scarcity, which can include the conditions of arid environments, a general lack of access to water, insufficient water at a basin scale, or difficulty in meeting competing needs. All these issues will intensify with greater consumption and climate change. Asit Biswas reminds us that the root cause of scarcity is the way water is managed. Following this wisdom, I examine different contexts of scarcity I have encountered in my work and reflect on the management challenges which drive and transform water scarcity.
3 Sadoff, Claudia W.; Borgomeo, E.; Uhlenbrook, Stefan. 2020. Rethinking water for SDG 6. Nature Sustainability, 3(5):346-347. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0530-9]
Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Economic aspects ; Engineering ; Water management ; Water access ; Water policy ; Water governance ; Investment ; Water resources ; Drinking water ; Millennium Development Goals
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049713)
https://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H049713.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049713.pdf
(0.75 MB)
The world is not on track to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6 on clean water and sanitation by 2030. We urge a rapid change of the economics, engineering and management frameworks that guided water policy and investments in the past in order to address the water challenges of our time.
4 Nadeem, A. M.; Rafique, M. Z.; Bakhsh, K.; Makhdum, M. S. A.; Huang, S. 2020. Impact of socio-economic and water access conditions on life satisfaction of rural farmers in Faisalabad district of Pakistan. Water Policy, 22(4):686-701. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.004]
Socioeconomic impact ; Water access ; Rural areas ; Farmers ; Water supply ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Irrigation water ; Crop water use ; Water requirements ; Water poverty ; Water scarcity ; Households ; Villages ; Living standards ; Income ; Models / Pakistan / Faisalabad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049852)
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049852.pdf
(0.35 MB)
The current study is designed to see the effects of water access on the well-being of the farming community in rural areas of Pakistan. The data were collected from 300 households of ten villages in rural Faisalabad, Pakistan where the population is facing serious water quality and access issues due to industrial pollution, lack of clean water supply system and limited access to fresh water for agricultural use. We employed ordinary least square and ordered probit methods to measure the association between water access variables and households’ well-being. We found that source and quality of drinking water, access to irrigation water, and percentage of crop water requirement fulfilled, and water expenses were statistically significant influencing the households’ well-being. The study concluded that water access conditions strongly influence the life satisfaction and water access conditions must be considered in future research. Acknowledging the contribution of village-level economic activities to economic growth, a strong policy is proposed to re-evaluate the existing rural water supply strategy to enhance the households’ well-being and enhance livelihood generation among neglected pro-poor farmers in rural areas of Pakistan.
5 Molden, O. C.; Khanal, A.; Pradhan, N. 2020. The pain of water: a household perspective of water insecurity and inequity in the Kathmandu Valley. Water Policy, 22(S1):130-145. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.116]
Water insecurity ; Households ; Water security ; Water management ; Water supply ; Infrastructure ; Water access ; Urban areas ; Participatory research ; Social networks ; Policies / Nepal / Himalayan Region / Kathmandu Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049972)
https://iwaponline.com/wp/article-pdf/22/S1/130/651606/022000130.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049972.pdf
(0.22 MB) (228 KB)
This paper draws on participatory research with 47 household water managers over the dry, pre-monsoon, and monsoon season, alongside expert knowledge of water management in Nepal's Kathmandu Valley. Doing so, it presents the perspectives of water managers to highlight three dimensions of water security that existing approaches often overlook. First, experiences of water security vary greatly between households over the year, even within a relatively small geographic area. Second, social connections and landownership play an important role in mediating these experiences. Third, coping with poor water supply places a burden on certain household members. This paper argues that addressing water inequities and insecurities demands research, development and policy responses to look beyond the main pipe network and engage with the variety of ways in which households secure water.
6 Dakyaga, F.; Ahmed, A.; Sillim, M. L. 2021. Governing ourselves for sustainability: everyday ingenuities in the governance of water infrastructure in the informal settlements of Dar es Salaam. Urban Forum, 32(1):111-129. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-020-09412-6]
Water governance ; Sustainability ; Infrastructure ; Informal settlements ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Water supply ; Public water ; Urban areas ; Water access ; Political aspects ; Households / Africa South of Sahara / United Republic of Tanzania / Dar es Salaam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050222)
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050222.pdf
(0.46 MB)
Everyday ingenuities have gained hegemony in urban governance scholarship in the Global South, especially regarding the informal settlements of sub-Saharan Africa, where public water services are limited. Within the global commitment to sustainability, through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this article explores how non-state actors (water service providers) develop and sustain water infrastructure (provide, manage water systems for continued availability) in the informal settlements, through the lens of the everyday ingenuities and governance for sustainability framework, and a qualitative research approach. The study realized the involvement of individuals and group of actors in water infrastructure governance. The actors self-mobilized resources and develop low-cost water infrastructure systems. The actors engaged in a gamut of actions, transactions, clientelist (broker and clients’ relationships), and interactions (buying and selling of water, networking, production, cooperation, partnerships) to manage water infrastructure, the practices were guided by unwritten rules and regulations, and not independent of state actors’ interactions, but formed and developed through the relations between state and non-state water service providers. The findings suggest that water infrastructures in the informal settlements are developed and sustained through the everyday act of inventing, repetitive self-actions, ordering and disordering of the rules and mechanisms, among the inter-depending actors (producers and resellers of water), and their interactional relationship with the state water utility provider (DAWASA).
7 Nadeem, A. M.; Ali, T.; Wei, W.; Cui, Q.; Huang, S. 2021. Can irrigation conditions improve farmers’ subjective well-being? an investigation in rural Pakistan. Water, 13(4):505. (Special issue: Water Conservation in Irrigated Agricultural Systems) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w13040505]
Irrigation water ; Farmers ; Livelihoods ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation canals ; Infrastructure ; Water management ; Water supply ; Water access ; Water user associations ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Rural areas / Pakistan / Faisalabad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050255)
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/4/505/pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050255.pdf
(0.81 MB) (828 KB)
In many developing countries, including Pakistan, the enormous water losses due to outdated irrigation infrastructure threaten livelihoods and food security, while investment in the development of efficiency improvements can help the countries to cope with water scarcity and improve farmers’ wellbeing. This study evaluates how rural farmers’ decisions regarding improving irrigation watercourses and other irrigation conditions affect their wellbeing. We employ hypothesis testing and an ordered logit model on field survey data of 300 farming households from rural Pakistan. The mean test results suggest that farmers on lined watercourses are happier than those on unlined and partially lined watercourses. The regression results suggest that farmers on a fully lined watercourse have higher wellbeing than those on a partially lined watercourse. The time taken by canal water and groundwater to reach farmers’ land reduces their wellbeing. Irrigation quotas, the return of stolen water and the distance of groundwater sources from land have positive effects on farmers’ wellbeing. The study establishes a strong correlation between irrigation conditions, improved irrigation network and farmers’ wellbeing
8 Daly, S. W.; Lowe, J.; Hornsby, G. M.; Harris, A. R. 2021. Multiple water source use in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Journal of Water and Health, 23p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.205]
Water resources ; Drinking water ; Urban areas ; Rural areas ; Water supply ; Monitoring ; Households ; Water access ; Water quality ; Hygiene ; Sanitation ; Sustainable Development Goals
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050351)
https://iwaponline.com/jwh/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/wh.2021.205/881374/jwh2021205.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050351.pdf
(0.60 MB) (612 KB)
The Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) 2017 Update and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Baselines report classified 71% of the global population as having access to ‘safely managed’ drinking water. Current global monitoring efforts to track access to safely managed drinking water rely on collecting information on the ‘primary’ source of drinking water. However, there is evidence that households often rely on multiple sources to meet their water needs in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This systematic review was designed to compile the literature related to the practice of multiple water source use (MWSU) for drinking water in LMICs. A total of 5,318 studies were collected, and after abstract and full-text review, 74 articles were identified for inclusion. Studies reviewed reported from 4 to 100% of the study populations practicing MWSU. Additionally, the practice of supplemental unimproved source use was reported globally, representing households with improved primary source water also accessing unimproved water sources throughout the year. These findings expose gaps in current global water monitoring efforts, revealing potential inflation of reports of ‘safe drinking water access’ and unaccounted exposure to drinking water from unimproved sources.
9 Agbemor, B. D.; Smiley, S. L. 2021. Risk factors and mitigation measures in public-private water sector partnerships: lessons from the Asutifi North District, Ghana. H2Open Journal, 4(1):77-91. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2021.003]
Water supply ; Public-private partnerships ; Risk factors ; Mitigation ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Water access ; Infrastructure ; Stakeholders ; Investment ; Markets ; Financing ; Political aspects ; Communities ; Inflation / Ghana / Asutifi North District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050460)
https://iwaponline.com/h2open/article-pdf/4/1/77/891387/h2oj0040077.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050460.pdf
(0.33 MB) (340 KB)
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are promoted as a practical option for developing countries to meet their water sector infrastructure gaps. Despite their appeal, PPP projects have been described as complex and challenging, and the water sector PPPs are particularly associated with high failure rates. Risk analysis and evaluations have been identified as critical to the success of PPPs. In this paper, we examine an on-going PPP arrangement for piped water supply in the Asutifi North District of Ghana under a Build, Operate, and Transfer arrangement. Safe Water Network will provide the supply systems and transfer ownership to the District Authority at the end of the contract. We reviewed key project documents to ascertain the measures that would minimize the likelihood of risk occurring during the project cycle. Of 11 risk factors, 7 were anticipated in the project documents. We recommend that project documents be reviewed and amended to address the unanticipated risks.
10 Shrestha, A.; Joshi, D.; Roth, D. 2020. The hydro-social dynamics of exclusion and water insecurity of Dalits in peri-urban Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: fluid yet unchanging. Contemporary South Asia, 28(3):320-335. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2020.1770200]
Water insecurity ; Caste systems ; Social aspects ; Inclusion ; Discrimination ; Periurban areas ; Water supply ; Drinking water ; Water security ; Water access ; Water rights ; Water use ; Political aspects ; Institutions ; Households ; Communities ; Villages / Nepal / Kathmandu Valley / Lamatar / Tehrabise / Dandathok / Sisneri
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050556)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09584935.2020.1770200?needAccess=true
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050556.pdf
(2.20 MB) (2.20 MB)
Processes of urbanisation create peri-urban spaces that are socially and institutionally fluid. In this article, we analyse how contestations and competition over declining water resources in peri-urban Kathmandu Valley in Nepal reshape water use, access and rights as well as user communities themselves, by creating and reproducing new and existing exclusions and solidarities. Traditional caste-based discriminatory practices, prohibiting Dalits from physically accessing water from sources used by higher castes, are said to be no longer practiced in Nepal. However, our findings show that, exclusion persists for Dalits even though the characteristics of exclusion have changed. In situations of competing water claims in the research location, Dalit households, unlike higher-caste groups, are unable to exercise prior-use water rights. Their water insecurity is compounded by their relative inability to mobilise political, social and economic resources to claim and access new water services and institutions. By juxtaposing the hydro-social and social exclusion analytical frameworks, we demonstrate how exclusions as well as interpretations and experiences of water (in)security are reified in post-Maoist, supposedly inclusive Nepal.
11 Brennan, M.; Rondon-Sulbaran, J.; Sabogal-Paz, L. P.; Fernandez-Ibanez, P.; Galdos-Balzategui, A. 2021. Conceptualising global water challenges: a transdisciplinary approach for understanding different discourses in sustainable development. Journal of Environmental Management, 298:113361. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113361]
Water security ; Research ; Innovation ; Water access ; Sustainability ; Stakeholders ; Infrastructure ; Human rights ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050576)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479721014237/pdfft?md5=64d858e0fe39fe37902ca1465e8803bf&pid=1-s2.0-S0301479721014237-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050576.pdf
(0.61 MB) (628 KB)
Global challenges impact upon substantial numbers of people in different locations and inform policy at multiple levels under the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). An aspect of the SDGs framework is the stated inter-relationship between SDGs and local, regional and global partnerships for research and development. In response to dissatisfaction with existing approaches to addressing such complex problems the purpose of this paper is to propose a problem-language-context (PLC) model as a way of framing sustainable development challenges; and in so doing create a heuristic that allows challenges such as water security to be understood using a logically consistent framework. Such an approach builds on a growing transdisciplinary innovation literature that strives to generate knowledge that is problem-focused and inclusive of both scientific and societal stakeholders. The utility of the PLC model is then examined using a case study review carried out on a body of evidence - the United Nations World Water Development Reports (WWDRs) 2003–2019. The result of this review suggests that such problem framing can be of value in revealing the implicit (and sometimes contradictory) assumptions held by policy makers, practitioners and researchers. The main conclusion is that a transdisciplinary approach is one way of better understanding some of the conflicting viewpoints evident in discipline-based approaches to sustainable development, global water challenges and water security.
12 Reardon-Smith, K.; McCartney, Matthew; Rebelo, Lisa-Maria. 2021. Are water markets a viable proposition in the Lower Mekong Basin? In Wheeler, S. A. (Ed.). Water markets: a global assessment. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp.91-111. [doi: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788976930.00015]
Water market ; River basins ; Water resources development ; Water management ; Integrated management ; Frameworks ; Water allocation ; Water use efficiency ; Water access ; International waters ; Water governance ; Water policies ; Water quality ; Agricultural development ; Infrastructure ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Case studies / South East Asia / Myanmar / Lao People's Democratic Republic / Thailand / Cambodia / Vietnam / Lower Mekong Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050669)
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050669.pdf
(0.50 MB)
Water markets are a potential approach for reallocating and improving the efficiency of water use in river basins in which water resources are under stress as a consequence of demographic and economic pressures. However, establishing water markets is not easy and to be successful a wide range of context specific criteria, relating to the legal and institutional framework as well as political and economic conditions, must be met. We applied the Water Market Readiness Assessment framework proposed by Wheeler et al. (2017) to investigate whether adequate policy and governance arrangements were in place to enable water markets to effectively operate in the countries of the Lower Mekong River Basin. We identify a number of key gaps and conclude that more conventional regulatory approaches, along with integrated basin planning and management, will likely better serve the communities and environments of the region.
13 Bukachi, S. A.; Omia, D. O.; Musyoka, M. M.; Wambua, F. M.; Peter, M. N.; Korzenevica, M. 2021. Exploring water access in rural Kenya: narratives of social capital, gender inequalities and household water security in Kitui County. Water International, 46(5):677-696. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2021.1940715]
Water access ; Rural communities ; Social capital ; Gender equality ; Households ; Water security ; Water insecurity ; Resilience ; Women ; Sustainable development ; Risk / Kenya / Kitui
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050656)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02508060.2021.1940715?needAccess=true
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050656.pdf
(3.25 MB) (3.25 MB)
Access to water and sanitation as a basic human right is still limited within resource-poor rural settings of Africa, including Kitui, Kenya. This is exacerbated by prevailing gender inequalities which can be mediated when communities leverage on social capital. Qualitative methods were used to examine how values embedded in social capital enable women and vulnerable groups to cope with household water insecurity. How communities exploit the bonding and bridging dimensions of social capital to cope with water insecurities has gendered implications. Understanding the role of social capital is important in advancing public policy to reduce gender inequalities in water access.
14 Sambo, C.; Senzanje, A.; Mutanga, O. 2021. Assessing inequalities in sustainable access to improved water services using service level indicators in a rural municipality of South Africa. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 11(6):887-901. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.234]
Water supply ; Water access ; Indicators ; Rural areas ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Water quality ; Water policies ; Communities ; Households ; Human rights / South Africa / Limpopo / Makhudutamaga Local Municipality
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050813)
https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article-pdf/11/6/887/966795/washdev0110887.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050813.pdf
(1.26 MB) (1.26 MB)
Sustainable access to improved water services is a human right recognized by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) agenda and the constitution of South Africa. In recognition of this, South Africa implemented the Free Basic Water (FBW) policy outlining six recommended service level standards (e.g. distance, reliability and cost) to guide improved water services provision, especially in rural municipalities. However, despite implementing the rights-based approach policy, a significant proportion of the rural population is reported to have limited/poor access to improved water services. For this reason, the study adopted the FBW standards as indicators to assess inequalities in sustainable access to improved water services in Makhudutamaga Local Municipality (MLM) in South Africa. The findings indicate inequalities in access to improved water services based on FBW standards. Overall, the improved water services complied with the FBW standard for distance but not with the other standards. The non-compliance with the other standards indicated limited/poor access to improved water services and improper implementation of the FBW policy. This work provides water managers with an understanding of levels of water services provided based on FBW standards for planning and management to improve access to improved water services and enforce proper implementation of the FBW policy.
15 Rusca, M.; Cleaver, F. 2022. Unpacking everyday urbanism: practices and the making of (un)even urban waterscapes. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 9(2):e1581. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1581]
Urbanism ; Water governance ; Political Ecology ; Towns ; Infrastructure ; Transformation ; Water supply ; Water access ; Water use ; Institutions ; Households ; Gender
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051047)
https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wat2.1581
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051047.pdf
(1.87 MB) (1.87 MB)
Inequalities in conditions of access to water are emblematic of contemporary urban life and have long been at the center of urban scholarship. This paper considers the theoretical and empirical potential of a focus on the everyday as a contribution to critical urban water studies. Drawing on research in Political Ecology and Critical Institutionalism, we focus on the intersection of everyday urbanism and water to reflect on whether such perspectives can further understandings of socio-natural inequalities and “real” governance challenges in the urban waterscape. We suggest that a focus on the everyday brings attention to the hybrid arrangements that constitute urban waterscapes and offers new insights to the polycentric nature of water governance, agency, and everyday urban struggles. However, we also outline limitations of these studies in unpacking the concept of the everyday and in capturing the practices through which everyday life is constituted. We explore the potential of an engagement with Practice Theory as a sensitizing lens for developing grounded understandings of everyday life, its constituent practices, and how these change over time. Concurrently, we argue that Practice Theory could be strengthened by drawing on critical approaches that explain everyday urban governance through: (1) the linking of practices to broader patterns of inequality; (2) the multiple social identities of practitioners and the variability in their exercise of agency; (3) the role of institutions as crucial mediating mechanisms and the processes through which practices become enduring institutional arrangements. We, thus, conclude that these approaches are complementary rather than competing.
16 Korzenevica, M.; Grasham, C. F.; Johnson, Z.; Gebreegzabher, A.; Mebrahtu, S.; Zerihun, Z.; Hoque, S. F.; Charles, K. J. 2022. Negotiating spaces of marginality and independence: on women entrepreneurs within Ethiopian urbanization and water precarity. World Development, 158:105966. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105966]
Gender ; Women ; Entrepreneurship ; Marginalization ; Negotiation ; Urbanization ; Water supply ; Water access ; Social aspects ; Norms ; Empowerment ; Households / Ethiopia / Tigray / Wukro
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051332)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X22001565/pdfft?md5=3ed6f395debc4aaeda69717ed11ec2de&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X22001565-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051332.pdf
(1.39 MB) (1.39 MB)
In the context of the growth of Ethiopia’s market economy the importance of women-owned enterprises is acknowledged, with barriers to economic success outlined in a limited number of studies. However, the daily struggles and embodied experiences of low-skilled women entrepreneurs in informal economies, as well as precarious and unequal intermittent water environments, have been insufficiently understood. We analyse how women strive for and negotiate their independence through spatiality and how services, specifically water, affect their ability to develop their business spaces. The evidence derives from five studies, using mixed methods, conducted in the small town of Wukro, Ethiopia. The methods used were household surveys, a water diary, and interviews with women entrepreneurs - owners of coffee, alcohol, and hair salons businesses. Our study finds that they develop their businesses through the simultaneous presence of various, multilevel spaces of marginality/paradoxical spaces and articulation of independence as control over one’s business and body. Unlike the positive term ‘empowerment’, the lens of negotiating ‘independence’ integrates spaces of conflicting subjectivities, where marginality and resistance, suffering and claimed control, interpellation, and re-construction of own identities are simultaneously present. We suggest that water struggles are analysed not only through the evaluation of water shortages and unequal geographical sectorization but also through the perspective of ‘water precarity’ (Sultana, 2020) as in our study it was a water-induced lack of control over businesses and daily lives that caused the most suffering. We highlight that this multidimensional approach is pivotal in supporting women’s entrepreneurship and gender equality.
17 Alfonso, S. M.; Kazama, S.; Takizawa, S. 2022. Inequalities in access to and consumption of safely managed water due to socio-economic factors: evidence from Quezon City, Philippines. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 4:100117. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2021.100117]
Water use ; Water access ; Water management ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Urban areas ; Villages ; Water supply ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Rainwater harvesting ; Household income / Philippines / Metro Manila / Quezon
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051367)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666049021000955/pdfft?md5=654ae971090af8bdd1db9110d279d554&pid=1-s2.0-S2666049021000955-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051367.pdf
(2.84 MB) (2.84 MB)
This study aimed to delineate the relationship between the socio-economic status of inhabitants and inequalities in access to water sources in urbanizing areas of developing countries. A total of 146 households in Quezon City, Metro Manila, were interviewed and classified into income quintiles: poor, low-income, middle-income, high-income and rich. The access rate to piped water decreased from 100% for the rich to 66% for the poor. More than 30% of the poor had to purchase water from water vendors due to their lack of access to piped water because of their socio-economic status, including land ownership. Per capita water consumption levels differed significantly across the income quintiles, from 93.4 liters-per-capita-per-day (LPCD) for the poor to 259.4 LPCD for the rich. This coincided with the high Gini coefficients in household income (G = 0.56) and the expenditure for water (G = 0.41). Per capita water consumption was linearly correlated with the logarithm of household income (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.67). Among the poor households, 10% consumed less than 50 LPCD, and 44.8% spent more than 4% of their income on water, with the maximum expenditure of 13.3%. The poor quintile's expenditure on water varied significantly, depending on their sources such as water vendors, piped water, or well water. Finally, 45% of the poor were exposed to contaminated water, compared to 13% of the rich. Our study offers policy implications for providing the urban poor with easier access to safely managed water sources such as piped water.
18 Young, S. L.; Bethancourt, H. J.; Ritter, Z. R.; Frongillo, E. A. 2022. Estimating national, demographic, and socioeconomic disparities in water insecurity experiences in low-income and middle-income countries in 2020–21: a cross-sectional, observational study using nationally representative survey data. Lancet Planetary Health, 6(11):e880-e891. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00241-8]
Water insecurity ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Indicators ; Household income ; Drinking water ; Water security ; Water access ; Gender ; COVID-19 ; Pandemics ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051506)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542519622002418/pdfft?md5=108f27a76ac0514912dac30384e288ff&pid=1-s2.0-S2542519622002418-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051506.pdf
(1.01 MB) (1.01 MB)
Background: We are facing a global water crisis. However, because most water indicators assess physical availability or infrastructure in aggregate, knowing which sociodemographic groups experience water insecurity is difficult. We aimed to assess the prevalence of water insecurity across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) and examine how it varies by sociodemographic characteristics and exposure to life disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic across and within countries.
Methods: In this observational study, we used Individual Water Insecurity Experiences (IWISE) scale data from a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of individuals aged 15 years and older (defined as adults) in 31 LMICs. The IWISE scale range is 0–36, and water insecurity was defined as a score of 12 or higher. We used multivariable linear regression models to assess how individual-level experiences with water insecurity related to sociodemographic characteristics in each country, region, and the pooled sample.
Findings: 45 555 individuals from 31 LMICs completed the IWISE module between Sept 4, 2020, and Feb 24, 2021, and were included in the 2020 Gallup World Poll (GWP) database; 45 365 individuals had sufficient data to estimate the prevalence of water insecurity. 42 918 individuals from 30 LMICs had sufficient data to assess sociodemographic characteristics associated with water insecurity, and 39 161 individuals in 29 countries had sufficient data to assess how IWISE scale scores covaried with life disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The overall prevalence of water insecurity in 2020 was 14·2%, ranging by region from 36·1% in the sub-Saharan Africa region to 9·1% in the Asia region, and by country from 63·9% in Cameroon to 3·6% in China. In the pooled model including sociodemographic and COVID-19 factors, difficulty getting by on household income (vs no difficulty getting by: ß 2·76 [95% CI 2·45–3·07]), living in the outskirts of a city (vs living in a large city: 0·85 [0·29–1·41]), and being greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic (vs not being affected: 2·36 [1·96–2·77]) were strongly associated with higher IWISE scores. In country and regional models, the sociodemographic factors most consistently associated with higher IWISE scores were difficulty getting by on household income and life disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but the strength of these associations varied across countries and regions.
Interpretation: Through extrapolation of these nationally representative data, we estimate that hundreds of millions of people had life-altering experiences with water insecurity globally in 2020, and that their sociodemographic characteristics vary by country and region. Additional individual-level measurements globally could help pinpoint the characteristics of those who are most water insecure, thereby guiding the development of context-specific policy and interventions that will best serve those most affected.
19 Tallman, P. S.; Collins, S.; Salmon-Mulanovich, G.; Rusyidi, B.; Kothadia, A.; Cole, S. 2023. Water insecurity and gender-based violence: a global review of the evidence. WIREs Water, 10(1):e1619. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1619]
Water insecurity ; Gender-based violence ; Sexual violence ; Water access ; Women ; Households ; Public health / Africa South of Sahara / South Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051701)
https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wat2.1619
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051701.pdf
(3.41 MB) (3.41 MB)
We reviewed the existing literature documenting the association between water insecurity and gender-based violence to (1) describe the characteristics and contexts of available studies, and (2) identify and classify documented gender-based violence across domains of water insecurity (access, affordability, adequacy, reliability, and safety). 18 peer-reviewed articles mentioned associations between water insecurity and gender-based violence. All studies were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia and were published in English. The most common manifestation of the relationship between water insecurity and gender-based violence was an increased risk of sexual and physical violence for women who walked long distances to access water. This was followed by intimate partner violence sparked by the inability to meet domestic obligations due to household water inadequacy. Despite these trends, the domains of water insecurity, and the types of violence experienced by women, were often intertwined. We conclude that there is a dearth of information assessing gender-based violence and water insecurity, especially in Latin America, North America, and Southeast Asia, and involving locally-based scholars. We suggest that the spectrum of what is considered “violence” in relation to water insecurity be expanded and that scholars and practitioners adopt the term “gender-based water violence” to describe water-related stressors that are so extreme as to threaten human health and well-being, particularly that of women and girls. Finally, we encourage the development of cross-culturally validated measures of gender-based violence, which can be deployed in conjunction with standardized measures of water insecurity, to evaluate interventions that target these linked threats to global health.
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