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1 Nguimalet, C.-R. 2018. Comparison of community-based adaptation strategies for droughts and floods in Kenya and the Central African Republic. Water International, 43(2):183-204. (Special issue: Climate Change and Adaptive Water Management: Innovative Solutions from the Global South). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2017.1393713]
Climate change adaptation ; Community involvement ; Strategies ; Disaster risk management ; Disaster preparedness ; Drought ; Flooding ; Water scarcity ; Watersheds ; Rain ; Socioeconomic environment / Kenya / Central African Republic / Malewa Watershed / Tomi Watershed / Gribingui Watershed / Fafa Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048592)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02508060.2017.1393713?needAccess=true
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048592.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048592.pdf
(2.30 MB) (2.30 MB)
This paper discusses community-based adaptation strategies for droughts and floods in small watersheds in Kenya and the Central African Republic. Survey data on adaptation strategies and annual rainfall data in the watersheds were used to assess the occurrence of floods and droughts, and their impacts. In both areas, the main adaptation strategy for floods is temporary relocation. For droughts, changing livelihood activities was the main adaptation strategy, while relief-seeking applied to both droughts and floods. We recommend greater preparedness, capacity building, and the diversification of livelihoods as means of enhancing adaptation.
2 African Development Bank (AfDB); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); GRID-Arendal. 2020. Sanitation and wastewater atlas of Africa. Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: African Development Bank (AfDB); Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Arendal, Norway: GRID-Arendal. 284p.
Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Wastewater management ; Hygiene ; Municipal wastewater ; Industrial wastewater ; Agricultural wastewater ; Wastewater treatment ; Faecal sludge ; Latrines ; Water reuse ; Resource recovery ; Business models ; Economic aspects ; Water resources ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Contamination ; Groundwater ; Regulations ; Drought stress ; Stormwater runoff ; Ecosystem services ; Environmental health ; Waterborne diseases ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Policies ; Institutions ; Governance ; Rural areas ; Population growth / Africa / Algeria / Angola / Benin / Botswana / Burkina Faso / Burundi / Cabo Verde / Cameroon / Central African Republic / Chad / Comoros / Congo / Cote d'Ivoire / Democratic Republic of the Congo / Djibouti / Egypt / Equatorial Guinea / Eritrea / Ethiopia / Gabon / Gambia / Ghana / Guinea / Guinea-Bissau / Kenya / Lesotho / Liberia / Libya / Madagascar / Malawi / Mali / Mauritania / Mauritius / Morocco / Mozambique / Namibia / Niger / Nigeria / Rwanda / Sao Tome and Principe / Senegal / Seychelles / Sierra Leone / Somalia / South Africa / South Sudan / Sudan / Eswatini / Togo / Tunisia / Uganda / United Republic of Tanzania / Zambia / Zimbabwe
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050261)
https://www.afdb.org/sites/all/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afdb.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fsanitation_and_wastewater_atlas_of_africa_compressed.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050261.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050261.pdf
(47.50 MB) (47.5 MB)
3 Vaquero, G.; Siavashani, N. S.; García-Martinez, D.; Elorza, F. J.; Bila, M.; Candela, L.; Serrat-Capdevila, A. 2021. The Lake Chad Transboundary Aquifer. Estimation of groundwater fluxes through international borders from regional numerical modeling. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 38:100935. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2021.100935]
International waters ; Aquifers ; Groundwater recharge ; Modelling ; Hydrology ; Water levels ; Water balance ; Evapotranspiration ; Sensitivity analysis / Africa / Central African Republic / Niger / Chad / Nigeria / Cameroon / Lake Chad Transboundary Aquifer
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050770)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581821001646/pdfft?md5=44d6bb1914f193381a3ed98bbaccb76b&pid=1-s2.0-S2214581821001646-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050770.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050770.pdf
(14.30 MB) (14.3 MB)
Study Region: Africa. The Lake Chad transboundary aquifer
Study Focus: To understand transboundary groundwater hydrodynamics and estimate quantitative groundwater fluxes values between aquifer-sharing countries. To enable estimations, we developed an updated 3D ‘quasi steady-state’ regional groundwater flow model of the Chad Formation based on integrating extensive available information and reflecting the best current conceptual understanding to date. The conceptual model was tentatively assessed by a steady-state numerical model based on MODFLOW.
New Hydrological Insights for the Region: This model simulates lateral groundwater flows between neighboring countries, and also provides insights into the large-scale flow pattern and flows among hydroestratigraphic units. Modeling indicated that groundwater fluxes through international borders exist between Basin-sharing countries, except between Central African Republic and Cameroon, where a buffer area was considered for modeling purposes, leading to more uncertain results. From 14ºN parallel to further north, data are scanty and outcomes should be carefully considered. Forecasting transboundary impacts indicated that changes in recharge rates were more sensitive that changes in groundwater abstraction. To date, abstraction represents a small part of the water balance, but if it increases, it can become a driving factor in the future. Land use change and water use in the source areas (southern area) will have the strongest impact on transboundary groundwater flows due to changes in recharge, which will lead to quantitative changes in groundwater levels, artesian conditions, or even water quality.
Study Focus: To understand transboundary groundwater hydrodynamics and estimate quantitative groundwater fluxes values between aquifer-sharing countries. To enable estimations, we developed an updated 3D ‘quasi steady-state’ regional groundwater flow model of the Chad Formation based on integrating extensive available information and reflecting the best current conceptual understanding to date. The conceptual model was tentatively assessed by a steady-state numerical model based on MODFLOW.
New Hydrological Insights for the Region: This model simulates lateral groundwater flows between neighboring countries, and also provides insights into the large-scale flow pattern and flows among hydroestratigraphic units. Modeling indicated that groundwater fluxes through international borders exist between Basin-sharing countries, except between Central African Republic and Cameroon, where a buffer area was considered for modeling purposes, leading to more uncertain results. From 14ºN parallel to further north, data are scanty and outcomes should be carefully considered. Forecasting transboundary impacts indicated that changes in recharge rates were more sensitive that changes in groundwater abstraction. To date, abstraction represents a small part of the water balance, but if it increases, it can become a driving factor in the future. Land use change and water use in the source areas (southern area) will have the strongest impact on transboundary groundwater flows due to changes in recharge, which will lead to quantitative changes in groundwater levels, artesian conditions, or even water quality.
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