Your search found 18 records
1 Dutta, S. K.; Singh, D.; Sood, Aditya. 2011. Effect of soil chemical and physical properties on sorption and desorption behavior of lead in different soils of India. Soil and Sediment Contamination, 20(3):249-260. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2011.560979]
Soil chemicophysical properties ; Sorption ; Desorption ; Lead ; Statistical methods ; Analytical methods ; Multiple regression analysis ; Models ; Soil sampling ; Chemical composition / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043832)
(0.25 MB)
Lead (Pb) is a non-biodegradable contaminant, present in the environment, especially near lead-based industrial sites, agricultural lands, and roadside soils. Bioavailability of Pb in the soil is controlled by the sorption and desorption behavior of Pb, which are further controlled by the soil chemical and physical properties. In this study, sorption and desorption amounts of Pb in soil were compared with soil physical (sand, silt, clay content) and chemical (pH; electrical conductivity, EC; percent organic carbon, (%OC);cation exchange capacity, CEC) properties. Twenty-six surface soils (0–5cm), expected to vary in physical and chemical properties, were collected from different parts of India and were treated with known concentration of Pb solution (40 µg/L). The amount of Pb sorbed and desorbed were measured and correlated with soil properties using simple linear regressions. Sorption was significantly (p = 0.05) and positively correlated with pH, and %OC; desorption was significantly (p = 0.05) negatively correlated with the same two factors. Stepwise multiple regressions were performed for better correlations. Predicted sorption and desorption amounts, based on multiple regression equations, showed reasonably good fit (R2 = 0.79 and 0.83, respectively) with observed values. This regression model can be used for estimation of sorption and desorption amounts at contaminated sites.
2 Black, C. A.; Evans, D. D.; Ensminger, L. E.; White, J. L.; Clark, F. E. (Eds.) 1965. Method of soil analysis: part 1 - Physical and mineralogical properties including statistics of measurement and sampling. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy. 770p. (Agronomy 9)
Soil analysis ; Measurement ; Sampling ; Chemicophysical properties ; Calibration ; Water content ; Soil water content ; Soil hydraulic properties ; Hydraulic conductivity ; Water intake ; Water table ; Evapotranspiration ; Porosity ; Soil air ; Heat capacity ; Heat transfer ; Radiation ; Particle density ; Bulk density ; Consistency ; Shear strength ; Rupture ; Penetrometers ; Bearing characteristics ; Microscopy ; Photometry ; Infrared spectrophotometry ; X rays ; Chemical composition
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 631.4 G000 BLA Record No: H043954)
(0.49 MB)
3 Vrba, J.; Verhagen, B. T. (Eds.) 2011. Groundwater for emergency situations: a methodological guide. Paris, France: UNESCO. International Hydrological Programme (IHP). 316p. (UNESCO IHP-VII Series on Groundwater No. 3)
Water resources ; Groundwater recharge ; Disaster preparedness ; Drinking water ; Water supply ; Geology ; Hydrogeology ; Hydrology ; Remote sensing ; GIS ; Mathematical models ; Risk assessment ; Risk management ; Water governance ; Policy ; Early warning systems ; Natural disasters ; Flooding ; Drought ; Earthquakes ; Landslides ; Tsunamis ; Storms ; Cyclones ; Volcanoes ; Water flow ; Aquifers ; Isotopes ; Case studies ; Sewage ; Drainage ; Rehabilitation ; Chemical composition ; Analytical methods ; Satellite surveys ; Satellite imagery ; Capacity building / South Africa / South Germany / Czech Republic / India / China / Peru / Maldives / Sri Lanka / Japan / Molasses Basin / Labe River / Elbe River / Orissa / Shenthen Xikeng Reservoir
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044405)
(17.39 MB) (17.4MB)
The aim of the UNESCO IHP project ‘Groundwater for Emergency Situations’ (GWES) is to consider natural catastrophic events that could adversely influence human health and life and to identify in advance emergency groundwater resources resistant to natural disasters that could replace damaged public and domestic drinking water supplies. The GWES project was approved during the 15th session of the Intergovernmental Council of the International Hydrological Programme (IHP). It was included in the Implementation Plan of the Sixth Phase of the IHP (2002–2007), Theme 2: ‘Integrated watershed and aquifer dynamics’, under the title ‘Identification and management of strategic groundwater bodies to be used for emergency situations as a result of extreme events or in case of conflicts’. The Second phase of the GWES project is implemented within IHP VII (2008–2013) by an International Working Group composed of UNESCO, and IAH representatives and experts from different regions of the world.
4 Ward, R. C. 1967. Principles of hydrology. 2nd ed. Boston, UK: McGraw-Hill. 367p.
Hydrological cycle ; Precipitation ; Storms ; Rainfall patterns ; Snow ; Interception ; Vegetation ; Woodlands ; Grasses ; Crops ; Water balance ; Water quality ; Evaporation ; Meteorological factors ; Radiation ; Temperature ; Humidity ; Winds ; Soil moisture ; Evapotranspiration ; Infiltration water ; Groundwater ; Water storage ; Groundwater ; Groundwater recharge ; Flow discharge ; Chemical composition ; Runoff ; Drainage
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.48 G000 WAR Record No: H045969)
(0.58 MB)
5 Asem-Hiablie, S.; Church, C. D.; Elliott, H. A.; Shappell, N. W.; Schoenfuss, H. L.; Drechsel, Pay; Williams, C. F.; Knopf, A.; Dabie, M. Y. 2013. Serum estrogenicity and biological responses in African catfish raised in wastewater ponds in Ghana. Science of the Total Environment, 463-464:1182-1191. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.032]
Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Effluents ; Wastewater treatment ; Ponds ; Indicators ; Chemical composition ; Estrogens ; Aquaculture ; Fish ; Serum ; Statistical analysis ; Histology / Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046017)
(1.42 MB)
Reuse of wastewater for aquaculture improves the efficient use of water and promotes sustainability but the potential effects of endocrine disrupting compounds including estrogens in wastewater is an emerging challenge that needs to be addressed. We examined the biological effects of wastewater-borne estrogens on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) raised in a wastewater stabilization pond (WSP) of a functioning municipal wastewater treatment plant, a wastewater polishing pond (WWP) of a dysfunctional treatment plant, and a reference pond (RP) unimpacted by wastewater, located in Ghana. Measurements of estrogen concentrations in pond water by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry showed mean 17 ß-estradiol concentrations were higher in the wastewater ponds (WWP, 6.6 ng/L ± 2.7 ng/L; WSP, 4.9 ng/L ± 1.0) than the reference (RP, 3.4 ± 1.1 ng/L). Estrone concentrations were found to be highest in the WSP (7.8 ng/L ± 1.7) and lowest in the WWP (2.2 ng/L ± 2.4) with the RP intermediate (4.7 ± 5.0). Fish serum estrogenicity assayed by ESCREEN was significantly higher in female vs. male catfish in the RP and WSP but not in the WWP (p = 0.05). Histological examination of liver and gonad tissue showed no apparent signs of intersex or pathology in any ponds. The similarities in various measures of body indices between fish of this study and African catfish from other freshwater systems suggest that aquaculture may be a suitable reuse option for treated municipal wastewater.
6 FAO. Soil Resources, Management, and Conservation Service; USA. Bureau of Reclamation. 1979. Soil survey investigations for irrigation. Rome, Italy: FAO. 188p. (FAO Soils Bulletin 42)
Soils ; Soil classification ; Surveys ; Irrigation development ; Chemical composition ; Mineralogical soil types ; Land development ; Land classification ; Drainage ; Water quality ; Climate change
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333 G000 FAO Record No: H046169)
(37.53 MB) (37.53MB)
7 Brindha, Karthikeyan; Jagadeshan, G.; Kalpana, L.; Elango, L. 2016. Fluoride in weathered rock aquifers of southern India: managed aquifer recharge for mitigation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(9):8302-8316. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6069-7]
Chemical composition ; Fluorides ; Aquifers ; Recharge ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; Water table ; Water quality ; River basins ; Semiarid zones ; Rain ; Wells ; Dams ; Case studies / India / Tamil Nadu / Nalgonda District / Telangana / Pambar River Basin / Vaniyar River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047462)
(3.43 MB)
Climatic condition, geology, and geochemical processes in an area play a major role on groundwater quality. Impact of these on the fluoride content of groundwater was studied in three regions-part of Nalgonda district in Telangana, Pambar River basin, and Vaniyar River basin in Tamil Nadu, southern India, which experience semi-arid climate and are predominantly made of Precambrian rocks. High concentration of fluoride in groundwater above 4 mg/l was recorded. Human exposure dose for fluoride through groundwater was higher in Nalgonda than the other areas. With evaporation and rainfall being one of the major contributors for high fluoride apart from the weathering of fluoride rich minerals from rocks, the effect of increase in groundwater level on fluoride concentration was studied. This study reveals that groundwater in shallow environment of all three regions shows dilution effect due to rainfall recharge. Suitable managed aquifer recharge (MAR) methods can be adopted to dilute the fluoride rich groundwater in such regions which is explained with two case studies. However, in deep groundwater, increase in fluoride concentration with increase in groundwater level due to leaching of fluoride rich salts from the unsaturated zone was observed. Occurrence of fluoride above 1.5 mg/l was more in areas with deeper groundwater environment. Hence, practicing MAR in these regions will increase the fluoride content in groundwater and so physica or chemical treatment has to be adopted. This study brought out the fact that MAR cannot be practiced in all regions for dilution of ions in groundwater and that it is essential to analyze the fluctuation in groundwater level and the fluoride content before suggesting it as a suitable solution. Also, this study emphasizes that long-term monitoring of these factors is an important criterion for choosing the recharge areas.
8 Estabragh, A. R.; Moghadas, M.; Javadi, A. A. 2016. Hydrochemical effect of different quality of water on the behaviour of an expansive soil during wetting and drying cycles. Irrigation and Drainage, 65(3):371-381. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.1974]
Water quality ; Hydrology ; Chemical composition ; Reservoirs ; Pore water ; Expansive Soils ; Wetting drying cycles ; pH ; Electrical conductivity ; Osmotic pressure ; Deformation ; Experimentation ; Flooding ; Distilled water ; Acidic Water ; Saline water
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047654)
(1.07 MB)
The effect of quality of water on deformation, pH, EC (electrical conductivity) and osmotic suction was studied for an expansive soil during wetting and drying tests. The cyclic wetting and drying tests were conducted on samples of an expansive soil in a modified oedometer flooded with distilled, acidic and saline water. During the tests axial deformation of the samples was recorded continuously. pH and EC of pore water and reservoir water were measured through duplicated samples in a conventional oedometer. Osmotic suction was calculated based on the values of EC. The results show that the magnitude of deformation depends on the quality of the water and the deformation attained an equilibrium condition after almost four cycles. pH, EC and osmotic suction decreased with increasing suction.
9 Brindha, Karthikeyan; Pavelic, Paul; Sotoukee, Touleelor; Douangsavanh, Somphasith; Elango, L. 2017. Geochemical characteristics and groundwater quality in the Vientiane Plain, Laos. Exposure and Health, 9(2):89-104. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-016-0224-8]
Geology ; Chemical composition ; Toxicity ; Groundwater ; Water quality ; Water level ; Drinking water ; Domestic water ; Irrigation water ; Aquifers ; Plains ; Heavy metals ; Pollutants ; Iron ; Arsenic ; Copper ; Zinc ; Mercury ; Health hazards / Lao People's Democratic Republic / Vientiane Plain
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047651)
Groundwater from the shallow aquifers of the Vientiane Plain, Laos is used for domestic needs including to some extent for drinking and for household gardening. The objective of this study is to assess the groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation activities and to determine the processes that lead to the presence of major ions in groundwater. Twenty groundwater samples were collected from a village on the Plain in December 2014, January 2015, and May 2015, and analysed for major ions and selected suite of minor ions and heavy metals. Groundwater is largely acidic, fresh and soft in nature. Geochemistry showed dominant Ca–Mg–HCO3 and mixed Ca–Na–HCO3 groundwater. Sodium impacts the suitability of water for irrigation to some extent. Hydrogeochemical processes identified and verified through factor analysis indicate weathering, carbonate dissolution, ion exchange, and anthropogenic sources including salinisation, due to irrigation and use of fertilizers as sources for the occurrence of major ions at such concentrations in this area. Only concentrations of lead and iron were above the permissible limits with arsenic, copper, zinc, mercury, and uranium found to be within safe limits. Background sample (groundwater) collected 5 km from the study area and the bottled water sample were all within suitable limits for drinking. This study is the first to provide a local-level assessment of geochemical processes in groundwater of this area indicating that the groundwater does not pose any threat to human health if used for drinking based on major ions, minor ions and a suite heavy metals except for iron and lead.
10 Zacharof, M.-P.; Lovitt, R. W. 2015. Adding value to wastewater by resource recovery and reformulation as growth media: current prospects and potential. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 5(4):473-479. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.117]
Wastewater treatment ; Resource recovery ; Sustainability ; Membranes ; Technology ; Microbial activities ; Growing media ; Chemical composition ; Formulations ; Filtration ; Nutrients ; Costs ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048099)
(0.25 MB)
Wastewater, despite being a serious environmental constraint, has been identified as a source of valuable commodities including phosphate, ammonia, metal ions and volatile fatty acids. Using low-cost physical pre-treatments, filtration technology gives the opportunity of recovering materials in purified concentrated liquid form and purified water. Filtration also allows manipulation of the nutrient content in the effluents enabling the formulation of a series of streams enriched with important chemical components, enabling their reformulation into balanced nutrient media for microbial growth and the production of biofuels, acids and other chemicals such as lipids and enzymes. This approach benefits industry through the use of a relatively abundant inexpensive feedstock able to be recycled to produce high value chemicals while reducing the carbon footprint of the fermentation and reducing waste disposal. Examples of potential schemes of nutrient formulation and their application are presented.
11 Gning, A. A.; Orban, P.; Gesels, J.; Ngom, F. D.; Dassargues, A.; Malou, R.; Brouyere, S. 2017. Factors controlling the evolution of groundwater dynamics and chemistry in the Senegal River Delta. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 10:133-144. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.01.005]
Groundwater table ; Surface water ; Water levels ; Monitoring ; Saline water ; Soil salinization ; Irrigation water ; Rain ; Hydrogeology ; Geochemistry ; Chemical composition ; Hydrodynamics ; Models ; Multivariate analysis ; Rivers ; Deltas / Senegal / Senegal River Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048129)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221458181730037X/pdfft?md5=fba6295f07cffdb349955306459bdffd&pid=1-s2.0-S221458181730037X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048129.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048129.pdf
(3.14 MB) (3.13 MB)
Study region: Senegal River Delta.
Study focus: The Senegal River Delta is a strategic region for the development of irrigated agriculture. Despite a Sahelian climatic context, the management of the river with dams ensures water availability throughout the year. With the intensification of agriculture, degradation of cultivated soils is observed, mostly linked to the existence of a shallow salty aquifer. In this context, regional surveys were performed to characterize groundwater–surface water interactions and to identify the impact of artificial river management and agricultural intensification on the evolution of groundwater dynamics and chemistry.
New hydrological insights for the region: Results show that groundwater far away from rivers and outside irrigated plots has evolved from marine water to brines under the influence of evapotranspiration. Near rivers, salinity of groundwater is lower than seawater and groundwater mineralization seems to evolve in the direction of softening through cationic exchanges related to permanent contact with fresh water. Despite large volumes of water used for rice cultivation, groundwater does not show any real softening trend in the cultivated parcels. Results show that the mechanisms that contribute to repel salt water from the sediments correspond to a lateral flush near permanent surface water streams and not to vertical drainage and dilution with rainfall or irrigation water. It is however difficult to estimate the time required to come back to more favorable conditions of groundwater salinity.
Study focus: The Senegal River Delta is a strategic region for the development of irrigated agriculture. Despite a Sahelian climatic context, the management of the river with dams ensures water availability throughout the year. With the intensification of agriculture, degradation of cultivated soils is observed, mostly linked to the existence of a shallow salty aquifer. In this context, regional surveys were performed to characterize groundwater–surface water interactions and to identify the impact of artificial river management and agricultural intensification on the evolution of groundwater dynamics and chemistry.
New hydrological insights for the region: Results show that groundwater far away from rivers and outside irrigated plots has evolved from marine water to brines under the influence of evapotranspiration. Near rivers, salinity of groundwater is lower than seawater and groundwater mineralization seems to evolve in the direction of softening through cationic exchanges related to permanent contact with fresh water. Despite large volumes of water used for rice cultivation, groundwater does not show any real softening trend in the cultivated parcels. Results show that the mechanisms that contribute to repel salt water from the sediments correspond to a lateral flush near permanent surface water streams and not to vertical drainage and dilution with rainfall or irrigation water. It is however difficult to estimate the time required to come back to more favorable conditions of groundwater salinity.
12 Kim, J.-H.; Kim, K.-H; Thao, N. T.; Batsaikhan, B.; Yun, S.-T. 2017. Hydrochemical assessment of freshening saline groundwater using multiple end-members mixing modeling: a study of Red River delta aquifer, Vietnam. Journal of Hydrology, 549:703-714. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.04.040]
Groundwater ; Salinity ; Aquifers ; Hydrology ; Chemical composition ; Geochemistry ; Cation exchange capacity ; Sulphates ; Models ; Principal component analysis ; Rivers ; Sea water ; Deltas / Vietnam / Red River Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048159)
(2.80 MB)
In this study, we evaluated the water quality status (especially, salinity problems) and hydrogeochemical processes of an alluvial aquifer in a floodplain of the Red River delta, Vietnam, based on the hydrochemical and isotopic data of groundwater samples (n = 23) from the Kien Xuong district of the Thai Binh province. Following the historical inundation by paleo-seawater during coastal progradation, the aquifer has been undergone progressive freshening and land reclamation to enable settlements and farming. The hydrochemical data of water samples showed a broad hydrochemical change, from Na-Cl through NaHCO3 to Ca-HCO3 types, suggesting that groundwater was overall evolved through the freshening process accompanying cation exchange. The principal component analysis (PCA) of the hydrochemical data indicates the occurrence of three major hydrogeochemical processes occurring in an aquifer, namely: 1) progressive freshening of remaining paleo-seawater, 2) water-rock interaction (i.e., dissolution of silicates), and 3) redox process including sulfate reduction, as indicated by heavy sulfur and oxygen isotope compositions of sulfate. To quantitatively assess the hydrogeochemical processes, the end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) and the forward mixing modeling using PHREEQC code were conducted. The EMMA results show that the hydrochemical model with the two-dimensional mixing space composed of PC 1 and PC 2 best explains the mixing in the study area; therefore, we consider that the groundwater chemistry mainly evolved by mixing among three end-members (i.e., paleo-seawater, infiltrating rain, and the K-rich groundwater). The distinct depletion of sulfate in groundwater, likely due to bacterial sulfate reduction, can also be explained by EMMA. The evaluation of mass balances using geochemical modeling supports the explanation that the freshening process accompanying direct cation exchange occurs through mixing among three end-members involving the K-rich groundwater. This study shows that the multiple end-members mixing model is useful to more successfully assess complex hydrogeochemical processes occurring in a salinized aquifer under freshening, as compared to the conventional interpretation using the theoretical mixing line based on only two end-members (i.e., seawater and rainwater).
13 Yehia, M.; Baghdady, A.; Howari, F. M.; Awad, S.; Gad, A. 2017. Natural radioactivity and groundwater quality assessment in the northern area of the Western Desert of Egypt. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 12:331-344. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.06.002]
Groundwater assessment ; Water quality ; Chemical composition ; Deserts ; Water analysis ; Irrigation ; Domestic water ; Drinking water ; Chemicophysical properties ; Radioactivity ; Health hazards ; Radiation damage ; Metals ; Toxicity ; Hydrogeology / Egypt / Western Desert
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048296)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581817300198/pdfft?md5=f35be392d885522b974103ccb1196ff7&pid=1-s2.0-S2214581817300198-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048296.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048296.pdf
(1.35 MB) (1.35 MB)
The chemical composition and natural radioactivity of the northern area of the western desert groundwater were determined to evaluate hydrogeochemical facies and assess groundwater quality for different uses. Many the groundwater samples belong to the Na+- Cl-, Na2SO4 - type, followed by Ca2+- Mg2+- Cl- type. Only a few samples are of the Na+- HCO3 - type. The spatial distributions of the major ions describe similar anomalies, with the highest concentrations found at the extreme northeastern margin of the oasis, as well as in its northern and northwestern parts. Fe is the most abundant toxic metal, followed by Cu and Mn. Anomalies of Cr, Ni and Zn are also detected. Rock/water interactions strongly affect the chemical composition of the groundwater. Dissolution and cation exchange are the main processes controlling the hydrogeochemistry. Most of the irrigation groundwater problems in the study area may be resolved using an effective drainage system. The estimated total annual dose due to ingestion of 238U, 232Th and 40K in groundwater samples reveals that the groundwater is safe for human consumption. However, the toxic metal content of the Bahariya groundwater exceeds the permissible levels for both irrigation and consumption, and the water must be filtered through suitable membranes to exclude these toxic metals. Regular monitoring of the quality of this water for drinking is strictly required.
14 Dube, S.; Muchaonyerwa, P.; Mapanda, F.; Hughes, J. 2018. Effects of sludge water from a water treatment works on soil properties and the yield and elemental uptake of brachiaria decumbens and lucerne (medicago sativa). Agricultural Water Management, 208:335-343. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.015]
Wastewater treatment ; Sewage sludge ; Water reuse ; Irrigation water ; Crops ; Brachiaria decumbens ; Medicago sativa ; Yields ; Nutrient uptake ; Soil properties ; Chemical composition ; Aluminium ; Manganese ; Toxicity ; Chemicophysical properties / Zimbabwe / Harare
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048901)
(0.54 MB)
This study assessed the effects of irrigation with different dilutions of sludge water, a wastewater from an aluminium-based drinking water treatment plant in Harare, Zimbabwe, on yield and elemental uptake of Brachiaria decumbens (brachiaria) and Medicago sativa (lucerne), and on properties of clay and sandy loam soils. The sludge water was characterised and diluted to 25%, 50% and 75% of the original concentration with tap water. The dilutions, together with 100% sludge water and tap water, were used to irrigate brachiaria and lucerne in a pot experiment. Shoot plant material was harvested and analysed for biomass, total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), Ca, Mg, K, aluminium (Al), boron (B), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Soils were analysed for particle size distribution, organic carbon, (before use only), pH, exchangeable acidity and extractable P, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn before use and after harvesting. Increasing sludge water concentration increased yield and uptake of nutrients of both crops, without accumulating pollutants in the tissues to phytotoxic levels in both soils for brachiaria and in the sandy loam soil for lucerne. Tissue Al and Fe were not affected by sludge water concentration but were higher than maximum tolerable levels. An increase in sludge water concentration increased soil pH in the sandy loam soil more than in the clay under both crops. Undiluted sludge water may be used to irrigate brachiaria, while dilution to 75% of its original concentration is required for lucerne, at least in the short term, without negatively affecting plant growth.
15 Faye, S. C.; Diongue, M. L.; Pouye, A.; Gaye, C. B.; Travi, Y.; Wohnlich, S.; Faye, S.; Taylor, R. G. 2019. Tracing natural groundwater recharge to the Thiaroye Aquifer of Dakar, Senegal. Hydrogeology Journal, 27(3):1067-1080. (Special issue: Groundwater in Sub-Saharan Africa) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-01923-8]
Groundwater recharge ; Aquifers ; Semiarid zones ; Urban areas ; Groundwater flow ; Groundwater table ; Monsoon climate ; Rain ; Chemical composition ; Isotopes / Senegal / Dakar / Thiaroye aquifer
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049362)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10040-018-01923-8.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049362.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049362.pdf
(5.43 MB) (5.43 MB)
Urban groundwater in Sub-Saharan Africa provides vital freshwater to rapidly growing cities. In the Thiaroye aquifer of Dakar (Senegal), groundwater within Quaternary unconsolidated sands provided nearly half of the city’s water supply into the 1980s. Rising nitrate concentrations traced to faecal contamination sharply curtailed groundwater withdrawals, which now contribute just 5% to Dakar’s water supply. To understand the attenuation capacity of this urban aquifer under a monsoonal semi-arid climate, stable-isotope ratios of O and H and radioactive tritium (3H), compiled over several studies, are used together with piezometric data to trace the origin of groundwater recharge and groundwater flowpaths. Shallow groundwaters derive predominantly from modern rainfall (tritium >2 TU in 85% of sampled wells). d18O and d2H values in groundwater vary by >4 and 20‰, respectively, reflecting substantial variability in evaporative enrichment prior to recharge. These signatures in groundwater regress to a value on the local meteoric water line that is depleted in heavy isotopes relative to the weighted-mean average composition of local rainfall, a bias that suggests recharge derives preferentially from isotopically depleted rainfall observed during the latter part of the monsoon (September). The distribution of tritium in groundwater is consistent with groundwater flowpaths to seasonal lakes and wetlands, defined by piezometric records. Piezometric data further confirm the diffuse nature and seasonality of rain-fed recharge. The conceptual understanding of groundwater recharge and flow provides a context to evaluate attenuation of anthropogenic recharge that is effectively diffuse and constant from the vast network of sanitation facilities that drain to this aquifer.
16 Darwesh, N.; Naser, R. S. M.; Al-Qawati, M.; Raweh, S.; El Kharrim, K.; Belghyti, D. 2020. Groundwater quality in Sidi Slimane, Morocco. Journal of Health and Pollution, 10(25):200309. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.25.200309]
Groundwater ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Water pollution ; Chemical composition ; Sodium ; Salinity ; Standards ; Public health ; Wells / Morocco / Sidi Slimane
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049788)
https://www.journalhealthpollution.org/doi/pdf/10.5696/2156-9614-10.25.200309
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049788.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049788.pdf
(1.88 MB) (1.88 MB)
Background. Groundwater is an important source of drinking water for human and animal populations and therefore should be protected from pollution. The study area, Sidi Slimane, is in the western region of Morocco, which is a highly important agricultural area.
Objectives. The aim of the present study was to assess the suitability of groundwater for drinking in the Sidi Slimane region.
Methods. Twenty (20) samples were collected from different locations in the study area in 2015 in order to evaluate the quality of groundwater for human consumption. Collection, transportation and analysis of samples were performed according to the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater of the American Public Health Association (APHA), 2017. The major ions (cations and anions), ammonium (NH4+), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of the groundwater samples were analyzed. Total dissolved solids (TDS) and total hardness (TH) parameters were calculated on the basis of obtained chemical data. ArcGIS program (version 10.4.1) was used in the preparation of topographic and hydrological maps of the study area.
Results. Groundwater showed high concentrations of most parameters of drinking water quality according to Moroccan and international standards. Groundwater was brackish and very hard. The results showed that sodium and chloride ions were the predominant ions. Salinity was present at low depths. The majority of groundwater samples in the study area (18 out of 20) were sodium chloride type, and only 2 samples were mixed calcium-magnesiumchlorine type.
Discussion. The obtained results were compared with the Moroccan standards for drinking water. The results show that 100%, 75%, 70%, 70%, 65% and 55% of groundwater samples exceeded the permissible limits for drinking water quality according to the Moroccan standard with regard to sodium, calcium, TDS, EC, chlorine, and nitrate, respectively.
Conclusions. Most of the groundwater samples in the study area showed poor drinking water quality. Groundwater quality must be protected by controlling the use of pesticides, fertilizers, manure, and harmful irrigation practices.
Objectives. The aim of the present study was to assess the suitability of groundwater for drinking in the Sidi Slimane region.
Methods. Twenty (20) samples were collected from different locations in the study area in 2015 in order to evaluate the quality of groundwater for human consumption. Collection, transportation and analysis of samples were performed according to the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater of the American Public Health Association (APHA), 2017. The major ions (cations and anions), ammonium (NH4+), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of the groundwater samples were analyzed. Total dissolved solids (TDS) and total hardness (TH) parameters were calculated on the basis of obtained chemical data. ArcGIS program (version 10.4.1) was used in the preparation of topographic and hydrological maps of the study area.
Results. Groundwater showed high concentrations of most parameters of drinking water quality according to Moroccan and international standards. Groundwater was brackish and very hard. The results showed that sodium and chloride ions were the predominant ions. Salinity was present at low depths. The majority of groundwater samples in the study area (18 out of 20) were sodium chloride type, and only 2 samples were mixed calcium-magnesiumchlorine type.
Discussion. The obtained results were compared with the Moroccan standards for drinking water. The results show that 100%, 75%, 70%, 70%, 65% and 55% of groundwater samples exceeded the permissible limits for drinking water quality according to the Moroccan standard with regard to sodium, calcium, TDS, EC, chlorine, and nitrate, respectively.
Conclusions. Most of the groundwater samples in the study area showed poor drinking water quality. Groundwater quality must be protected by controlling the use of pesticides, fertilizers, manure, and harmful irrigation practices.
17 Jha, S. K.; Mishra, V. K.; Verma, C. L.; Sharma, Navneet; Sikka, Alok Kumar; Pavelic, Paul; Sharma, P. C.; Kant, L.; Sharma, Bharat R. 2021. Groundwater quality concern for wider adaptability of novel modes of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) in the Ganges Basin, India. Agricultural Water Management, 246:106659. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106659]
Groundwater recharge ; Groundwater management ; Aquifers ; Water quality ; Floodwater ; Chemical composition ; Chemicophysical properties ; Toxic substances ; Contamination ; Silt load ; Assessment ; Hydrogeology ; Geochemistry ; Wells ; Ponds / India / Ganges Basin / Ramganga Sub Basin / Uttar Pradesh / Rampur
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050128)
(6.24 MB)
Groundwater (GW) depletion and recurring floods have become a major concern among researchers and planners across the world. To rejuvenate stressed aquifer and moderate flood impacts, a modified version of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) consisting of a cluster of ten recharge wells (RWs) embedded in a community pond with an area of 2625 m2 and utilizing diverted floodwater was tested on a pilot scale in Ramganga sub basin, India. The approach could recharge a maximum of 72426 m3 of floodwater in 78 days during the wet season. The pond intervention minimized clogging of RWs by retaining maximum silt load of 68.01%. Hydro-geochemically, majority of water samples were of Mg-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3type. Ion exchange processes and weathering of carbonate and silicates were the controlling factors, determining water quality of the area. Total dissolved solids, fluoride, iron, zinc, manganese, chromium, cobalt, nickel, mercury, phosphate, nitrate, and ammonical nitrogen were found within the permissible limits as laid down by World Health Organization except arsenic and lead, which seems to be the inherent problem in the area, as evidenced by water quality analysis of farmers tube wells located upstream and down streams of the recharge site. The coliform presence in the 88.23% of sampled GW may thwart from direct use for drinking whereas it was fit for irrigation. Looking the benefits of modified MAR as a proactive GW quality improvement with good aquifer recharge, it is recommended for scaling up of the intervention across the GW stressed parts of the whole Ram Ganga basin and similar hydro-geological regions elsewhere.
18 Khmila, K.; Trabelsi, R.; Zouari, K.; Kumar, U. S. 2021. Application of geochemical and isotopic tracers for the evaluation of groundwater quality in the irrigated area of the Sbiba Plain (Central West Tunisia). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 313:107298. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107298]
Groundwater assessment ; Water quality ; Geochemistry ; Aquifers ; Irrigated sites ; Irrigation water ; Drinking water ; Salinity ; Evaporation ; Rainwater ; Chemical composition ; Sodium ; Spatial distribution / Tunisia / Sbiba Plain / Mio-Plio-Quaternary Aquifer
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050307)
(15.40 MB)
Hydrochemical and isotopic tracers of groundwater of the Mio-Plio-Quaternary aquifer in the Sbiba plain, central west Tunisia, are used to assess the groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes as well as identifying sources of salinity variation. In this plain, the evaporation and water-rock interactions including dissolution of evaporite and carbonate minerals and cation exchange are the principal hydrochemical processes controlling the groundwater salinization and water types. Moreover, a secondary effect of salinity increase is due to the return flow of irrigation water and mixing between old and recent water within the aquifer. These phenomena are proved by the environmental isotope study. Several water quality parameters for drinking and irrigation purposes were applied. Water Quality Index (WQI) values indicate that 50 % of groundwater samples are suitable for drinking usage with “excellent” and “good” categories. According to Percent Sodium (%Na), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), all groundwater samples are suitable for agricultural irrigation activities. Based on the electrical conductivity (EC) and Wilcox classification, it appears that only 57 % of water samples are suitable for irrigation use; more than 50 % of these samples are “good” and “permissible”. In general, groundwater in the western and central parts of the Sbiba plain is suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. However, an attention should be accorded to groundwater salinization processes.
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