Your search found 14 records
1 Dickens, Chris; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Ndhlovu, Brown. 2019. Mainstreaming the Sustainable Development Goals in developing countries. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 23p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2019.212]
Sustainable Development Goals ; Mainstreaming ; Developing countries ; UN ; Development indicators ; Multi-stakeholder processes ; Public-private cooperation ; Partnerships ; Awareness raising ; Economic development ; Development policies ; National planning ; Government agencies ; Institutions ; Governance ; Financing ; Budgeting ; Monitoring ; Impact assessment ; Accountability ; Adaptability ; Risk assessment ; Strategies / Southern Africa / South Africa / Botswana / Malawi / Namibia / Eswatini / Zimbabwe
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049245)
(2.03 MB)
The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development promises to achieve change in almost every aspect of life on Earth. Encompassing 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets, the Agenda marks the first time in history when all nations have agreed on how to chart their future. The SDGs are not just a global reporting exercise, however, but rather involve a global program that embraces country-led efforts. Guided by the ideas contained in the 2030 Agenda, each nation must seek to become more prosperous and sustainable, while contributing to the global effort at the same time. If all the countries achieve this, we will have a sustainable planet and a secure future for all.
This document offers guidance on how developing countries can adapt the SDGs to their own contexts and priorities. It indicates important areas for developing countries to consider when creating their own program to achieve the SDGs, and provides examples of success to demonstrate concrete possibilities for progress.
This document offers guidance on how developing countries can adapt the SDGs to their own contexts and priorities. It indicates important areas for developing countries to consider when creating their own program to achieve the SDGs, and provides examples of success to demonstrate concrete possibilities for progress.
2 Mndawe, H.; Mbuyisa, H.; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhemachena, Charles. 2019. Africa agriculture transformation scorecard performance and lessons for Eswatini. Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA). 7p. (Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review Brief)
Agricultural development ; Transformation ; Development programmes ; Declarations ; Agricultural sector ; Reviews ; SADC countries ; Hunger ; Poverty / Africa / Eswatini
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049286)
https://www.resakss.org/sites/default/files/Eswatini%20CAAP%20Biennial%20Review%20Brief%20-%20Ahid_tm_clean.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049286.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049286.pdf
(0.61 MB) (632 KB)
The objective of this brief is to analyze Eswatini’s performance and discuss lessons from the implementation of the inaugural CAADP BR mechanism. Based on the results, recommendations are proposed for strengthening mutual accountability and performance of the agriculture sector in Eswatini. The analysis is based on results of the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) that was presented to African Heads of State and Government in January 2018. Additional information for the analysis came from technical notes in Eswatini’s BR report. Furthermore, experiences and lessons from continental and regional engagements in the implementation of the BR process were also integrated in the analysis.
3 Matchaya, Greenwell C. 2020. Public spending on agriculture in southern Africa: sectoral and intra-sectoral impact and policy implications. Journal of Policy Modeling, 42(6):1228-1247. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2020.05.002]
Agricultural sector ; Public expenditure ; Spending ; Agricultural development ; Gross national product ; Gross agricultural product ; Policies ; Research ; Subsidies ; Inflation ; Investment ; Crops ; Livestock ; Fisheries ; Forestry ; Models / Southern Africa / Malawi / Zambia / Eswatini
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049865)
(0.71 MB)
The purpose of this paper is two-fold: firstly, it examines the relationship between public agriculture expenditure and agriculture sector growth, and secondly, it examines the heterogeneous effects of expenditure on agriculture growth depending on which subsectors within agriculture receive the investments. The co-integration analysis results offer insights into a number of issues: (i) it is found that agricultural expenditures are important for agriculture sector growth in Malawi, Eswatini (Swaziland) and Zambia and (ii) that within the agricultural sectors, investing in research and development, subsidies, and in neglected areas (livestock, fisheries) alongside crops can expand the agricultural sector more. Policy makers should increase public spending in agriculture but should also emphasize on improving intra-sectoral allocations, targeting areas that create sectoral growth.
4 Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Matchaya, Greenwell; Greffiths, Ikhothatseng; Fakudze, Bhekiwe. 2021. Analysis of the determinants of public capital investments on agricultural water infrastructure in Eswatini. Business Strategy and Development, 4(1):49-58. (Special issue: Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems in Africa) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.156]
Agriculture ; Water supply ; Infrastructure ; Public investment ; Economic growth ; Gross national product ; Macroeconomic analysis ; Economic theories ; Sustainable development ; Sugar industry ; Exports ; Income ; Financing ; Government ; Savings ; Public sector / Eswatini
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050166)
(1.24 MB)
Infrastructure investment is one of the main preconditions for enabling developing countries to accelerate or sustain the pace of their development and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper examines the determinants of agricultural water infrastructure investments in the Kingdom of Eswatini. Using annual data (time series); Pearson Pair-wise Correlation, Unit-root tests and OLS regression techniques are applied to determine the relationship between public infrastructure investment and factors that influence public investments. Agricultural water infrastructure investment is found to be positively correlated to GDP, Sugar export income and FDI into agriculture. Past economic growth and sugar export values are the two critical determinants of agricultural water infrastructure investments in Eswatini. It can be safely construed that higher incomes as well as terms of trade for sugar, can improve spending on agriculture water investments. This is important because an increase in investments in water infrastructure may then help spur economic growth.
5 Sikora, R. A.; Terry, E. R.; Vlek, P. L. G.; Chitja, J. (Eds.) 2020. Transforming agriculture in southern Africa: constraints, technologies, policies and processes. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge. 323p. (Earthscan Food and Agriculture Series) [doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429401701]
Climate-smart agriculture ; Agricultural mechanization ; Transformation ; Constraints ; Digital technology ; Policies ; Strategies ; Intensification ; Diversification ; Crop improvement ; Postharvest control ; Integrated Pest Management ; Renewable energy ; Soil management ; Climate change ; Food production ; Food safety ; Food security ; Land use ; Soil fertility ; Genetic techniques ; Seeds ; Land reform ; Land tenure ; Farming systems ; Cropping systems ; Small scale systems ; Smallholders ; Ecosystem services ; Nutrition ; Livestock production ; Animal health ; Forests ; Urban areas ; Markets ; Rural development ; Entrepreneurship ; Economic development ; Labour ; Gender ; Capacity building ; Farmers ; SADC countries / Africa South of Sahara / Southern Africa / Eswatini / Lesotho / Malawi / Mozambique / Namibia / South Africa / United Republic of Tanzania / Zambia / Zimbabwe
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049917)
(7.33 MB) (7.33 MB)
6 African Development Bank (AfDB); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); GRID-Arendal. 2020. Sanitation and wastewater atlas of Africa. Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: African Development Bank (AfDB); Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Arendal, Norway: GRID-Arendal. 284p.
Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Wastewater management ; Hygiene ; Municipal wastewater ; Industrial wastewater ; Agricultural wastewater ; Wastewater treatment ; Faecal sludge ; Latrines ; Water reuse ; Resource recovery ; Business models ; Economic aspects ; Water resources ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Contamination ; Groundwater ; Regulations ; Drought stress ; Stormwater runoff ; Ecosystem services ; Environmental health ; Waterborne diseases ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Policies ; Institutions ; Governance ; Rural areas ; Population growth / Africa / Algeria / Angola / Benin / Botswana / Burkina Faso / Burundi / Cabo Verde / Cameroon / Central African Republic / Chad / Comoros / Congo / Cote d'Ivoire / Democratic Republic of the Congo / Djibouti / Egypt / Equatorial Guinea / Eritrea / Ethiopia / Gabon / Gambia / Ghana / Guinea / Guinea-Bissau / Kenya / Lesotho / Liberia / Libya / Madagascar / Malawi / Mali / Mauritania / Mauritius / Morocco / Mozambique / Namibia / Niger / Nigeria / Rwanda / Sao Tome and Principe / Senegal / Seychelles / Sierra Leone / Somalia / South Africa / South Sudan / Sudan / Eswatini / Togo / Tunisia / Uganda / United Republic of Tanzania / Zambia / Zimbabwe
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050261)
https://www.afdb.org/sites/all/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afdb.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fsanitation_and_wastewater_atlas_of_africa_compressed.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050261.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050261.pdf
(47.50 MB) (47.5 MB)
7 Sam, A. G.; Abidoye, B. O.; Mashaba, S. 2021. Climate change and household welfare in Sub-Saharan Africa: empirical evidence from Swaziland. Food Security, 13(2):439-455. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01113-z]
Climate change ; Food prices ; Household expenditure ; Welfare ; Food consumption ; Food security ; Poverty ; Commodities ; Rural areas ; Urban areas / Africa South of Sahara / Eswatini
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050362)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12571-020-01113-z.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050362.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050362.pdf
(0.60 MB) (616 KB)
The fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and several studies suggest that climate change is expected to increase food insecurity and poverty in many parts of the world. In this paper, we adopt a microeconometric approach to empirically estimate the impact of climate change-induced hikes in cereal prices on household welfare in Swaziland (also Kingdom of Eswatini). We do so first by econometrically estimating expenditure and price elasticities of five food groups consumed by households in Swaziland using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), based on data from the 2009/2010 Swaziland Household Income and Expenditure Survey. Second, we use the estimated expenditure and compensated elasticities from the AIDS model, food shares from the household survey, and food price projections developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) to estimate the proportionate increase in income required to maintain the level of household utility that would have prevailed absent an increase in food prices. Our results show increases in cereal prices due to climate change are expected to double extreme poverty in urban areas and increase poverty in rural areas of the country to staggering levels - between 71 and 75%, compared to 63% before the price changes. Income transfers of between 17.5 and 25.4% of pre-change expenditures are needed to avoid the welfare losses.
8 Mbuyisa, H.; Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Matchaya, Greenwell; Mndawe, H.; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Greffiths, Ikhothatseng. 2021. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. Eswatini. Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063. 8p. (2019 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review Brief)
Agricultural development ; Declarations ; Indicators ; Accountability ; Agricultural trade ; Policies ; SADC countries / Eswatini
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050443)
https://www.resakss.org/sites/default/files/Biennial%20Review%20Brief_Eswatini.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050443.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050443.pdf
(0.40 MB) (408 KB)
This brief highlights Eswatini’s performance in the second BR and assesses challenges faced and lessons learned by the country during the review process. The brief also reviews policy and programmatic changes in Eswatini that can be attributed to the first (2017) and second BRs. It concludes by highlighting required policy actions for Eswatini to implement to meet the Malabo Commitments by 2025.
9 Schaafsma, M.; Eigenbrod, F.; Gasparatos, A.; Gross-Camp, N.; Hutton, C.; Nunan, F.; Schreckenberg, K.; Turner, K. 2021. Trade-off decisions in ecosystem management for poverty alleviation. Ecological Economics, 187:107103. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107103]
Ecosystem management ; Poverty alleviation ; Ecosystem services ; Governance ; Decision making ; Livelihoods ; Policies ; Participatory approaches ; Smallholders ; Households ; Income ; Conflicts ; Case studies / Bangladesh / Malawi / Kenya / Rwanda / Eswatini
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050488)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800921001610/pdfft?md5=e4aa41a9578a1273ecedd0cb8eaf751e&pid=1-s2.0-S0921800921001610-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050488.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050488.pdf
(1.24 MB) (1.24 MB)
The academic literature on trade-offs in ecosystem management has paid relatively little attention to justice and poverty reduction objectives. The aim of this paper is to highlight the multiple dimensions of trade-offs in ecosystem services management for poverty alleviation, and to support decision-makers in planning for the almost inevitable trade-offs arising from environmental interventions. The paper brings together different dimensions or lenses through which to analyse trade-offs in ecosystem management for poverty alleviation in a low-income country context. Following a literature review of trade-off decisions, the paper introduces the Balance Sheets Approach to structure trade-off analysis and appraise decisions. We apply the Balance Sheets Approach to analyse five case studies set in very different social-ecological systems where trade-offs were pertinent and undermined poverty alleviation. We show how the combination of ‘positive’ approaches, often used at strategic level, with ‘value’ approaches which analyse multiple values, multi-scale governance, power and capacity, is necessary to analyse complex trade-offs. Based on the case studies we identify four lessons for future trade-off analysis in the context of ecosystem management for poverty alleviation in low-income settings.
10 Chitakira, M.; Nhamo, L.; Torquebiau, E.; Magidi, J.; Ferguson, W.; Mpandeli, S.; Mearns, K.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe. 2022. Opportunities to improve eco-agriculture through transboundary governance in transfrontier conservation areas. Diversity, 14(6):461. (Special issue: The Human Dimension of Biodiversity Protection) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/d14060461]
Eco-agriculture ; Conservation areas ; Governance ; Biodiversity conservation ; Ecosystems ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Resource conservation ; Poverty alleviation ; Sustainable livelihoods ; Policies ; Legislation ; Landscape approaches ; Local communities / Mozambique / Eswatini / South Africa / Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area / Usuthu-Tembe-Futi Transfrontier Conservation Area
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051227)
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/14/6/461/pdf?version=1654685762
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051227.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051227.pdf
(0.89 MB) (906 KB)
Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) are critical biodiversity areas for the conservation and sustainable use of biological and cultural resources while promoting regional peace, cooperation, and socio-economic development. Sustainable management of TFCAs is dependent on the availability of an eco-agriculture framework that promotes integrated management of conservation mosaics in terms of food production, environmental protection or the conservation of natural resources, and improved human livelihoods. As a developmental framework, eco-agriculture is significantly influenced by existing legal and governance structures at all levels; this study assessed the impact of existing legal and governance frameworks on eco-agriculture implementation in the Lubombo TFCA that cuts across the borders between Mozambique, Eswatini, and South Africa. The assessment used a mixed research method, including a document review, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Although the three countries have no eco-agriculture policies, biodiversity practices are directly or indirectly affected by some policies related to environmental protection, agriculture improvement, and rural development. The assessment found that South Africa has the most comprehensive policies related to eco-agriculture; Mozambican policies mainly focus on equity and involvement of disadvantaged social groups, while Eswatini is conspicuous for explicitly making it the responsibility of each citizen to protect and safeguard the environment. The protection of conservation areas is critical to preserving natural habitats and ensuring the continued provision of ecosystem services. The lack of transboundary governance structures results in the Lubombo TFCA existing as a treaty on paper, as there are no clear processes for transboundary cooperation and collaboration.
11 International Finance Corporation (IFC); International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). 2022. Handbook for scaling irrigation systems. Rome, Italy: International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD); Washington, DC, USA: International Finance Corporation (IFC). 141p.
Irrigation systems ; Scaling up ; Small-scale irrigation ; Irrigation schemes ; Technology ; Water resources ; Water management ; Solar powered irrigation systems ; Pumps ; Investment ; Water availability ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Sustainability ; Participatory approaches ; Stakeholders ; Public sector ; Private sector ; Water user associations ; Financing ; Assets ; Crop production ; Drip irrigation ; Gender ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Case studies / Africa / Ethiopia / Niger / Burkina Faso / United Republic of Tanzania / Eswatini / Kyrgyzstan / India / Nepal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051501)
https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/39155702/small_irrigation_handbook.pdf/ec3fb02a-42c0-4bbc-9938-7fa3aabc575b?t=1664959344964
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051501.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051501.pdf
(10.00 MB) (10.0 MB)
12 Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Matchaya, Greenwell; Greffiths, Jacob; Mbuyisa, H. 2023. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. Eswatini. Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Eastern and Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-ESA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063. 8p. (2021 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review Brief) [doi: https://doi.org/10.54067/caadptbr/es]
Agricultural development ; Declarations ; Indicators ; Policies ; Finance ; Investment ; Hunger ; Poverty ; Accountability ; Resilience ; SADC countries / Eswatini
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051966)
https://www.resakss.org/sites/default/files/2021%20CAADP%20Biennial%20Review%20Brief_Eswatini.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051966.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051966.pdf
(0.39 MB) (402 KB)
The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals that were adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Governments, by calling upon the AU Commission and the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency, in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress towards achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025.
Three Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, and the third and most recent BR in 2021. This brief draws on the third BR report to summarize the performance of Eswatini in pursuit of the seven Malabo Declaration commitments. It also reviews policy, programmatic, and investment changes in Eswatini induced by the 2017, 2019, and 2021 BR cycles, highlighting policy actions and programmatic measures Eswatini must take to meet its Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025.
The third BR report shows that Eswatini is not on-track to achieve the Malabo commitments by 2025. This is a setback for the country because, in the first BR, the country’s overall score was above the minimum benchmark, indicating that the country then was on-track to achieve the Malabo targets.
A key recommendation from the analysis is for the government to accelerate the development of the second-generation instrument-based NAIP and the monitoring and evaluation system for the investment plan. The country needs to improve its performance on the overall CAADP process and implement CAADP-based policy and institutional support plans, as deficiencies in this support led to lower scores on this Malabo commitment.
Three Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, and the third and most recent BR in 2021. This brief draws on the third BR report to summarize the performance of Eswatini in pursuit of the seven Malabo Declaration commitments. It also reviews policy, programmatic, and investment changes in Eswatini induced by the 2017, 2019, and 2021 BR cycles, highlighting policy actions and programmatic measures Eswatini must take to meet its Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025.
The third BR report shows that Eswatini is not on-track to achieve the Malabo commitments by 2025. This is a setback for the country because, in the first BR, the country’s overall score was above the minimum benchmark, indicating that the country then was on-track to achieve the Malabo targets.
A key recommendation from the analysis is for the government to accelerate the development of the second-generation instrument-based NAIP and the monitoring and evaluation system for the investment plan. The country needs to improve its performance on the overall CAADP process and implement CAADP-based policy and institutional support plans, as deficiencies in this support led to lower scores on this Malabo commitment.
13 Hussein, H.; Poplawsky, M.; Mohapatra, T. 2023. The political context of change in transboundary freshwater agreements. Environmental Science and Policy, 149:103572. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2023.103572]
Transboundary waters ; Freshwater ; Agreements ; Treaties ; Political aspects ; Water policies ; International relations ; Water resources ; Conflicts ; Economic development ; Hydropower / Mozambique / Zimbabwe / Botswana / Namibia / Zambia / Angola / France / Belgium / Netherlands / South Africa / Eswatini / Nepal / India / Cambodia / Vietnam / Germany / Ecuador / Peru / Canada / Jordan / Syrian Arab Republic / Israel / Bangladesh / Spain / Portugal / North America / Egypt / Sudan / Burundi / Kenya / United Republic of Tanzania / Rwanda / Uganda / Zambezi River / Meuse River / Komati River / Kosi River / Mekong River / Rhine River / Sauer River / Senegal River / Tumbes River / Columbia River / Yarmouk River / Ganges River / Guadiana River / Great Lakes / Nile River / St. Lawrence Seaway / Lake Victoria
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052197)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901123002216/pdfft?md5=74ea26a4b41f69f5ae147d4543fbb590&pid=1-s2.0-S1462901123002216-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052197.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052197.pdf
(0.98 MB) (0.98 MB)
While academics have argued that most interactions between states over shared water resources demonstrate a tendency for cooperation rather than conflict, they have also identified treaties and agreements as the best examples of continued cooperation. However, treaties and agreements may also be a cause for conflict, especially when they are deemed to be unfair and unjust. Moreover, increasing burdens from climate change such as changing climate patterns and higher variability in precipitation combined with changing water demand from population growth and economic development generate a pressure to reform existing treaties and agreements. This article, adopting initial steps of comparative historical analysis, investigates the role of the political context in driving amendments and replacements in transboundary freshwater agreements.
14 Matchaya, Greenwell; Garcia, R. J.; Traore, F. 2023. Does bilateral trade in cereals within SADC reflect virtual trade in water between countries with different water endowments? Water International, 48(6):759-782. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2023.2255822]
International trade ; Cereal crops ; Virtual water ; Exports ; Imports ; Agricultural trade ; SADC countries ; Water resources ; Water scarcity ; Water demand ; Water availability ; Policies ; Models / Botswana / Lesotho / Madagascar / Malawi / Mozambique / Namibia / Mauritius / South Africa / Eswatini / United Republic of Tanzania / Zambia / Zimbabwe
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052254)
(0.85 MB)
This paper examines intraregional bilateral trade in virtual water embedded in cereal flows between the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) states. A gravity model is employed to examine whether annual bilateral trade depends on differences in water endowments, but also includes socio-economic and political determinants that affect trade. There is evidence that the abundance of water resources in a country influences trade for a product that is water dependent. Thus, the adverse effect of water scarcity in a country may be ameliorated by encouraging exports of water-intensive cereal crops where water is in abundance and imported where water is scarce.
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