Your search found 14 records
1 Wada, Y.; van Beek, L. P. H.; van Kempen, C. M.; Reckman, J. W. T. M.; Vasak, S.; Bierkens, M. F. P. 2010. Global depletion of groundwater resources. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(L20402). 5p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044571]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043355)
(0.59 MB)
In regions with frequent water stress and large aquifer systems groundwater is often used as an additional water source. If groundwater abstraction exceeds the natural groundwater recharge for extensive areas and long times, overexploitation or persistent groundwater depletion occurs. Here we provide a global overview of groundwater depletion (here defined as abstraction in excess of recharge) by assessing groundwater recharge with a global hydrological model and subtracting estimates of groundwater abstraction. Restricting our analysis to sub-humid to arid areas we estimate the total global groundwater depletion to have increased from 126 (±32) km3 a-1 in 1960 to 283 (±40) km3 a-1 in 2000. The latter equals 39 (±10)% of the global yearly groundwater abstraction, 2 (±0.6)% of the global yearly groundwater recharge, 0.8 (±0.1)% of the global yearly continental runoff and 0.4 (±0.06)% of the global yearly evaporation, contributing a considerable amount of 0.8 (±0.1) mm a-1 to current sea-level rise.
2 Wada, Y.; Florke, M.; Hanasaki, N.; Eisner, S.; Fischer, G.; Tramberend, S.; Satoh, Y.; van Vliet, M. T. H.; Yillia, P.; Ringler, C.; Burek, P.; Wiberg, D. 2016. Modeling global water use for the 21st century: the Water Futures and Solutions (WFaS) initiative and its approaches. Geoscientific Model Development, 9:175-222.
Water use ; Water demand ; Water availability ; Water scarcity ; Food production ; Models ; Socioeconomic environment ; Agriculture ; Livestock ; Irrigation water ; Domestic water ; Irrigated land ; Energy generation ; Electricity generation ; Environmental flows ; Secondary sector
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047861)
http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/9/175/2016/gmd-9-175-2016.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047861.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047861.pdf
To sustain growing food demand and increasing standard of living, global water use increased by nearly 6 times during the last 100 years, and continues to grow. As water demands get closer and closer to the water availability in many regions, each drop of water becomes increasingly valuable and water must be managed more efficiently and intensively. However, soaring water use worsens water scarcity conditions already prevalent in semi-arid and arid regions, increasing uncertainty for sustainable food production and economic development. Planning for future development and investments requires that we prepare water projections for the future. However, estimations are complicated because the future of the world's waters will be influenced by a combination of environmental, social, economic, and political factors, and there is only limited knowledge and data available about freshwater resources and how they are being used. The Water Futures and Solutions (WFaS) initiative coordinates its work with other ongoing scenario efforts for the sake of establishing a consistent set of new global water scenarios based on the shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) and the representative concentration pathways (RCPs). The WFaS "fast-track" assessment uses three global water models, namely H08, PCR-GLOBWB, and WaterGAP. This study assesses the state of the art for estimating and projecting water use regionally and globally in a consistent manner. It provides an overview of different approaches, the uncertainty, strengths and weaknesses of the various estimation methods, types of management and policy decisions for which the current estimation methods are useful. We also discuss additional information most needed to be able to improve water use estimates and be able to assess a greater range of management options across the water–energy–climate nexus.
3 Burek, P.; Satoh, Y.; Fischer, G.; Kahil, M. T.; Scherzer, A.; Tramberend, S.; Nava, L. F.; Wada, Y.; Eisner, S.; Florke, M.; Hanasaki, N.; Magnuszewski, P.; Cosgrove, B.; Wiberg, D. 2016. Water futures and solution - fast track initiative. Final Report. Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). 115p. (IIASA Working Paper WP 16-006)
Water supply ; Water demand ; Water use ; Water security ; Water scarcity ; Water availability ; Surface water ; Groundwater extraction ; Irrigation water ; Domestic water ; Sociocultural environment ; Economic growth ; Income ; Energy demand ; Climate change ; Agricultural development ; Food supply ; Food production ; Cultivated land ; Land use ; Population growth ; Deforestation ; Assessment / Africa / Asia / Europe / India / China / Pakistan / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047862)
4 Satoh, Y.; Burek, P.; Wada, Y.; Flrorke, M.; Eisner, S.; Hanasaki, N.; Kahil, T.; Tramberend, S.; Fischer, G.; Wiberg, David. 2016. Asian water futures - multi scenarios, models and criteria assessment [Abstract only] 1p.
Water resources ; Water availability ; Water use ; Water scarcity ; Sustainable development ; Impact assessment ; Climate change ; Renewable resources / Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047863)
http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2016/EGU2016-16888.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047863.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047863.pdf
5 Burek, P.; Satoh, Y.; Wada, Y.; Floerke, M.; Eisner, S.; Hanasaki, N.; Wiberg, David. 2016. Looking at the spatial and temporal distribution of global water availability and demand [Abstract only] Paper presented at the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 17-22 April 2016. 1p.
Water availability ; Water demand ; Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Spatial distribution ; Impact assessment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047864)
http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2016/EGU2016-16663.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047864.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047864.pdf
6 Burek, P.; Langan, S.; Cosgrove, W.; Fischer, G.; Kahil, T.; Magnusziewski, P.; Satoh, Y.; Tramberend, S.; Wada, Y.; Wiberg, David. 2016. The water futures and solutions initiative of IIASA [International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis] Paper presented at the 7th International Conference on Integrated Disaster Risk Management Disasters and Development: Towards a Risk Aware Society, Isfahan, Iran, 1-3 October 1-3 2016. 4p.
Water security ; Water policy ; Water management ; Water resources ; Water supply ; Water availability ; Water demand ; Water scarcity ; Groundwater management ; Surface water ; Stakeholders ; Food resources ; Energy demand ; Economic aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047887)
http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/13872/1/Proceedings_extended_abstract_IDRiM%202016%2032.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047887.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047887.pdf
The Water Futures and Solutions Initiative (WFaS) is a cross-sector, collaborative global project. Its objective is to developing scientific evidence and applying systems analysis to help identify water-related policies and management practices that work together consistently across scales and sectors to improve human well-being through water security. The Water Futures and Solutions (WFaS) initiative has produced a consistent and comprehensive projection for global possible water futures. Focusing on the near future until the 2050s, WFaS assessed how water future changes over time, employing a multi-model projection.
7 Sood, Aditya; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Villholth, Karen G.; Liyanage, Nirosha; Wada, Y.; Ebrahim, Girma; Dickens, Chris. 2017. Global environmental flow information for the sustainable development goals. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 37p. (IWMI Research Report 168) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2017.201]
Environmental flows ; Environmental management ; Sustainable development ; Development policy ; Rivers ; River basins ; Stream flow ; Surface water ; Groundwater extraction ; Groundwater recharge ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water availability ; Aquifers ; Ecosystems ; Stakeholders ; Indicators ; Runoff ; Hydrology ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048035)
(2 MB)
Environmental flows (EF) are an important component of Goal 6 (the ‘water goal’) of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Yet, many countries still do not have well-defined criteria on how to define EF. In this study, we bring together the International Water Management Institute’s (IWMI’s) expertise and previous research in this area to develop a new methodology to quantify EF at a global scale. EF are developed for grids (0.1 degree spatial resolution) for different levels of health (defined as environmental management classes [EMCs]) of river sections. Additionally, EF have been separated into surface water and groundwater components, which also helps in developing sustainable groundwater abstraction (SGWA) limits. An online tool has been developed to calculate EF and SGWA in any area of interest.
8 Vanham, D.; Hoekstra, A. Y.; Wada, Y.; Bouraoui, F.; de Roo, A.; Mekonnen, M. M.; van de Bund, W. J.; Batelaan, O.; Pavelic, Paul; Bastiaanssen, W. G. M.; Kummu, M.; Rockstrom, J.; Liu, J.; Bisselink, B.; Ronco, P.; Pistocchi, A.; Bidoglio, G. 2018. Physical water scarcity metrics for monitoring progress towards SDG target 6.4: An evaluation of indicator 6.4.2 “Level of water stress” Science of the Total Environment, 613&614:218-232. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.056]
Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Water use efficiency ; Water availability ; Water quality ; Sustainable development ; Economic activities ; Evaluation ; Monitoring ; Indicators ; Environmental flows ; Surface water ; Reservoirs ; Groundwater extraction
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048267)
http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0048969717323963/1-s2.0-S0048969717323963-main.pdf?_tid=3378446e-9d11-11e7-b615-00000aacb35d&acdnat=1505808466_dde7280ef636e5416ef242c37fd997c5
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048267.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048267.pdf
(1.92 MB)
Target 6.4 of the recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) deals with the reduction of water scarcity. To monitor progress towards this target, two indicators are used: Indicator 6.4.1 measuring water use efficiency and 6.4.2 measuring the level of water stress (WS). This paper aims to identify whether the currently proposed indicator 6.4.2 considers the different elements that need to be accounted for in a WS indicator. WS indicators compare water use with water availability. We identify seven essential elements: 1) both gross and net water abstraction (or withdrawal) provide important information to understand WS; 2) WS indicators need to incorporate environmental flow requirements (EFR); 3) temporal and 4) spatial disaggregation is required in a WS assessment; 5) both renewable surface water and groundwater resources, including their interaction, need to be accounted for as renewable water availability; 6) alternative available water resources need to be accounted for as well, like fossil groundwater and desalinated water; 7) WS indicators need to account for water storage in reservoirs, water recycling and managed aquifer recharge. Indicator 6.4.2 considers many of these elements, but there is need for improvement. It is recommended that WS is measured based on net abstraction as well, in addition to currently only measuring WS based on gross abstraction. It does incorporate EFR. Temporal and spatial disaggregation is indeed defined as a goal in more advanced monitoring levels, in which it is also called for a differentiation between surface and groundwater resources. However, regarding element 6 and 7 there are some shortcomings for which we provide recommendations. In addition, indicator 6.4.2 is only one indicator, which monitors blue WS, but does not give information on green or green-blue water scarcity or on water quality. Within the SDG indicator framework, some of these topics are covered with other indicators.
9 Cuthbert, M. O.; Taylor, R. G.; Favreau, G.; Todd, M. C.; Shamsudduha, M.; Villholth, Karen G.; MacDonald, A. M.; Scanlon, B. R.; Kotchoni, D. O. V.; Vouillamoz, J.-M.; Lawson, F. M. A.; Adjomayi, P. A.; Kashaigili, J.; Seddon, D.; Sorensen, J. P. R.; Ebrahim, Girma Yimer; Owor, M.; Nyenje, P. M.; Nazoumou, Y.; Goni, I.; Ousmane, B. I.; Sibanda, T.; Ascott, M. J.; Macdonald, D. M. J.; Agyekum, W.; Koussoube, Y.; Wanke, H.; Kim, H.; Wada, Y.; Lo, M.-H.; Oki, T.; Kukuric, N. 2019. Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa. Nature, 572(7768):230-234. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1441-7]
Groundwater recharge ; Climate change ; Resilience ; Groundwater table ; Observation ; Precipitation ; Hydrology ; Hydrography ; Models ; Arid zones ; Rain / Africa South of Sahara / Benin / Uganda / United Republic of Tanzania / Zimbabwe / South Africa / Namibia / Niger / Ghana / Burkina Faso
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049316)
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1441-7.epdf?author_access_token=UgizrPwmrGzlbL33bjbvQdRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0M3C122Ih9FQbr0PbeOlDAX9EZlbSwXsaUcJ-Vq-8EelgPfWJQTdVE-2_3g7yypNR4C-qTOMe7Ux1weufjBdaT9SyaKgJjfKYgJ2fqsjIRLng%3D%3D
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049316.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049316.pdf
(7.21 MB)
Groundwater in sub-Saharan Africa supports livelihoods and poverty alleviation1,2 , maintains vital ecosystems, and strongly influences terrestrial water and energy budgets3 . Yet the hydrological processes that govern groundwater recharge and sustainability—and their sensitivity to climatic variability—are poorly constrained4,5 . Given the absence of firm observational constraints, it remains to be seen whether model-based projections of decreased water resources in dry parts of the region4 are justified. Here we show, through analysis of multidecadal groundwater hydrographs across sub-Saharan Africa, that levels of aridity dictate the predominant recharge processes, whereas local hydrogeology influences the type and sensitivity of precipitation–recharge relationships. Recharge in some humid locations varies by as little as five per cent (by coefficient of variation) across a wide range of annual precipitation values. Other regions, by contrast, show roughly linear precipitation–recharge relationships, with precipitation thresholds (of roughly ten millimetres or less per day) governing the initiation of recharge. These thresholds tend to rise as aridity increases, and recharge in drylands is more episodic and increasingly dominated by focused recharge through losses from ephemeral overland flows. Extreme annual recharge is commonly associated with intense rainfall and flooding events, themselves often driven by large-scale climate controls. Intense precipitation, even during years of lower overall precipitation, produces some of the largest years of recharge in some dry subtropical locations. Our results therefore challenge the ‘high certainty’ consensus regarding decreasing water resources4 in such regions of sub-Saharan Africa. The potential resilience of groundwater to climate variability in many areas that is revealed by these precipitation–recharge relationships is essential for informing reliable predictions of climate-change impacts and adaptation strategies.
10 Hunt, J. D.; Byers, E.; Wada, Y.; Parkinson, S.; Gernaat, D. E. H. J.; Langan, S.; van Vuuren, D. P.; Riahi, K. 2020. Global resource potential of seasonal pumped hydropower storage for energy and water storage. Nature Communications, 11:947. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14555-y]
Hydropower ; Energy ; Water storage ; Pumping ; Electricity ; Projects ; Costs ; Water availability ; Dams ; Reservoirs ; Rivers ; Flow discharge ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049513)
(4.43 MB) (4.43 MB)
Seasonal mismatches between electricity supply and demand is increasing due to expanded use of wind, solar and hydropower resources, which in turn raises the interest on low-cost seasonal energy storage options. Seasonal pumped hydropower storage (SPHS) can provide long-term energy storage at a relatively low-cost and co-benefits in the form of freshwater storage capacity. We present the first estimate of the global assessment of SPHS potential, using a novel plant-siting methodology based on high-resolution topographical and hydrological data. Here we show that SPHS costs vary from 0.007 to 0.2 US$ m-1 of water stored, 1.8 to 50 US$ MWh-1 of energy stored and 370 to 600 US$ kW-1 of installed power generation. This potential is unevenly distributed with mountainous regions demonstrating significantly more potential. The estimated world energy storage capacity below a cost of 50 US$ MWh-1 is 17.3 PWh, approximately 79% of the world electricity consumption in 2017.
11 Wang, M.; Tang, T.; Burek, P.; Havlik, P.; Krisztin, T.; Kroeze, C.; Leclere, D.; Strokal, M.; Wada, Y.; Wang, Y.; Langan, Simon. 2019. Increasing nitrogen export to sea: a scenario analysis for the Indus River. Science of the Total Environment, 694:133629. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133629]
Water pollution ; Sea pollution ; Chemical contamination ; Nitrogen ; River basins ; International waters ; Agricultural wastes ; Human wastes ; Climate change ; Nutrient management ; Socioeconomic development ; Models ; Estimation / Pakistan / India / China / Afghanistan / Indus River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049540)
(2.41 MB)
The Indus River Basin faces severe water quality degradation because of nutrient enrichment from human activities. Excessive nutrients in tributaries are transported to the river mouth, causing coastal eutrophication. This situation may worsen in the future because of population growth, economic development, and climate change. This study aims at a better understanding of the magnitude and sources of current (2010) and future (2050) river export of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) by the Indus River at the sub-basin scale. To do this, we implemented the MARINA 1.0 model (Model to Assess River Inputs of Nutrients to seAs). The model inputs for human activities (e.g., agriculture, land use) were mainly from the GLOBIOM (Global Biosphere Management Model) and EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Model) models. Model inputs for hydrology were from the Community WATer Model (CWATM). For 2050, three scenarios combining Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs 1, 2 and 3) and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs 2.6 and 6.0) were selected. A novelty of this study is the sub-basin analysis of future N export by the Indus River for SSPs and RCPs. Result shows that river export of TDN by the Indus River will increase by a factor of 1.6–2 between 2010 and 2050 under the three scenarios. N90% of the dissolved N exported by the Indus River is from midstream sub-basins. Human waste is expected to be the major source, and contributes by 66–70% to river export of TDN in 2050 depending on the scenarios. Another important source is agriculture, which contributes by 21–29% to dissolved inorganic N export in 2050. Thus a combined reduction in both diffuse and point sources in the midstream sub-basins can be effective to reduce coastal water pollution by nutrients at the river mouth of Indus.
12 de Souza, M.; Koo-Oshima, S.; Kahil, T.; Wada, Y.; Qadir, M.; Jewitt, G.; Cudennec, C.; Uhlenbrook, Stefan; Zhang, L. 2021. Food and agriculture. In UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP); UN-Water. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2021: valuing water. Paris, France: UNESCO. pp.67-78.
Food security ; Sustainable agriculture ; Food production ; Multiple use water services ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water scarcity ; Water use efficiency ; Water productivity ; Water supply ; Water pricing ; Rainfed farming ; Irrigated farming ; Intensification ; Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Ecosystems ; Groundwater ; Poverty alleviation ; Diets ; Costs
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050380)
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/documentViewer.xhtml?v=2.1.196&id=p::usmarcdef_0000375724&file=/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_db06f7c4-b33f-4833-be56-bbf54afdee3f%3F_%3D375724eng.pdf&locale=en&multi=true&ark=/ark:/48223/pf0000375724/PDF/375724eng.pdf#page=82
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050380.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050380.pdf
(1.12 MB) (15.9 MB)
13 Thiery, W.; Lange, S.; Rogelj, J.; Schleussner, C.-F.; Gudmundsson, L.; Seneviratne, S. I.; Andrijevic, M.; Frieler, K.; Emanuel, K.; Geiger, T.; Bresch, D. N.; Zhao, F.; Willner, S. N.; Buchner, M.; Volkholz, J.; Bauer, N.; Chang, J.; Ciais, P.; Dury, M.; Francois, L.; Grillakis, M.; Gosling, S. N.; Hanasaki, N.; Hickler, T.; Huber, V.; Ito, A.; Jagermeyr, J.; Khabarov, N.; Koutroulis, A.; Liu, W.; Lutz, W.; Mengel, M.; Muller, C.; Ostberg, S.; Reyer, C. P. O.; Stacke, T.; Wada, Y.. 2021. Intergenerational inequities in exposure to climate extremes. Science, 374(6564):158-160. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi7339]
Extreme weather events ; Climate change ; Global warming ; Drought ; Flooding ; Cyclones ; Wildfires ; Crop losses ; Forecasting ; Vulnerability ; Emission reduction ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050714)
(1.12 MB)
Under continued global warming, extreme events such as heat waves will continue to rise in frequency, intensity, duration, and spatial extent over the next decades (1–4). Younger generations are therefore expected to face more such events across their lifetimes compared with older generations. This raises important issues of solidarity and fairness across generations (5, 6) that have fueled a surge of climate protests led by young people in recent years and that underpin issues of intergenerational equity raised in recent climate litigation. However, the standard scientific paradigm is to assess climate change in discrete time windows or at discrete levels of warming (7), a “period” approach that inhibits quantification of how much more extreme events a particular generation will experience over its lifetime compared with another. By developing a “cohort” perspective to quantify changes in lifetime exposure to climate extremes and compare across generations (see the first figure), we estimate that children born in 2020 will experience a two- to sevenfold increase in extreme events, particularly heat waves, compared with people born in 1960, under current climate policy pledges. Our results highlight a severe threat to the safety of young generations and call for drastic emission reductions to safeguard their future.
14 Yao, F.; Livneh, B.; Rajagopalan, B.; Wang, J.; Cretaux, J.-F.; Wada, Y.; Berge-Nguyen, M. 2023. Satellites reveal widespread decline in global lake water storage. Science, 380(6646):743-749. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo2812]
Water storage ; Water resources ; Satellites ; Hydrological modelling ; Lakes ; Water use ; Sedimentation ; Water reservoirs ; Precipitation ; Water levels ; Evapotranspiration
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051928)
(4.16 MB)
Climate change and human activities increasingly threaten lakes that store 87% of Earth’s liquid surface fresh water. Yet, recent trends and drivers of lake volume change remain largely unknown globally. Here, we analyze the 1972 largest global lakes using three decades of satellite observations, climate data, and hydrologic models, finding statistically significant storage declines for 53% of these water bodies over the period 1992–2020. The net volume loss in natural lakes is largely attributable to climate warming, increasing evaporative demand, and human water consumption, whereas sedimentation dominates storage losses in reservoirs. We estimate that roughly one-quarter of the world’s population resides in a basin of a drying lake, underscoring the necessity of incorporating climate change and sedimentation impacts into sustainable water resources management.
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