Your search found 51 records
1 World Bank. 2018. Water scarce cities: thriving in a finite world. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank. 54p.
Water scarcity ; Urban areas ; Towns ; Water resources ; Water security ; Water demand ; Surface water ; Groundwater management ; Climate change ; Resilience ; Rainwater harvesting ; Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Water quality ; Sea water ; Desalination ; Water users ; Water market ; Financing ; Strategies ; Institutions ; Technology ; Infrastructure ; Cooperation / Australia / USA / Morocco / Jordan / Namibia / Malta / Singapore / Spain / Marrakech / Amman / Windhoek / Perth / Orange County / Murcia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048820)
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/29623/W17100.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048820.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048820.pdf
(11.50 MB) (11.5 MB)
The report is an advocacy piece to raise awareness around the need to shift the typical way urban water has been managed and to share emerging principles and solutions that may improve urban water supply security in water scarce cities. It aims to promote successes, outline challenges and principles, and extract key lessons learned for future efforts. It builds on the experiences of over 20 water scarce cities and territories from five continents, which represent a diversity of situations and development levels. This report argues that WSS service providers, policy makers, and practitioners should look at their mandate and responsibilities in a new light, and seek to embrace integrated water resources management considerations. Drawing from successful experiences from around the world, it extracts several underlying management principles applied by effective utilities. The report then aims to demystify solutions to address urban water scarcity, comparing and contrasting related institutional, technological, economic and social aspects. It then concludes with cross-cutting considerations relevant to planners, water operators and policy makers of water scarce cities.
2 Nakawuka, Prossie; Langan, S.; Schmitter, Petra; Barron, Jennie. 2018. A review of trends, constraints and opportunities of smallholder irrigation in East Africa. Global Food Security, 17:196-212. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.10.003]
Food security ; Irrigation management ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Agricultural production ; Poverty ; Pumps ; Land tenure ; Land management ; Water resources ; Water management ; State intervention ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Rainwater harvesting ; Cultivation ; Population growth ; Crop production ; Livestock production ; Markets ; Seed ; Urbanization ; Traditional farming ; Capacity building ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Training / East Africa / Ethiopia / Kenya / Tanzania / Uganda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048965)
Smallholder irrigation expansion would signi cantly increase agricultural production, and reduce food insecurity and poverty levels in East Africa. This paper reviews literature on trends, constraints and opportunities of smallholder irrigation in four East African countries: Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Irrigation development has been slow in these countries, and has been mainly through traditional schemes. Recently, individual irrigation technologies such as small motorized pumps, drip kits, treadle pumps, rope and washer pumpsarebeing promoted.Adoption ofthesetechnologiesandexpansion ofsmallholder irrigationhoweverface a number of challenges including land tenure issues; lack of access to appropriate irrigation technologies, improved agricultural inputs, reliable markets, nance and credit services, and research support; poor transport and communication infrastructures; poor irrigation water management; poor extension systems; and the over dependence on national governments, NGOs and donors for support. Despite these challenges, opportunities exist for smallholder irrigation expansion in East Africa. Such opportunities include: high untapped irrigation potential; rainwater harvesting to improve water availability; high commitment of national governments, NGOs and donors to smallholder irrigation expansion; low cost irrigation technologies adaptable to local conditions; traditional schemes rehabilitation;growing urbanization; and increaseduse ofmobilephones thatcanbeused to disseminate information.
3 Ariyananda, T. 2017. Rain water harvesting manual for Jaffna. Battaramulla, Sri Lanka: Lanka Rain Water Harvesting Forum; Jaffna, Sri Lanka: World Vision Lanka. 76p.
Rainwater harvesting ; Technology ; Water storage ; Water tanks ; Maintenance ; Water resources ; Domestic water ; Water supply ; Water use ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Water policy ; Legislation ; Catchment areas ; Projects ; Meteorological stations ; Mobile units ; Social aspects ; Economic aspects ; Case studies / Sri Lanka / Jaffna
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 628.14 G744 ARI Record No: H049060)
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8hkh22KemLuNlhwLTdDRS03bUk/view?usp=sharing
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049060.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049060.pdf
(6.30 MB) (6.30 MB)
4 Adham, A.; Wesseling, J. G.; Abed, R.; Riksen, M.; Ouessar, M.; Ritsema, C. J. 2019. Assessing the impact of climate change on rainwater harvesting in the Oum Zessar Watershed in southeastern Tunisia. Agricultural Water Management, 221:131-140. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.05.006]
Rainwater harvesting ; Techniques ; Climate change ; Water availability ; Watersheds ; Models ; Evapotranspiration ; Catchment areas ; Precipitation ; Temperature ; Forecasting / Tunisia / Oum Zessar Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049324)
(2.02 MB)
Climate change is believed to have a large impact on water resources system both globally and regionally. It has become a major global issue, especially in developing countries because these are most affected by its impacts. Rainwater harvesting techniques offer an alternative source of water and represent specific adaptive strategies to cope with water scarcity within future climate change. Studying the impact of climate change on rainwater harvesting techniques, however, is difficult, because the general circulation models (GCMs) which are widely used to simulate scenarios of future climate change operate on a coarse scale. We estimated the impact of climate change on water availability at the watershed level by downscaling precipitation and temperature from the GCMs using a statistical downscaling model. A water harvesting model then assessed the performance of the rainwater harvesting techniques for the Oum Zessar watershed in southeastern Tunisia under current climatic conditions and scenarios of future climate change. Annual temperature tended to increase and precipitation tended to decrease. These changes of climatic variables were used in the water harvesting model to simulate future water availability. Changing the directions of water flow between sub-catchments in combination with changing the spillway heights strongly affected the performance of rainwater harvesting under the scenarios of future climate, resulting in a sufficient water supply for 92% of all sub-catchments, compared to 72% without these changes.
5 Hensley, M.; le Roux, P. A.; Botha, J. J.; van Rensburg, L. D. 2019. The role of water conservation strategies and benchmark ecotopes for increasing yields in South Africa’s semi-arid croplands. Water SA, 45(3):393-399. [doi: https://doi.org/10.17159/wsa/2019.v45.i3.6736]
Water conservation ; Strategies ; Crop yield ; Semiarid zones ; Farmland ; Maize ; Land evaluation ; Agricultural productivity ; Subsistence farming ; Farmers ; Rainwater harvesting ; Runoff ; Forecasting ; Technology ; Models ; Case studies / South Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049345)
(0.64 MB)
Recently published results regarding South Africa’s cropping potential show that about one third of the arable land is of low potential, located mainly in semi-arid areas, with the main problem being water shortage. This is therefore an appropriate time to review priorities and procedures, for selecting benchmark ecotopes to represent marginal areas, and for research needs with regard to water conservation strategies to mitigate the problems of low yields. Relevant international principles encapsulated in the words agro-ecology, sustainability and socio-economic conditions, are discussed. Relevant new technologies are described, namely: digital soil mapping that will facilitate the identification of benchmark ecotopes; a stochastic procedure to predict rainfall intensity data from daily rainfall that will facilitate runoff predictions; a crop yield cumulative probability procedure that enables sustainability to be described quantitatively. As a case study, results from a successful field experiment using the infield rainwater harvesting production technique on benchmark ecotopes in a semiarid area, inhabited by subsistence farmers, are presented. The objectives of the study, procedures used and the method of expressing the results are recommended as guidelines for contributing towards mitigating the problem of low crop productivity across a large portion of the arable area in South Africa
6 Mabhaudhi, T.; Mpandeli, S.; Nhamo, Luxon; Senzanje, A.; Chimonyo, V. G. P.; Modi, A.T. 2019. Options for improving agricultural water productivity under increasing water scarcity in South Africa. Paper presented at the 3rd World Irrigation Forum (WIF3) on Development for Water, Food and Nutrition Security in a Competitive Environment, Bali, Indonesia, 1-7 September 2019. 14p.
Agricultural production ; Water productivity ; Water scarcity ; Climate change ; Risks ; Drought ; Rainwater harvesting ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Water management ; Strategies ; Irrigation methods ; Water use / South Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049340)
(0.35 MB)
South Africa is ranked among the thirty driest countries in the world, a challenge that is negatively affecting agricultural production. Other challenges such as population growth, rural-urban migration, changing food preferences and drought exacerbate pressure on agricultural water productivity. The review critically assessed the different considerations for increasing agricultural water productivity under water scarce conditions in South Africa. While under these conditions, irrigation may seem an obvious solution to increasing agricultural water productivity as a response to frequent droughts and mid-season dry spells. However, considerations on the availability of water and energy for irrigation expansion and the accessibility of irrigation services to different farming groups in the country. It is generally argued that irrigation is an expensive option and not necessarily readily accessible to most farmers.
There are prospects for tapping into South Africa’s groundwater resources but the extent to which they can contribute to expanding area under irrigation is contested given the challenges of quantifying and pumping the water. Most smallholder farmers currently lack access to water, energy, infrastructure and technical skills to irrigate thus making irrigation a challenging option in this sector. An alternative would be to explore rainwater harvesting and soil water conservation technologies, which involve inducing, collecting, storing and conserving runoff water for agriculture. The drawbacks to this are that, apart from scale issues, rainfall is becoming more erratic and droughts more frequent and hence the feasibility of this approach under frequent drought could be challenged.
There are prospects for tapping into South Africa’s groundwater resources but the extent to which they can contribute to expanding area under irrigation is contested given the challenges of quantifying and pumping the water. Most smallholder farmers currently lack access to water, energy, infrastructure and technical skills to irrigate thus making irrigation a challenging option in this sector. An alternative would be to explore rainwater harvesting and soil water conservation technologies, which involve inducing, collecting, storing and conserving runoff water for agriculture. The drawbacks to this are that, apart from scale issues, rainfall is becoming more erratic and droughts more frequent and hence the feasibility of this approach under frequent drought could be challenged.
7 Mandal, U. K.; Burman, D.; Bhardwaj, A. K.; Nayak, D. B.; Samui, A.; Mullick, S.; Mahanta, K. K.; Lama, T. D.; Maji, B.; Mandal, S.; Raut, S.; Sarangi, S. K. 2019. Waterlogging and coastal salinity management through land shaping and cropping intensification in climatically vulnerable Indian Sundarbans. Agricultural Water Management, 216:12-26. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.01.012]
Waterlogging ; Coastal soils ; Soil salinity ; Land use ; Crops ; Intensification ; Climate change ; Water footprint ; Farm ponds ; Water balance ; Water productivity ; Soil water balance ; Rainwater harvesting ; Runoff ; Evapotranspiration / India / West Bengal / Sundarbans
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049349)
(1.76 MB)
Sundarbans in West Bengal, India located in the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal is one of the vulnerable zones subjected to abrupt climate change. The region receives 2.7 times surplus rainfall as compared to crop evapotranspiration during monsoon months causing widespread waterlogging of the low lying agricultural fields and impedes the productivity. The present study assessed the effects of different land shaping models namely, farm pond (FP), deep furrow and high ridge (RF) and paddy cum fish (PCF) systems for rainwater harvesting in restoring the productivity of degraded coastal soils in Sundarbans. A water balance was run to estimate the soil moisture, crop evapotranspiration, runoff and water depth in the reservoir during normal, excess and deficit rainfall years. The average annual harvested runoff was 2709, 1650 and 1169 m3 per hectare in FP, RF and PCF systems, respectively. The runoff going out of the system was 19.5, 29.1 and 27.75% of the annual rainfall in FP, RF and PCF systems, respectively, whereas in monocrop rice-fallow system it was 34.6% of the annual rainfall. We estimated all the three components of water footprints (WF) i.e., blue WF (WFblue), green WF (WFgreen) and gray WF (WFgray) as an aggregative indicator to evaluate environmental impact. The results indicated that total as well as the components of WF was higher in rice-fallow and rice-rice systems than in each of the land shaping system. Large scale adoption of different land shaping systems increased the cropping intensity and net farm income and there was reduction in salinity during summer and waterlogging during rainy season and overall improvement in soil quality. The dominant soluble salts identified in the study region were NaCl and MgSO4
8 Mapedza, Everisto; Tsegai, D.; Bruntrup, M.; McLeman, R. (Eds.) 2019. Drought challenges: policy options for developing countries. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. 363p. (Current Directions in Water Scarcity Research Volume 2)
Drought tolerance ; Policies ; Developing countries ; Climate change mitigation ; Adaptation ; Weather hazards ; Early warning systems ; Disaster preparedness ; Resilience ; Monitoring ; Satellite observation ; Remote sensing ; Forecasting ; Food security ; Energy ; Water scarcity ; Nexus ; Intercropping ; Maize ; Legumes ; Crop insurance ; Livestock management ; Forage ; Sustainable land management ; Rainwater harvesting ; Strategies ; Impact assessment ; Gender ; Small scale farming ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Migration ; Conflicts ; Indigenous knowledge ; Semiarid zones ; Drylands ; SADC countries ; Living standards ; Households ; Social protection ; Rural areas ; Pastoralists ; Communities / Africa South of Sahara / Southern Africa / East Africa / Latin America / South Asia / USA / Brazil / Mexico / Colombia / United Republic of Tanzania / Uganda / Ethiopia / Kenya / Mali / India / Yucatan / Xuilub / Andhra Pradesh / Laikipia / Lincoln / Colorado
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049366)
(1.39 MB)
9 Brears, R. C. 2020. Developing the circular water economy. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. 221p. (Palgrave Studies in Climate Resilient Societies) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32575-6]
Water resources development ; Economic aspects ; Climate change ; Resource recovery ; Water reuse ; Wastewater treatment ; Recycling ; Water quality ; Water scarcity ; Water conservation ; Water use efficiency ; Energy resources ; Renewable energy ; Nexus ; Solar energy ; Biogas ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Carbon dioxide ; Environmental degradation ; Rainwater harvesting ; Water allocation ; Pricing ; Infrastructure ; Best practices ; Case studies / USA / Australia / Singapore / New York / San Francisco
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 BRE Record No: H049481)
(1.38 MB)
10 Brears, R. C. 2020. Developing the circular water economy. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. 221p. (Palgrave Studies in Climate Resilient Societies)
Water resources development ; Economic aspects ; Climate change ; Resource recovery ; Water reuse ; Wastewater treatment ; Recycling ; Water quality ; Water scarcity ; Water conservation ; Water use efficiency ; Energy resources ; Renewable energy ; Nexus ; Solar energy ; Biogas ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Carbon dioxide ; Environmental degradation ; Rainwater harvesting ; Water allocation ; Pricing ; Infrastructure ; Best practices ; Case studies / USA / Australia / Singapore / New York / San Francisco
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 BRE c2 Record No: H049560)
(1.38 MB)
11 Kumar, M.; Deka, J. P.; Kumari, O. 2020. Development of water resilience strategies in the context of climate change, and rapid urbanization: a discussion on vulnerability mitigation. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 10:100308. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100308]
Water management ; Resilience ; Strategies ; Climate change ; Urbanization ; Water quality ; Water supply ; Drinking water ; Sustainability ; Rivers ; Rainwater harvesting ; Stakeholders / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049732)
(1.59 MB)
This paper aims to re-examine the current urban water use system in the urban areas of developing country discuss a better way for resilience investigation. The study proposes that analysis of data on the available amount of chemical and biological contamination in water is the first pressing requirement for this approach. In addition, climate change is causing an uneven pattern of rainfall and severe drought conditions and thus need a substantial attention to delineate the preventive ways for its mitigation in the water-scarce area as well as areas with high groundwater depletion or area contributing to the recharge. Most of the Indian rivers are polluted, and hence the removal of pollutants is an additional task for making a watershed resilient. There is a necessity to evaluate urban water for its better definition and develop the Water Quality Information Platform (WQIP) for layman understanding. The contemporary need for an approach for sustainable water supply must be developed with an understanding of the expected climate change scenario. The idea of “your experience, my learning opportunity” was found very relevant in implementing the developed world experience to a developing nation scenario. Study concludes that without a strong will power and action mantra of “Targeting the target: Bull's eye approach”, the resilience system will not be evolved. This study will have an impact on the critical scientific knowledge of deterioration of water quality, posing a threat to potable water availability, and also on the development of sustainable water management.
12 Durodola, O. S.; Bwambale, J.; Nabunya, V. 2020. Using every drop: rainwater harvesting for food security in Mbale, Uganda. Water Practice and Technology, 15(2):295-310. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.019]
Rainwater harvesting ; Food security ; Economic analysis ; Cost analysis ; Climate change ; Water demand ; Domestic water ; Water resources ; Households ; Water supply ; Crop water use ; Irrigation ; Models / Uganda / Mbale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049837)
https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article-pdf/15/2/295/703774/wpt0150295.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049837.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049837.pdf
(0.41 MB) (424 KB)
The world population is expected to increase with corresponding increase in food production and water withdrawals. To ensure continuous food production throughout the year, increasing irrigation is inevitable. However, the water available for agricultural use is inadequate due to the limited water resources globally and climate change challenges threatening water availability. The economy of Mbale, Uganda, mainly depends on rainfed agriculture. The rain season is from April to October whilst the dry season is from November to March. Therefore, this study examines the potential of rainwater harvesting for domestic and agricultural uses in Mbale. The AquaCrop model was adopted for the yield response of crops to water during the dry season. The study reveals that comparing the resulting rainwater harvesting potential with the water consumption, up to 186% of the annual water demand for domestic use, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) standard, can be provided. Thus, the excess harvested water from a 200 m2 rooftop was simulated for irrigation purposes, which shows that it can be used to cultivate areas of 269, 429, 125 and 388 m2 for cabbage, tomato, maize and potato respectively during dry periods. The economic analysis shows a benefit cost ratio of 1.99 over 10 years. It concludes by recommending RWH as an alternative water supply source for domestic and agricultural uses.
13 Fernandes, S.; Bonfante, M. C.; de Oliveira, C. T.; Maldonado, M. U.; Campos, L. M. S. 2020. Decentralized water supply management model: a case study of public policies for the utilization of rainwater. Water Resources Management, 34(9):2771-2785. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-020-02575-8]
Water supply ; Water management ; Decentralization ; Models ; Public policies ; Rainwater harvesting ; Water use ; Drinking water ; Water demand ; Water resources ; Sanitation ; Economic aspects ; Sensitivity analysis ; Case studies / Brazil
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049850)
(0.81 MB)
The growing population has resulted in the need for new alternatives that guarantee water supply to the population. Among the alternatives, there is the individual system for capturing and utilizing rainwater. The objective of this article was to test a municipal policy that makes it mandatory to implement the system and to attest how much it can optimize the current public water supply system through the construction of a simulation model. The simulation considered the policy implementation in one city, and the analysis of the results showed the effectiveness of the policy, which can optimize an average of 114,275.00 m3 in 2030, with demand reduction. However, it was verified that the isolated initiative is not sufficient to solve the problem of supply and demand. There is a need to expand the implementation of the policy to other cities supplied by the studied macro public system. Also, if the current management practices remain, the projection is that the current system will not guarantee supply for the coming years, mainly due to the strong impact of tourism on demand, needing new sources of supply, techniques and management strategies.
14 Rajeevan, U.; Mishra, B. K. 2020. Sustainable management of the groundwater resource of Jaffna, Sri Lanka with the participation of households: insights from a study on household water consumption and management. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 10:100280. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100280]
Groundwater management ; Water resources ; Sustainability ; Water use ; Household consumption ; Water supply ; Rural areas ; Urban areas ; Coastal areas ; Drinking water ; Water conservation ; Rainwater harvesting ; Water demand ; Model / Sri Lanka / Jaffna
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049951)
(1.37 MB)
Groundwater is the only source of water for drinking, domestic, and agricultural needs in Jaffna, a district in northern Sri Lanka. While the sustainability challenges to this groundwater resource in terms of water availability and quality have been highlighted and studied extensively through existing research, household water consumption and management practices have been overlooked. Hence, this study tried to investigate on household water consumption pattern and management practices along with comparing the effectiveness of different water management measures on reducing water deficit of the district. The primary data was collected through a questionnaire survey from 142 households belonging to a water rich rural area, a water scarce rural area, a coastal area and an urban area. The data was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Based on the results there was no statistically significant difference in average per capita consumption among the different areas studied and on average a person in Jaffna, Sri Lanka consumes 200 L per day. Also, household size and households having their own water source are the two most important predictors of total water consumed in a household. In addition, more than half of the respondent households do not engage in water conservation at their households at present due to continuous access to water through their own water source. Further analysis on the effectiveness of management interventions by using Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP) modeling on reducing deficit showed that if the current consumption patterns continue, there will be an unmet demand of 51.7 million cubic meters (MCM) of water in the year 2030. On the other hand, by implementing the management interventions, such as increasing recharge, reducing per capita consumption, having additional water sources, reducing non-revenue water, and installing a water treatment plant, together all the water demand for the year 2030 can be met.
15 Talukder, M. R. R.; Rutherford, S.; Islam, K.; Chu, C. 2020. Water scarcity and challenges for access to safe water: a case of Bangladesh’s coastal area vulnerable to climate change. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 17(4):1-9. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3233/AJW200045]
Water scarcity ; Water availability ; Climate change ; Coastal areas ; Salinity ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water use ; Water supply ; Households ; Drinking water ; Rainwater harvesting ; Community involvement ; Ponds ; Tube wells / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050068)
(0.26 MB)
Existing efforts to ensure safe water access in coastal Bangladesh are challenged by increasing freshwater salinity. This research explored/explores safe water consumption choices in coastal Bangladesh, which data are scarce to date, using a mixed-methods approach. In 2014, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in southwestern coastal Bangladesh (n=261) and data was generated on water supply and consumption. Data collection also involved 29 in-depth interviews of household care givers and focus group discussions were performed with three community groups. Descriptive statistics were applied to analyse quantitative data and thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. The survey showed that 60% of the study population used tube well water while 40% used pond water for drinking. It was observed that for cooking purposes, the use of pond water was slightly higher than the tube well water. Only 13% of the respondents mentioned that their drinking water tasted salty whereas 6% of the respondents reported health problem (diarrhoea, dysentery, gastric issues and skin problems) after using these water sources. The qualitative data reveals that water available for drinking and cooking is causing a serious threat to this coastal community, particularly during the dry season. In-depth assessments indicated that drinking water choices were less driven by concerns for health than practical issues such as travel distance and time taken and taste. The palatability of water was an important determinant of choice for drinking and other domestic uses. Furthermore, the utility of alternative options for safe drinking water is driven by beliefs and traditions and source maintenance. Given the increasing salinisation of freshwaters in many low-lying countries and likely exacerbation related to climate change-induced sea level rise, therefore, promotion of low saline drinking water along with salt reducing interventions consider that community beliefs and practices must be a made priority.
16 Garg, K. K.; Singh, R.; Anantha, K. H.; Singh, A. K.; Akuraju, V. R.; Barron, J.; Dev, I.; Tewari, R. K.; Wani, S. P.; Dhyani, S. K.; Dixit, S. 2020. Building climate resilience in degraded agricultural landscapes through water management: a case study of Bundelkhand Region, Central India. Journal of Hydrology, 591:125592. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125592]
Climate change ; Resilience ; Agricultural landscape ; Water management ; Water scarcity ; Groundwater recharge ; Living standards ; Rainwater harvesting ; Water balance ; Water availability ; Watersheds ; Rainfed agriculture ; Agricultural productivity ; Intensification ; Crop yield ; Monitoring ; Household income ; Semiarid zones ; Case studies / India / Uttar Pradesh / Bundelkhand / Jhansi / Parasai-Sindh Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050132)
(6.72 MB)
Rainfall variability and water scarcity continue to hamper the food and income security of smallholder farming systems in poverty-affected regions. Innovations in soil and water management, especially in the drylands, are critical for meeting food security and water productivity targets of Agenda 2030. This study analyzes how rainfed agriculture can be intensified with marginal impact on the landscape water balance. The impact of rainwater harvesting structures on landscape hydrology and associated agricultural services was analyzed in the semi-arid Jhansi district of Bundelkhand region in central India. The Parasai-Sindh pilot watershed was subjected to a 5-year (2012–2016) monitoring of rainfed system improvements in water availability and crop intensification due to surface water storage (haveli system), check dams, and field infiltration structures. Hydrological processes were monitored intensively to analyze the landscape’s water balance components. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) structures altered the landscape’s hydrology, limiting average surface runoff from 250 mm/year to 150 mm/year over the study period. Groundwater levels increased by 2–5 m (m), alleviating water scarcity issues of the communities in recurring dry years. Nearly 20% of fallow lands were brought under cultivation. Crop yields increased by 10–70% and average household income increased from US$ 960/year to US$ 2700/year compared to that in the non-intervention landscape. The combined soil–water–vegetation efforts strengthened water resilience and environmental systems in agricultural landscape.
17 Gebru, T. A.; Brhane, G. K.; Gebremedhin, Y. G. 2021. Contributions of water harvesting technologies intervention in arid and semi-arid regions of Ethiopia, in ensuring households’ food security, Tigray in focus. Journal of Arid Environments, 185:104373. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104373]
Water harvesting ; Technology ; Semiarid zones ; Arid zones ; Rainwater harvesting ; Water use ; Household food security ; Climate change ; Drought ; Environmental restoration ; Farm inputs ; Communities ; Socioeconomic environment ; Living standards ; Models / Ethiopia / Tigray / Kilete-Awlaelo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050144)
(6.06 MB)
Interventions of water harvesting technologies (WHTs) in drought-prone areas like the Tigray region (northern Ethiopia) is an option less strategy to alleviate food insecurity issues emanating from water scarcity. Hence, wide spectrums of WHTs were applied in Tigray Region in the last three decades. Thus, this study aimed to assess the WHTs and the subsequent contributions in ensuring households’ food security in Kilete-Awlaelo district of the Tigray Region. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through a household survey (n = 246), focus group discussion, key informants interview, and field observation, and subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis on the SPSS environment. The explanatory power of the WHTs to food security was determined using a regression model. The result revealed that 64.6% of the households applied WHTs while 35.4% not. Though a statistically significant positive relationship (p < 0.05) between the WHTs (predictor) and PCC acquisition as food security parameter (predictand) was observed, the magnitude was not strong enough where only 6.1% of WHTs users and 0.81% of non-users had achieved the average standard PCC requirement (2100 kcal) from their farm production. Hence, strengthening and expanding the functional domain of the WHTs fitting to the socio-economic, environmental, and biophysical context of the locality is profoundly indispensable.
18 Odhiambo, K. O.; Ong'or, B. T. I.; Kanda, E. K. 2021. Optimization of rainwater harvesting system design for smallholder irrigation farmers in Kenya: a review. AQUA - Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 10p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2021.087]
Rainwater harvesting ; Smallholders ; Irrigation ; Farmers ; Climate change ; Crop production ; Water requirements ; Water conservation ; Techniques ; Semiarid zones / Kenya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050348)
https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/aqua.2021.087/876676/jws2021087.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050348.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050348.pdf
(0.23 MB) (232 KB)
The adverse effects of climate change on agriculture have been felt across the globe. Smallholder farmers in sub-Sahara Africa are particularly more vulnerable to the effects of climate change leading to loss of income and livelihood thus affecting global food security. Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) is emerging as a viable option to mitigate the negative effects of climate change by supporting rain-fed agriculture through supplemental irrigation. However, smallholder farmers are still grappling with a myriad of challenges hindering them from reaping the benefits of their investment in RWH systems. This review explores some of the factors behind the poor performance of RWH systems in Kenya and also seeks to suggest techniques that can be applied to optimize the design parameters for improved performance and the adoption of RWH systems. According to the review, RWH has the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change among smallholder farmers. It allows for crop production beyond the growing season through supplemental irrigation. However, their impacts have been minimal due to the consistent poor performance of RWH systems. This is attributed to inefficiencies in design and construction brought about by lack of required technical skills among RWH system designers and implementers. Proper design and implementation are therefore paramount for better performance and adoption of RWH systems in the region. This will ensure that RWH systems are reliable, technically and economically feasible as well as possess a desirable water-saving efficiency.
19 Bos, D. G. 2021. Private assets for public benefit: the challenge of long-term management of domestic rainwater tanks. Blue-Green Systems, 3(1):1-12. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2021.003]
Rainwater harvesting ; Stormwater management ; Water tanks ; Infrastructure ; Maintenance ; Private land ; Community involvement ; Water supply ; Pumps ; Households ; Domestic water / Australia / Melbourne / Mount Evelyn
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050463)
https://iwaponline.com/bgs/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/bgs.2021.003/899782/bgs2021003.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050463.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050463.pdf
(0.40 MB) (408 KB)
This study explored the relationship private landowners have with their domestic rainwater tank and how that relationship influences the reliability of privately operated rainwater tanks for long-term performance and delivery of service. It found that tank owners generally placed a high value on their tank, desired to have them fully operational and made a reasonable effort to keep them functioning. However, the frequency and extent of maintenance action and effort was variable, and in the context of a private residence, rainwater tanks were typically afforded a low relative priority for repair when compared with other residential assets. This low relative priority could be a primary driver for the reported delay between when a fault occurs with the tank and when it is repaired. This ‘repair lag’ means that a portion of domestic rainwater tanks are likely to be non-operational at any one time. When planning a decentralised system for the management of stormwater, redundancies should be included to cover these gaps in service delivery. It is also recommended that programmes that support private landowners to maintain their rainwater tanks are implemented to minimise repair lag.
20 van Koppen, Barbara; Hofstetter, Moritz; Nesamvuni, A. E.; Chiluwe, Q. 2020. Integrated management of multiple water sources for multiple uses: rural communities in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Water SA, 46(1):1-11. [doi: https://doi.org/10.17159/wsa/2020.v46.i1.7870]
Multiple use water services ; Integrated management ; Water management ; Rural communities ; Communal irrigation systems ; Infrastructure ; Community involvement ; Water supply ; Water resources ; Groundwater ; Water use ; Rainwater harvesting ; Water quality ; Sanitation ; Villages ; Households ; Livelihoods / South Africa / Limpopo / Sekhukhune / Vhembe / Ga-Moela / Khalavha / Tshakhuma / Ha-Gumbu / Ga-Mokgotho / Phiring
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050552)
(0.74 MB) (755 KB)
This study fills a knowledge gap about low-income rural communities’ holistic management of multiple water resources to meet their multiple needs through multiple or single-use infrastructure. Six low-income rural villages in Limpopo Province were selected with a diversity in: service levels, surface and groundwater resources, public infrastructure (designed for either domestic uses or irrigation but multiple use in reality) and self-supply (people’s individual or communal investments in infrastructure). Focusing on water-dependent livelihoods and water provision to homesteads, distant fields and other sites of use, three policy-relevant patterns were identified. First, most households have two or more sources of water to their homesteads as a vital buffer to irregular supplies and droughts. Second, infrastructure to homesteads is normally for domestic uses, livestock and, for many households, irrigation for consumption and sale. Public infrastructure to irrigate distant fields is multiple use. Exceptionally, self-supply point sources to distant fields are single use. Water bodies to other sites of use are normally multiple use. As for large-scale infrastructure, multiple-use infrastructure is cost-effective and water-efficient. Third, in four of the six villages people’s self-supply is a more important water source to homesteads than public infrastructure. In all villages, water provided through self-supply is shared. Self-supply improves access to water faster, more cost-effectively and more sustainably than public services do. In line with international debates, self-supply is there to stay and can be supported as a cost-effective and sustainable complementary mode of service delivery. A last potential policy implication regards community-driven planning, design and construction of water infrastructure according to people’s priorities. This may sustainably harness the above-mentioned advantages and, moreover, communities’ ability to manage complex multiple sources, uses and multiple-use infrastructure, whether public or self-supply, as a matter of daily life.
Powered by DB/Text WebPublisher, from
