Your search found 10 records
1 Yussuff, S. M. H.; Chauhan, H. S.; Kumar, M.; Srivastava, V. K. 1994. Transient canal seepage to sloping aquifer. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 120(1):97-109.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H013879)
The problem of seepage from an unlined earthen canal is considered. The phreatic surface generated on the two sides of the canal is characterized by the nonlinear Boussinesq equation incorporating the slope element. A closed-form analytical solution to be linearized Boussinesq equation was derived. A finite-difference solution to the nonlinear Boussinesq equation was also obtained using the unconditionally stable Du Fort- Frankel explicit method for the seepage problem in the semi infinite flow problem. The numerical solution in general predicted a higher phreatic surface than the analytical solution.
2 Kumar, M.; Raghuwanshi, N. S.; Singh, R.; Wallender, W. W.; Pruitt, W. O. 2002. Estimating evapotranspiration using artificial neural network. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 128(4):224-233.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H030283)
3 Ramanathan, A. L.; Prasad, B. K.; Kumar, M.; Chidhambaram, S. 2004. Land use changes and their impacts on the water discharges, sediment discharges and hydro chemical composition in the Cauvery River (Eastern Ghats) and Achankovil River (Western Ghats) basins of India. In Herath, S.; Pathirana, A.; Weerakoon, S. B. (Eds.). Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Water Resources Management in the Changing Environment of the Monsoon Region. Bandaranaika Memorial International Conference Hall, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 17-19 November 2004. Vol.II. Colombo, Sri Lanka: National Water Resources Secretariat. pp.520-529.
Rivers ; Water quality ; Sedimentary materials ; Land use / India / Cauvery River / Achankovil River
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 HER Record No: H039539)
4 Kumar, M.; Reddy, K. S.; Adake, R. V.; Rao, C. V. K. N. 2015. Solar powered micro-irrigation system for small holders of dryland agriculture in India. Agricultural Water Management, 158:112-119. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.05.006]
Irrigation systems ; Microirrigation ; Solar energy ; Smallholders ; Dry farming ; Water harvesting ; Water use efficiency ; Water distribution ; Pumping ; Discharges ; Hydraulics ; Performance evaluation ; Ponds ; Sediment ; Economic aspects / India / Hyderabad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047697)
(1.17 MB)
Small water harvesting ponds are crucial to sustain productivity by providing supplemental/life saving irrigation in the small holdings of Indian dryland agriculture. Applications of such water however, are always a major issue in these regions, since efficient and cost effective pumping system is generally not available. In order to achieve the holistic utilization of water resources, a gravity-fed type micro-irrigation system integrated with low cost solar based pumping system was designed. The system was designed considering the properties of flow characteristics derived from hydraulic study of different components of drip irrigation system. The system thus developed, has the capability to provide uniform emitter discharge over the small plot of 18 m × 6 m. The star configuration of micro-tube layout where the lateral line feed four rows as devised by Bhatnagar and Srivastva (2003), was successfully integrated in the developed irrigation system. The field experimentation and testing suggested that the system performance was found satisfactory as the flow rate variation, Christiansen uniformity coefficient and distribution uniformity were 18.96%, 93.65% and 91.55% respectively.
5 Rathore, V. S.; Nathawat, N. S.; Bhardwaj, S.; Sasidharan, R. P.; Yadav, B. M.; Kumar, M.; Santra, P.; Yadava, N. D.; Yadav, O. P. 2017. Yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of sprinkler irrigated wheat grown under different irrigation and nitrogen levels in an arid region. Agricultural Water Management, 187:232-245. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.03.031]
Irrigated farming ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Nitrogen ; Water use efficiency ; Crop yield ; Wheat ; Water deficit ; Water productivity ; Crop management ; Plant growth ; Plant water relations ; Yield components ; Harvest index ; Leaf area ; Dry matter ; Weather ; Arid zones / India / Rajasthan / Bikaner
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048147)
(1.61 MB)
A major challenge in crop production is to achieve the goal of increasing both yield and resource use efficiency. Irrigation water and nitrogen (N) are scarce and expensive resources constraining wheat production in arid regions. There is limited information on how irrigation and N supply can be simultaneously manipulated to achieve higher yield, water productivity (WP), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of wheat in arid regions. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation and N rates on yield, WP and NUE of wheat in a hot, arid environment at Bikaner, India. The experimental treatments comprised of six irrigation [100% (ETm; full evapotranspiration), 90% (ETd1), 80% (ETd2), 70% (ETd3), 60% (ETd4), and 50% (ETd5) of ETc (crop evapotranspiration)] levels, and four N [0 (N0), 40 (N40), 80 (N80), and 120 (N120) kg ha-1] rates. Moderate deficit irrigation (ETd2) had greatest WP and caused a 17% reduction in water consumption with only a 5% reduction in yield compared to full irrigation (ETm). The N application improved yield and WP. The NUE declined with a reduction in water application and an increase in N rates. The yield and WP response to N rates modified with irrigation levels. The signifi-cant increase in grain yield was recorded with N120 at ETm and ETd1, with N80 at ETd2 and ETd3, and with N40 at ETd4 and ETd5 irrigation levels. The significant increase in WP was recorded with N80 at ETm, ETd1, ETd2 and ETd3, and with N40 at ETd4 and ETd5 irrigation levels. The results suggested that moderate deficit irrigation (ETd2) along with 120 kg N ha-1 could ensure satisfactory grain yield and WP of wheat in arid regions. The study also indicated that the adoption of an appropriate deficit irrigation and N rate combination can be an effective means to reduce non-beneficial water consumption, achieve higher yield, and improve WP and NUE for wheat in an arid environment.
6 Kumar, M.; Kumar, R.; Rajput, T. B. S.; Patel, N. 2017. Efficient design of drip irrigation system using water and fertilizer application uniformity at different operating pressures in a semi-arid region of India. Irrigation and Drainage, 66(3):316-326. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2108]
Irrigation systems ; Drip irrigation ; Water use ; Fertilizer application ; Performance evaluation ; Irrigation water ; Water distribution ; Nutrients ; Water quality ; Chemicophysical properties ; Discharges ; Uniformity coefficient ; Semiarid zones ; Experimentation / India / New Delhi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048187)
(0.92 MB)
Performance evaluation of irrigation has been an important area of research for better management of water resources. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of drip lateral lengths and system operating pressures on water and fertilizer application uniformity at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India. The following parameters of nutrients and water were studied to design and evaluate the performance of drip irrigation systems: (i) uniformity coefficient; (ii) discharge variation; (iii) distribution uniformity; (iv) statistical uniformity. Drip-line lengths and system operating pressures (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) significantly affect the different parameters of fertilizer and water application. The highest values of uniformity coefficient (99.2%), statistical uniformity (99.2%) and distribution uniformity (97.4%) for irrigation water were observed at a pressure of 1.5 kg cm 2 with a 25 m long drip-line. Lower values of discharge variation (2.65%) and coefficient of variation (0.04) were observed at the same operating pressure (1.5 kg cm 2 ) and drip-line length. However, the lowest value of the uniformity coefficient (88.1%), statistical uniformity (93.7%) and distribution uniformity (93.2%) for irrigation water were recorded at 0.5 kg cm 2 pressure with a 100 m long drip-line length. The highest values of urea, potassium and phosphorus distribution uniformity were found to be 97.8, 97.1 and 98.2%, respectively, at 1.5 kg cm 2 pressure with 25 m long drip-line, and lower values of urea, potassium and phosphorus distribution uniformity (93.1, 92.6 and 93.2%, respectively) were recorded at 0.5 kg cm 2 pressure with a 100 m long drip-line. Water and fertilizer distribution uniformity decreased with increase in drip-line length, and increased with increase in system operating pressure.
7 Kumar, M.; Deka, J. P.; Kumari, O. 2020. Development of water resilience strategies in the context of climate change, and rapid urbanization: a discussion on vulnerability mitigation. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 10:100308. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100308]
Water management ; Resilience ; Strategies ; Climate change ; Urbanization ; Water quality ; Water supply ; Drinking water ; Sustainability ; Rivers ; Rainwater harvesting ; Stakeholders / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049732)
(1.59 MB)
This paper aims to re-examine the current urban water use system in the urban areas of developing country discuss a better way for resilience investigation. The study proposes that analysis of data on the available amount of chemical and biological contamination in water is the first pressing requirement for this approach. In addition, climate change is causing an uneven pattern of rainfall and severe drought conditions and thus need a substantial attention to delineate the preventive ways for its mitigation in the water-scarce area as well as areas with high groundwater depletion or area contributing to the recharge. Most of the Indian rivers are polluted, and hence the removal of pollutants is an additional task for making a watershed resilient. There is a necessity to evaluate urban water for its better definition and develop the Water Quality Information Platform (WQIP) for layman understanding. The contemporary need for an approach for sustainable water supply must be developed with an understanding of the expected climate change scenario. The idea of “your experience, my learning opportunity” was found very relevant in implementing the developed world experience to a developing nation scenario. Study concludes that without a strong will power and action mantra of “Targeting the target: Bull's eye approach”, the resilience system will not be evolved. This study will have an impact on the critical scientific knowledge of deterioration of water quality, posing a threat to potable water availability, and also on the development of sustainable water management.
8 Roshan, A.; Kumar, M.. 2020. Water end-use estimation can support the urban water crisis management: a critical review. Journal of Environmental Management, 268:110663. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110663]
Water scarcity ; Water management ; Water reuse ; Estimation ; Water conservation ; Water demand ; Water supply ; Wastewater treatment ; Recycling ; Climate change ; Energy consumption ; Urban areas ; Households ; Latrines ; Models / Australia / Europe / Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049786)
(3.61 MB)
The present study reviews the overall perspectives of end-use studies on urban water crisis management by analysing their beneficial application in water conservation and wastewater recycling. The paper incorporates a critical review of water end-use consumption of 16 major countries from 3 major continents, i.e. Asia, Europe, and Australia. The study reflected a different trend between the water consumption of developed and developing nations, thereby implying a need for separate prospects of end-use results in these countries. Besides, the percentage of greywater generated varies from 54% to 86% of the total indoor household water consumption and thus can be a valuable water resource to solve the urban water crisis. There exists a strong correlation between the amount of greywater generated and the amount of water used for the shower (R2 = 0.69) and laundry (R2 = 0.50). The same, i.e. R2 values, for end-uses of the toilet flushing, dishwashing, and indoor taps with the amount of greywater, were found to be 0.30, 0.26, and 0.04, respectively. Further, except for the end-use pertaining to indoor taps, water consumption of all other end-uses has witnessed an upward spiral in developing countries with time, which may be attributed to the improved accuracy of collected end-use data or increased contribution of ‘leaks/others’ category. In developed nations like the USA, there is not a single end-use that has shown an absolute increase with time owing to a variety of measures such as increased awareness, education, retrofitting of appliances and several other factors like governmental restrictions. Change in attitude or/and behaviour of people towards water use driven by drought-like experience could also be a valid reason. After this extensive review of the end-use pattern, we proposed specific greywater recycling models that are expected to help engineers, governments, and policymakers in sustainable urban water management.
9 Kumar, P.; Singh, S. S.; Pandey, A. K.; Singh, R. M.; Srivastava, P. K.; Kumar, M.; Dubey, S. K.; Sah, U.; Nandan, R.; Singh, S. K.; Agrawal, P.; Kushwaha, A.; Rani, M.; Biswas, J. K.; Drews, M. 2021. Multi-level impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown on agricultural systems in India: the case of Uttar Pradesh. Agricultural Systems, 187:103027. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.103027]
Farming systems ; COVID-19 ; Pandemics ; Agricultural sector ; Economic impact ; Food systems ; State intervention ; Sustainable development ; Food security ; Markets ; Farmers ; Labour ; Communities ; Policies ; Case studies / India / Uttar Pradesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050147)
(3.65 MB)
When on March 24, 2020 the Government of India ordered a complete lockdown of the country as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, it had serious unwanted implications for farmers and the supply chains for agricultural produce. This was magnified by the fact that, as typically in developing countries, India's economy is strongly based on farming, industrialization of its agricultural systems being only modest. This paper reports on the various consequences of the COVID-19 lockdown for farming systems in India, including the economy, taking into account the associated emergency responses of state and national governments. Combining quantitative and qualitative sources of information with a focus on the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, including expert elicitation and a survey of farmers, the paper identifies and analyzes the different factors that contributed to the severe disruption of farming systems and the agricultural sector as a whole following the lockdown. Among other issues, our study finds that the lack of migrant labor in some regions and a surplus of workers in others greatly affected the April harvest, leading to a decline in agricultural wages in some communities and an increase in others, as well as to critical losses of produce. Moreover, the partial closure of rural markets and procurement options, combined with the insufficient supply of products, led to shortages of food supplies and dramatically increased prices, which particularly affected urban dwellers and the poor. We argue that the lessons learned from the COVID-19 crisis could fuel the development of new sustainable agro-policies and decision-making in response not only to future pandemics but also to the sustainable development of agricultural systems in India and in developing countries in general.
10 Nayak, H. S.; Parihar, C. M.; Aravindakshan, S.; Silva, J. V.; Krupnik, T. J.; McDonald, A. J.; Kakraliya, S. K.; Sena, Dipaka R.; Kumar, V.; Sherpa, S.; Bijarniya, D.; Singh, L. K.; Kumar, M.; Choudhary, K. M.; Kumar, S.; Kumar, Y.; Jat, H. S.; Sidhu, H. S.; Jat, M. L.; Sapkota, T. B. 2023. Pathways and determinants of sustainable energy use for rice farms in India. Energy, 272:126986. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.126986]
Energy consumption ; Sustainable use ; Use efficiency ; Rice ; Farms ; Agricultural production ; Policies ; Data envelopment analysis ; Fertilizers ; Agrochemicals ; Irrigation ; Tillage ; Farmers / India / Indo-Gangetic Plains / Haryana / Punjab
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051816)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544223003808/pdfft?md5=7b2e844c17f060ec2d4b8be07b1e9b11&pid=1-s2.0-S0360544223003808-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051816.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051816.pdf
(4.75 MB) (4.75 MB)
Rice cultivation in the Western Indo-Gangetic plains of India is often blamed for higher energy use. Thus, a bootstrapped meta-frontier approach with a truncated regression approach was used on a database of 3832 rice farms from the input-intensive rice production tracts of western Indo-Gangetic Plains for sustainable energy-use assessment. Farms were classified based on efficiency scores to screen the inefficient practices and farms in Indo-Gangetic Plains. The district-specific technical-efficiency scores ranged between 0.68 and 0.99, with a mean of 0.86–0.90, suggesting average improvement in energy-use efficiency by 10–14% within the district. The mean meta-frontier technical-efficiency score ranged between 0.60 and 0.81. On average, the energy-use-efficient farms had 42% or higher energy-use efficiency in the districts of Ambala, Fatehgarh Sahib, and Karnal. In contrast, in other districts, the efficient farms had 5-19% higher energy-use efficiency. There is evidence of a higher number of tillage, irrigation, and fertilizer application among the inefficient farmers, specific to some districts. The efficient as well as inefficient farmers in Kapurthala and Ludhiana spend similar energy in tillage, whereas, the energy output from both efficient and inefficient farms are similar in Kurukshetra. Thus, there is a need of differential attention specific to district and practices. The evidence provided in this study can help to identify pathways toward sustainable energy use for future rice production in other ecologies too. Similar type of analysis can be carried out for other parameters like profitability and carbon footprint to explore where farmers are spending extra monetary and carbon inputs, and not getting additional yield benefits.
Powered by DB/Text WebPublisher, from
