Your search found 17 records
1 Keraita, Bernard; Jensen, P. K. M.; Konradsen, F.; Akple, M.; Rheinlander, T. 2013. Accelerating uptake of household latrines in rural communities in the Volta Region of Ghana. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, (1(1):26-34. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.035]
Households ; Latrines ; Sanitation ; Rural communities ; Organizations ; Surveys ; Financing / Ghana / Volta Region / Ho District / Hohoe District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045618)
(0.23 MB)
This study was done in four rural communities in Ghana to assess uptake of household latrines. A total of 156 household interviews, 16 focus group discussions and 8 in-depth interviews with key informants were conducted. Study findings show that only 8.5% of households were using improved sanitation facilities with more than 75% of the households relying on open defecation and communal trench latrines. Knowledge of technological options was very limited and the cost for preferred latrines was unaffordable. Though health-related benefits motivated household latrine uptake, those related to personal security, privacy, social status and convenience were ranked higher. Sanitation uptake was constrained mainly by finances, poor sanitation promotion and general biophysical factors. High costs of latrine construction could be reduced by introducing cheaper technological options, using low-cost construction materials and labor contributions from households. Financing models like microcredit financing can also be explored and adapted for use in Ghana. We recommend the use of approaches aimed at behavior change while giving households a range of technological options such as community led total sanitation (CLTS). Hence, despite the low coverage of improved sanitation in rural Ghana, there exist real opportunities to accelerate sanitation uptake.
2 Rao, Krishna C.; Kvarnstrom, E.; Di Mario, L.; Drechsel, Pay. 2016. Business models for fecal sludge management. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 80p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 06) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2016.213]
Faecal sludge ; Resource management ; Resource recovery ; Recycling ; Business management ; Models ; Waste disposal ; Desludging ; Dumping ; Sewerage ; Waste treatment ; Waste water treatment plants ; Solid wastes ; Pollution ; Composts ; Public health ; Sanitation ; Latrines ; Defaecation ; Stakeholders ; Finance ; Cost recovery ; Energy recovery ; Biogas ; Organic fertilizers ; Private enterprises ; Institutions ; Partnerships ; Licences ; Regulations ; Transport ; Septic tanks ; Nutrients ; Taxes ; Farmers ; Urban areas ; Landscape ; Household ; Incentives ; Case studies / Asia / Africa / Latin America / South Africa / Kenya / India / Rwanda / Nepal / Philippines / Lesotho / Bangladesh / Mozambique / Ghana / Senegal / Benin / Sierra Leone / Malaysia / Ethiopia / Vietnam / Mali / Sri Lanka / Burkina Faso / Peru / Haiti / Dakar / Nairobi / Maseru / Accra / Tamale / Addis Ababa / Eastern Cape / Maputo / Dhaka / Ho Chi Minh City / Hai Phong / Dumaguete / Mombasa / Kisumu / San Fernando / Bamako / Cotonou / Ouagadougou / Kigali / Bangalore / Dharwad / Balangoda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047826)
(4.75 MB)
On-site sanitation systems, such as septic tanks and pit latrines, are the predominant feature across rural and urban areas in most developing countries. However, their management is one of the most neglected sanitation challenges. While under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the set-up of toilet systems received the most attention, business models for the sanitation service chain, including pit desludging, sludge transport, treatment and disposal or resource recovery, are only emerging. Based on the analysis of over 40 fecal sludge management (FSM) cases from Asia, Africa and Latin America, this report shows opportunities as well as bottlenecks that FSM is facing from an institutional and entrepreneurial perspective.
3 Amoah, Philip; Nartey, E. G.; Schrecongost, A. 2016. Effect of different income housing zones on effluent quality of biofil toilet digesters in Accra, Ghana. Paper presented at the 39th WEDC International Conference: Ensuring Availability & Sustainable Management of Water and Sanitation for All, Kumasi, Ghana, 11-15 July 2016. 7p.
Household wastes ; Waste treatment ; Excreta ; Latrines ; Digesters ; Escherichia coli ; Faecal coliforms ; Helminths ; Water pollution ; Sanitation / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047833)
http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/39/Amoah-2498.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047833.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047833.pdf
(472 KB)
4 Amoah, Philip; Nartey, E. G.; Schrecongost, A. 2016. Performance evaluation of biofil toilet waste digester technologies in Ghana: the efficacy of effluent treatment options. Environmental Technology, 37(23):3002-3013. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2016.1173116]
Performance evaluation ; Waste treatment ; Wastewater treatment ; Water table ; Water pollution ; Excreta ; Latrines ; Digesters ; Sanitation ; Escherichia coli ; Faecal coliforms ; Nutrients ; Soil sampling ; Pathogens / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047835)
The study was carried out to assess the efficacy of a standard Biofil toilet digester with regard to its effluent quality and to evaluate the performance of new effluent polishing options being developed by BiofilCom. Infuent and effluent were collected from 18 standard Biofil digesters connected to full- flush toilets. Effluent from five pilot installations with improved effluent polishing options were also taken for analyses. Ten other Biofil installations were selected to assess the impact of digester effluent discharge on the surrounding soil. Pollutant concentrations in the Biofil effluent exceeded both Ghana EPA and WHO standards for discharge though pollutant removal efficiencies were high: 84% for biochemical oxygen demand, 86.1% for chemical oxygen demand and 82.4% for total suspended solids. Escherichia coli and total coliform levels were signi cantly reduced by 63% and 95.6%, respectively, and nutrients were the least removed from effluents. Generally, effluents from the majority of the pilot polishing options met most of the discharge standards. E. coli were present in the soil at all study sites, except one. Biofil digester effluent is discharged subsurface but comparing their effluent quality with standards for discharge into water courses is relevant especially in areas of frequent flooding and high water tables.
5 Balasubramanya, Soumya; Evans, B.; Ahmed, R.; Habib, A.; Asad, N. S. M.; Vuong, L.; Rahman, M.; Hasan, M.; Dey, D.; Camargo-Valero, M. 2016. Pump it up: making single-pit emptying safer in rural Bangladesh. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 6(3):456-464. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.049]
Rural areas ; Faecal sludge ; Faecal coliforms ; Sewage effluent disposal ; Sludge treatment ; Latrines ; Sanitation ; Health hazards ; Helminths ; Liquid wastes ; Public services ; State intervention ; Pumping / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047856)
(0.51 MB)
Safe emptying and disposal of fecal sludge from pit latrines in rural areas has become a priority for the Government of Bangladesh. In this paper, we calculate the volume and characterize the hazards of managing sludge to identify technologies for safely emptying rural single pits. In Bhaluka subdistrict, an estimated 15,000 m3 of sludge is produced annually. Physical, chemical, and microbial analysis of samples of sludge taken from pit latrines indicate that the sludge has a high moisture content of around 90%, a C:N ration of 10:1, and a helminth presence of 41 eggs/g. In a field test of alternative emptying technologies, simple pumps such as the gulper emerged as feasible for use in rural areas, due to the liquid nature of the sludge, narrow roads, and limited incomes of rural households. The results suggest that current practices of emptying liquid sludge manually without any protective equipment poses risks to those who handle sludge, and the process needs to be semi-mechanized with immediate effect. These results are being used by the Bangladesh government to design policy for sludge management. In the near future, an organized service that safely empties single pits and transports sludge for treatment needs to be urgently designed.
6 Akpabio, E. M.; Udofia, E.-i. S. 2017. Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene in Nigeria’s public spaces: the political economy angle. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 33(2):310-325. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2016.1189814]
Water supply ; Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Public health ; Water insecurity ; Drinking water ; Equity ; Water policy ; Health policies ; Regulations ; Urban areas ; Latrines ; State intervention ; Political aspects ; Socioeconomic environment ; Colonialism / Nigeria / Ikot Ekpene
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048013)
(1.13 MB)
Water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) services in public spaces are examined from the political economy perspective in Nigeria. Through field observations and interviews, the study observed that WaSH practices at public spaces are less than optimal on account of poor or outright absence of necessary WaSH infrastructure and weak or non-existent regulation and enforcement of necessary standards, among other challenges. Socio-economic factors related to the category of users and the proprietary interests of specific spaces largely accounted for WaSH services inequality. It is argued that the failure of the state to guarantee functional WaSH infrastructure and enforce standard practices opens space for differentiated practices and standards consistent with specific interests.
7 Balasubramanya, Soumya; Evans, B.; Hardy, Richard; Ahmed, R.; Habib, A.; Asad, N. S. M.; Rahman, M.; Hasan, H.; Dey, D.; Fletcher, J.; Camargo-Valero, M. A.; Rao, Krishna Chaitanya; Fernando, Sudarshana. 2017. Towards sustainable sanitation management: Establishing the costs and willingness to pay for emptying and transporting sludge in rural districts with high rates of access to latrines. PLoS One, 12(3):1-20. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171735]
Faecal sludge ; Waste management ; Waste treatment ; Sanitation ; Transport infrastructure ; Rural areas ; Latrines ; Pit latrines ; Environmental impact assessment ; Health hazards ; Financing ; State intervention ; Households ; Maintenance costs / Bangladesh / Bhaluka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048078)
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0171735&type=printable
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048078.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048078.pdf
(1.53 MB)
Motivation: Proper management of fecal sludge has significant positive health and environmental externalities. Most research on managing onsite sanitation so far either simulates the costs of, or the welfare effects from, managing sludge in situ in pit latrines. Thus, designing management strategies for onsite rural sanitation is challenging, because the actual costs of transporting sludge for treatment, and sources for financing these transport costs, are not well understood. Methods: In this paper we calculate the actual cost of sludge management from onsite latrines, and identify the contributions that latrine owners are willing to make to finance the costs. A spreadsheet-based model is used to identify a cost-effective transport option, and to calculate the cost per household. Then a double-bound contingent valuation method is used to elicit from pit-latrine owners their willingness-to-pay to have sludge transported away. This methodology is employed for the case of a rural subdistrict in Bangladesh called Bhaluka, a unit of administration at which sludge management services are being piloted by the Government of Bangladesh. Results: The typical sludge accumulation rate in Bhaluka is calculated at 0.11 liters/person/day and a typical latrine will need to be emptied approximately once every 3 to 4 years. The costs of emptying and transport are high; approximately USD 13 per emptying event (circa 14% of average monthly income); household contributions could cover around 47% of this cost. However, if costs were spread over time, the service would cost USD 4 per year per household, or USD 0.31 per month per household—comparable to current expenditures of rural households on telecommunications. Conclusion: This is one of few research papers that brings the costs of waste management together with financing of that cost, to provide evidence for an implementable solution. This framework can be used to identify cost effective sludge management options and private contributions towards that cost in other (context-specific) administrative areas where onsite sanitation is widespread.
8 Lee, Y. J. 2017. Informing women and improving sanitation: evidence from rural India. Journal of Rural Studies, 55:203-215. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.07.012]
Sanitation ; Gender ; Role of women ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Latrines ; Access to information ; Mass media ; Rural areas ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Models / India / Uttar Pradesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048317)
(0.49 MB)
A lack of access to sanitation not only has negative effects on the health outcomes of women, it adversely affects their physical security and threatens the lives of children, who are most susceptible to water-borne diseases. This paper explores the underlying conditions that improve access to basic sanitation services for women, with a particular focus on the role information has on the ownership of household latrines. Drawing from nationwide household-level panel data between 2004 and 2011 in rural India, I find that households in which women have regular access to mass media and accurate health knowledge are more likely to have latrines. I also find that women's decision-making power in the household makes a difference, but to a lesser degree. Extending this analysis with district-level data from India's sanitation campaign, the study also demonstrates that different mass media channels have distinct influences on the rural poor and non-poor. For the rural poor, where the consequences of a lack of sanitation are most acute for women, increasing latrine provision is more strongly associated with changes in radio ownership; for the non-poor television ownership has a stronger relationship. By highlighting the role of mass media in latrine ownership, and differentiating by gender, this study identifies an important mechanism that has been given less consideration in the study of women and access to basic services.
9 Otoo, Miriam; Dagerskog, L. 2018. Urine and fecal matter collection for reuse (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso) - Case Study. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.527-537.
Faecal sludge ; Faeces ; Urine ; Sanitation ; Public-private cooperation ; Partnerships ; Resource recovery ; Agricultural production ; Waste management ; Septic tanks ; Latrines ; Market economies ; Supply chain ; Business models / Burkina Faso / Ouagadougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048674)
(1.31 MB)
10 Novotny, J.; Humnalova, H.; Kolomazníkova, J. 2018. The social and political construction of latrines in rural Ethiopia. Journal of Rural Studies, 63:157-167. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.08.003]
Latrines ; Socioeconomic environment ; Political aspects ; Public health ; Sanitation ; Human behaviour ; Health hazards ; Environmental effects ; Households ; Rural areas ; Villages ; Models / Ethiopia / Wolaita
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048936)
(1.05 MB)
This study seeks to understand the complexity of efforts to improve sanitation practices in the infrastructure-restricted and environmentally vulnerable setting of two rural districts of the Wolaita Zone, South Ethiopia. It seeks to simultaneously address micro-level behavioural and social determinants of sanitation, on the one hand, and political and environmental drivers, on the other hand. We draw on analysis of secondary information and own survey comprising structured interviews and direct observations in 368 households in 11 villages as well as 20 semi-structured interviews with health workers and village leaders. We consecutively examine different sanitation drivers and then attempt to paint a complex picture of sanitation situation in a given context. We found high latrine coverage and use but low functional quality of latrines implying uncertain benefits to human health. We attribute this pattern to relationships between the political construction of latrines (political commitment to sanitation characterized by the command-and-control nature of Ethiopian governance), socially constructed perceptions of symbolic risks and benefits of sanitation, and neglect of sanitation technologies within an environmental context.
11 Sultana, F.; Loftus, A. (Eds.) 2020. Water politics: governance, justice and the right to water. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. 209p. (Earthscan Water Text)
Water resources ; Political aspects ; Human rights ; Right to water ; Right to food ; Water policy ; Water security ; Resilience ; Water allocation ; Freshwater ; Water governance ; Bottled water ; Water use ; Public water ; Informal settlements ; Social classes ; Mobilization ; Ethics ; Sanitation ; Latrines / Europe / USA / Mexico / Bolivia / Greece / South Africa / Thessaloniki / Michigan / Detroit / Flint / Durban
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 SUL Record No: H049396)
(0.34 MB)
12 Manga, M.; Bartram, J.; Evans, B. E. 2020. Economic cost analysis of low-cost sanitation technology options in informal settlement areas (case study: Soweto, Johannesburg) International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 223(1):289-298. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.06.012]
Sanitation ; Appropriate technology ; Informal settlements ; Cost analysis ; Financing ; Operating costs ; Maintenance ; Waste treatment ; Sewerage ; Latrines ; Population density ; Households ; Case studies / South Africa / Johannesburg / Soweto
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049490)
(0.51 MB)
In Urban Africa, water and sanitation utility companies are facing a huge backlog of sanitation provision in the informal settlement areas. In order to clear this backlog, new investment is required. However, to select appropriate sanitation technologies, lifecycle costs need to be assessed. The aim of this research was to establish lifecycle costs for appropriate sanitation technologies in informal settlement areas. Three sanitation options were compared: simplified sewerage, urine diversion dry toilet (UDDT) and Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrine. Three scenarios for simplified sewerage were considered; gravity flow into existing conventional sewers with treatment; new-build with pumping and treatment; and new-build gravity flow with treatment. The study revealed that simplified sewerage is the cheapest option for Soweto informal settlement, even when the costs of pumping and treatment are included. Gravity simplified sewerage with treatment is cheaper than the UDDT system and VIP latrine at all population densities above 158 and 172 persons/ha, respectively. The total annual cost per household of simplified sewerage and treatment was US$142 compared to US$156 and US$144 for UDDT and VIP latrine respectively. The costs of simplified sewerage could be recovered through a monthly household surcharge and cross-subsidy summing US$5.3 The study concluded that simplified sewerage system was the first choice for Soweto informal settlement areas, given the current population density.
13 Roshan, A.; Kumar, M. 2020. Water end-use estimation can support the urban water crisis management: a critical review. Journal of Environmental Management, 268:110663. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110663]
Water scarcity ; Water management ; Water reuse ; Estimation ; Water conservation ; Water demand ; Water supply ; Wastewater treatment ; Recycling ; Climate change ; Energy consumption ; Urban areas ; Households ; Latrines ; Models / Australia / Europe / Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049786)
(3.61 MB)
The present study reviews the overall perspectives of end-use studies on urban water crisis management by analysing their beneficial application in water conservation and wastewater recycling. The paper incorporates a critical review of water end-use consumption of 16 major countries from 3 major continents, i.e. Asia, Europe, and Australia. The study reflected a different trend between the water consumption of developed and developing nations, thereby implying a need for separate prospects of end-use results in these countries. Besides, the percentage of greywater generated varies from 54% to 86% of the total indoor household water consumption and thus can be a valuable water resource to solve the urban water crisis. There exists a strong correlation between the amount of greywater generated and the amount of water used for the shower (R2 = 0.69) and laundry (R2 = 0.50). The same, i.e. R2 values, for end-uses of the toilet flushing, dishwashing, and indoor taps with the amount of greywater, were found to be 0.30, 0.26, and 0.04, respectively. Further, except for the end-use pertaining to indoor taps, water consumption of all other end-uses has witnessed an upward spiral in developing countries with time, which may be attributed to the improved accuracy of collected end-use data or increased contribution of ‘leaks/others’ category. In developed nations like the USA, there is not a single end-use that has shown an absolute increase with time owing to a variety of measures such as increased awareness, education, retrofitting of appliances and several other factors like governmental restrictions. Change in attitude or/and behaviour of people towards water use driven by drought-like experience could also be a valid reason. After this extensive review of the end-use pattern, we proposed specific greywater recycling models that are expected to help engineers, governments, and policymakers in sustainable urban water management.
14 Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Kumara, I. U.; Fernando, Sudarshana. 2020. Solid and liquid waste management and resource recovery in Sri Lanka: a 20 city analysis. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 83p.
Waste management ; Solid wastes ; Liquid wastes ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Resource management ; Urban areas ; Urban wastes ; Municipal wastewater ; Treatment plants ; Waste disposal ; Sewerage ; Septic tanks ; Faecal sludge ; Latrines ; Recycling ; Desludging ; Composting ; Waste landfills ; Water supply ; Municipal authorities ; Local authorities ; Households ; Sanitation ; Development projects / Sri Lanka / Anuradhapura / Badulla / Batticaloa / Colombo / Galle / Jaffna / Kaluthara / Kandy / Kilinochchi / Kurunegala / Mannar / Matale / Matara / Mullaithivu / Negombo / Nuwara Eliya / Puttalam / Ratnapura / Trincomalee / Vauniya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050009)
(16.1 MB)
15 Harper, J.; Bielefeldt, A.; Javernick-Will, A.; Veasna, T.; Nicoletti, C. 2020. Context and intentions: practical associations for fecal sludge management in rural low-income Cambodia. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 10(2):191-201. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.103]
Waste management ; Faecal sludge ; Rural areas ; Latrines ; Environmental health ; Public health ; Sanitation ; Decision making ; Forecasting ; Models ; Flooding ; Rain ; Households / Cambodia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049974)
https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article-pdf/10/2/191/713031/washdev0100191.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049974.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049974.pdf
(0.34 MB) (344 KB)
Finite storage capacities of household pit latrines make safely managing fecal sludge a recurring challenge for 2.7 billion people globally. Frequently without guidance from standards or regulation, rural latrine owners choose how to manage their own fecal sludge. However, their intentions – what behavioral science says are the best predictors of future behaviors – when pits fill are poorly understood, inhibiting the development of safe fecal sludge management (FSM) solutions and deteriorating public and environmental health. Using survey data commonly measured by development practitioners, we analyze response frequencies and their associations with contextual factors, such as location, month that the survey was administered, and poverty level. We also use binomial logistic regression to determine if contextual factors can be used to predict the intentions of rural Cambodian latrine owners when pits fill. We found that four in ten rural latrine owners intend to manage their fecal sludge unsafely (41%), and one in six did not have a plan (16%). Desirable FSM intentions increased markedly after rice harvest and varied markedly across provinces. Many predictors of desirable FSM intentions, such as location and satisfaction with the household's latrine, were also identified. Associations between FSM intentions and contextual factors can be used to help predict FSM behaviors and improve FSM service delivery, behavior change campaigns, and product design. However, future work should seek to characterize the complete decision-making processes of rural latrine owners when pits fill.
16 African Development Bank (AfDB); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); GRID-Arendal. 2020. Sanitation and wastewater atlas of Africa. Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: African Development Bank (AfDB); Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Arendal, Norway: GRID-Arendal. 284p.
Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Wastewater management ; Hygiene ; Municipal wastewater ; Industrial wastewater ; Agricultural wastewater ; Wastewater treatment ; Faecal sludge ; Latrines ; Water reuse ; Resource recovery ; Business models ; Economic aspects ; Water resources ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Contamination ; Groundwater ; Regulations ; Drought stress ; Stormwater runoff ; Ecosystem services ; Environmental health ; Waterborne diseases ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Policies ; Institutions ; Governance ; Rural areas ; Population growth / Africa / Algeria / Angola / Benin / Botswana / Burkina Faso / Burundi / Cabo Verde / Cameroon / Central African Republic / Chad / Comoros / Congo / Cote d'Ivoire / Democratic Republic of the Congo / Djibouti / Egypt / Equatorial Guinea / Eritrea / Ethiopia / Gabon / Gambia / Ghana / Guinea / Guinea-Bissau / Kenya / Lesotho / Liberia / Libya / Madagascar / Malawi / Mali / Mauritania / Mauritius / Morocco / Mozambique / Namibia / Niger / Nigeria / Rwanda / Sao Tome and Principe / Senegal / Seychelles / Sierra Leone / Somalia / South Africa / South Sudan / Sudan / Eswatini / Togo / Tunisia / Uganda / United Republic of Tanzania / Zambia / Zimbabwe
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050261)
https://www.afdb.org/sites/all/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afdb.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fsanitation_and_wastewater_atlas_of_africa_compressed.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050261.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050261.pdf
(47.50 MB) (47.5 MB)
17 Venus, T. E.; Bilgram, S.; Sauer, J.; Khatri-Chettri, A. 2022. Livelihood vulnerability and climate change: a comparative analysis of smallholders in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(2):1981-2009. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01516-8]
Livelihoods ; Vulnerability ; Climate change ; Smallholders ; Natural disasters ; Precipitation ; Drought ; Weather data ; Households ; Infrastructure ; Latrines / India / Indo-Gangetic Plains / Bihar / Haryana / Vaishali / Karnal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050914)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10668-021-01516-8.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050914.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050914.pdf
(1.18 MB) (1.18 MB)
In the Indo-Gangetic Plains, one of India’s most productive agricultural regions, smallholder livelihood vulnerability can inhibit sustainable development. As there are significant differences in economic development, natural resources and agricultural productivity within the region, we estimate the Livelihood Vulnerability Index in two districts (Vaishali, Bihar and Karnal, Haryana) to determine suitable adaptation strategies under diverse conditions. To reflect different aspects of climate exposure, we include both self-reported climate shocks and spatially interpolated weather data. The assessment of 1127 households shows that while both districts have similar exposure and adaptive capacity levels, the sensitivity dimension makes Vaishali more vulnerable to climate change. To reduce sensitivity, decision-makers should focus on improving infrastructure (e.g., permanent housing, latrines, health centers, alternative energy sources). To improve adaptive capacity and reduce climate risk in both regions, policymakers should promote the expansion of extension training for livelihood diversification, information and communication technologies as well as conservation agriculture.
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