Your search found 14 records
1 Rinaudo, J. D.; Thoyer, S.; Strosser, P. 1997. Rent-seeking behaviour and water distribution: A Southern Punjab irrigation scheme, Pakistan. In Kay, M.; Franks, T.; Smith, L. (Eds.), Water: Economics, management and demand. London, UK: E & FN Spon. pp.81-89.
Water distribution ; Irrigation programs ; Protective irrigation ; Economic aspects ; Case studies ; Irrigation canals ; Watercourses / Pakistan / Punjab / Indus Basin Irrigation System / Fordwah Distributary
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7 G000 KAY Record No: H023046)
2 Kori, S. M.; Rehman, A.; Sipra, I. A.; Nazeer, Aamir; Khan, Abdul Hakeem. 2009. Groundwater resource issues and the socio-economic implications of groundwater use: evidence from Punjab, Pakistan. In Mukherji, Aditi; Villholth, K. G.; Sharma, Bharat R.; Wang, J. (Eds.) Groundwater governance in the Indo-Gangetic and Yellow River basins: realities and challenges. London, UK: CRC Press. pp.67-86. (IAH Selected Papers on Hydrogeology 15)
Groundwater ; Aquifers ; Groundwater irrigation ; Water productivity ; Irrigated farming ; Water market ; Tube wells ; Pumps ; Economic aspects ; Crop management ; Crop yield ; Crop production ; Water governance ; Legislation ; Policy / Pakistan / Punjab / Rechna Doab / Indus River / Indus Basin Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.6.3 G570 MUK Record No: H042223)
(0.36 MB)
3 Sharma, Bharat R. 2009. Hydro-geology and water resources of Indus-Gangetic Basin: comparative analysis of issues and opportunities. Annals of Arid Zone, 48(3&4):1-31.
Groundwater recharge ; Arsenic ; Water scarcity ; Water pollution ; Flooding ; Climate change ; River basins ; Hydrogeology ; Analysis ; Precipitation ; Evaporation ; Runoff ; Water quality ; Water table ; Water governance ; Groundwater management ; Tube wells ; Irrigation programs / India / Tibet / Bangladesh / Nepal / Pakistan / Indus River Basin / Ganges River Basin / Indus Basin Irrigation System / Bhakra Nangal Project / Sunsari Morang Irrigation Project / Ganges-Kobadak Project
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044555)
(1.41 MB)
This paper gives an overview of water resources, its availability and use, problems and constraints, the present and future challenges and the ensuing opportunities in water resource sector of one of the most populated river basins of the world; the Indus-Gangetic basin. Large-scale development of water resources in the Indus basin has led to the resource base being depleted, both in terms of quantity as well as quality. Well-developed surface irrigation systems in the Indus basin tap most of the surface water available in the basin, leaving only 10% of the net runoff to the sea, whereas from Ganges basin, the net runoff flowing to the sea is about 40%. Groundwater, which is expected to serve as buffer source to compensate for the reduced surface water availability, is also getting depleted. Energy and agricultural sector policies followed also favour large scale exploitation of groundwater resources in the basin, which has led to water table decline and a reduction in environmental flows. In the Gangetic part of the basin, it is the economic water scarcity which is more prominent. Equally important is the deterioration of water quality of Ganges river, especially when it flows along the plains accumulating municipal, industrial and domestic waste from the rapidly growing cities situated along its banks. Compounded with these issues is the role played by climate change. Since both Indus and Ganges rivers are heavily dependent on snow and glacier melts, the streamflow in these rivers is highly sensitive to climate change. Recent years have witnessed some responses to the water scarcity problem in IG basin the form of popularization of resource conservation practices, growing high yielding short duration varieties of paddy, micro and precision irrigation, regulations to control groundwater use and management. The article presses the need for water resources in the basin to be managed in a conjunctive manner, considering rain water, surface water, soil water and groundwater in continuum. Considering the inter-linkage between groundwater extraction, energy and food policies, groundwater management strategies should have a focus on energy pricing, food pricing and procurement policies also. Nevertheless, devising long-term strategies on water resource management in the basin need not overlook the likely impacts that the changing climate is going to have on water resources.
4 Mekonnen, D.; Siddiqi, A.; Ringler, C. 2016. Drivers of groundwater use and technical efficiency of groundwater, canal water, and conjunctive use in Pakistan’s Indus Basin Irrigation System. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32(3):459-476. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1133402]
Groundwater ; Irrigation canals ; Irrigation systems ; Water use ; Conjunctive use ; Surface water ; Watercourses ; Technological changes ; Tube wells ; Pumping ; Irrigation water ; Models ; Crop yield ; Wheat ; Farmers ; Households / Pakistan / Punjab / Sindh / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa / Indus Basin Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047432)
(1.65 MB)
This paper explores the major determinants of heavy reliance on groundwater and the extent to which conjunctive use of ground and surface water affects the production efficiency of Pakistan’s irrigators. The results show that the major drivers of groundwater use in Pakistan’s agriculture are the variability and uncertainty associated with surface water delivery and that any effort to address the groundwater–energy nexus challenge should first consider fixing the problems associated with surface water supplies. The findings also suggest that having access to groundwater does not directly translate into improvements in technical efficiency of production.
5 Anwar, Arif A.; Ahmad, W.; Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif; Ul Haq, Z. 2016. The potential of precision surface irrigation in the Indus Basin Irrigation System. Irrigation Science, 34:(5)379-396. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-016-0509-5]
Irrigation systems ; Surface irrigation ; Irrigation canals ; Soil texture ; Infiltration ; Discharges ; Performance indexes ; Water rates ; Farmers ; Crop production ; Evapotranspiration / South Asia / Pakistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa / Indus Basin Irrigation System / Maira Branch Canal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047549)
(2.22 MB)
In this research we explore the potential of precision surface irrigation to improve irrigation performance under the warabandi system prevalent in the Indus Basin Irrigation System. Data on field dimensions, field slopes along with characteristic soil infiltration properties and outlet discharge were collected through a survey of a sample tertiary unit of Maira Branch Canal, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. The performance of all fields in the tertiary unit was analysed and reported in aggregate, with detailed results of one field presented for illustration. The objective is to determine the optimum field layout, defined as the number of border strips, for the observed field characteristics to maximize performance. The results indicate that performance improvement is relatively easily achievable through changes in field layout within current irrigation services. Estimated application efficiency is sensitive to the selected depth of application, and it is important that a practical depth of application is selected. We recommend a depth of application of 50 mm and show how this is achievable and leads to a low quarter distribution uniformity of 0.750 and an application efficiency of 80 %. We also explore the feasibility of a 10-day warabandi rather than the 7-day warabandi and show that there is no significant change in the performance under a 10-day warabandi.
6 Anwar, Arif A.; Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif; de Vries, T. T. 2016. Canal operations planner. I: maximizing delivery performance ratio. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 142(12):1-12. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001091]
Irrigation systems ; Irrigation canals ; Irrigation operation ; Seasonal cropping ; Performance evaluation ; Equity ; Mathematical models ; Linear models ; Linear programming / Pakistan / Punjab / Indus Basin Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047652)
(0.87 MB)
A key operational objective for the management of the Indus Basin Irrigation System of Pakistan is the distribution of water among tertiary canals in a transparent and equitable manner. Decisions on canal operations are disseminated as a Canal Operation Plan, or a Rotational Program, for each crop season for every canal system. The current practice for developing these plans is qualitative based on heuristics that have remain unchanged since the early development of this vast irrigation system. This paper uses operations research tools to develop a Canal Operations Planner. Allocation cost is defined as a function of the delivery performance ratio and maximizing this function. The performance of the modules is evaluated using spillage and the Gini index as a measure of equity. Two models, namely; linear programme-delivery performance ratio (LP-DPR) and non linear programme-delivery performance ratio (NLP-DPR) are presented and the results are compared to performance under current canal planning and operational practice. Both models improve the equity when compared to existing operations. The NLP-DPR model outperforms the LP-DPR both on equity and minimizing spillage.
7 Anwar, Arif A.; de Vries, T. T.; Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif. 2016. Canal operations planner. II: minimizing inequity. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 142(12):1-7. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001092]
Irrigation systems ; Irrigation canals ; Irrigation operation ; Water distribution ; Water supply ; Equity ; Seasonal cropping ; Performance indexes ; Farmers ; Mathematical models / Pakistan / Indus Basin Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047653)
(0.38 MB)
Equity of water distribution is an oft-repeated and stated aim of the warabandi irrigation systems prevalent in Pakistan and parts of India. The Canal Operations Plan is one tool used to operationalize equitable distribution of water. These plans are created for every canal system every crop season. This companion paper applies operations research tools to this problem and explicitly minimizes inequity as measured by the Gini index of the cumulative depth of water supplied. The results are analyzed and compared with those obtained from the models of the companion paper that maximize delivery performance ratio (DPR) and conclude that the linear programme-delivery performance ratio (LP-DPR) model given in the companion paper is overall slightly superior to the linear programme-inequity (LP-INEQ) model presented in this paper. This paper highlights that a performance indicator of equity such as the Gini may not fully capture the sense of fairness from a farmer’s perspective. Application of this research is demonstrated through an engineering application in the preparation of a canal operations plan for the summer 2016 and winter 2016–2017 crop season.
8 Ali Shah, Azeem M.; Anwar, Arif A.; Bell, A. R.; ul Haq, Zia. 2016. Equity in a tertiary canal of the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) Agricultural Water Management, 178:201-214. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.09.018]
Irrigation systems ; Irrigation water ; Irrigation canals ; Water distribution ; Watercourses ; Tertiary sector ; Equity ; Discharges / Pakistan / Punjab / Hakra Canal / Indus Basin Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047866)
This paper examines the fairness in distribution of water in a tertiary canal within the Indus Basin Irrigation System. Two methodologies are proposed: canal rating equations, and outlet discharge equations. The methodology is applied to a tertiary canal located in the Punjab, Province of Pakistan. Fairness/equity is expressed quantitatively using the Gini index. There is a difference in the estimated discharge depending on the methodology employed, however as we move along the canal the water allowance does not vary significantly with the distance along the canal. Hence for this particular canal the head-middle-tail inequity often reported and generalized in the literature is not observed. The advantage of a quantitative measure of inequity such as the Gini is exemplified by comparing the Gini with that at the secondary canal and also against itself if the tertiary canal could be operated “as designed”. We introduce two new concepts: systematic and operational inequity. Provided the costs of data acquisition can be reduced this technology has the potential to be scaled up and included in future development investments in large scale irrigation systems. Further work exploring the impact of information on stakeholders needs to be undertaken.
9 Chaudhry, A. M. 2018. Improving on-farm water use efficiency: role of collective action in irrigation management. Water Resources and Economics, 22:4-18. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wre.2017.06.001]
Water management ; Water use efficiency ; Irrigation management ; Collective action ; Community involvement ; Institutional reform ; Devolution ; Watercourses ; Crop yield ; Farmers ; Socioeconomic environment ; Econometrics / Pakistan / Punjab / Indus Basin Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048754)
(0.69 MB)
Do better performing water user associations improve on-farm water management? Using data from Pakistan, we find that better water user association performance in a community is associated with higher water use efficiency of member farmers. Mean on-farm water use efficiency is higher for farmers belonging to communities that more broadly participated in watercourse maintenance, voted to elect their representatives in upper-tier management, participated in water charge collection, and were involved in dispute resolution. While these results provide a sanguine view of the outcome of devolution of irrigation management for water management success, we argue that this may not be interpreted as impacts of water user association performance. Results suggest that underlying community characteristics and/or social interactions may be driving both the performance of water user associations and on-farm water use efficiency.
10 Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif; Anwar, Arif A.; Ali Shah, Muhammad Azeem. 2019. Revisiting telemetry in Pakistan’s Indus Basin Irrigation System. Water, 11(11):1-20. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112315]
Irrigation systems ; Telemetry ; Flow discharge ; Estimation ; Sensors ; Irrigation canals ; Rivers ; Data collection ; Quality assurance ; Measuring instruments / Pakistan / Indus Basin Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049422)
(1.82 MB) (1.82 MB)
The Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) lacks a system for measuring canal inflows, storages, and outflows that is trusted by all parties, transparent, and accessible. An earlier attempt for telemetering flows in the IBIS did not deliver. There is now renewed interest in revisiting telemetry in Pakistan’s IBIS at both national and provincial scales. These investments are typically approached with an emphasis on hardware procurement contracts. This paper describes the experience from field installations of flow measurement instruments and communication technology to make the case that canal flows can be measured at high frequency and displayed remotely to the stakeholders with minimal loss of data and lag time between measurement and display. The authors advocate rolling out the telemetry system across IBIS as a data as a service (DaaS) contract rather than as a hardware procurement contract. This research addresses a key issue of how such a DaaS contract can assure data quality, which is often a concern with such contracts. The research findings inform future telemetry investment decisions in large-scale irrigation systems, particularly the IBIS.
11 Anwar, Arif A.; Ahmad, W. 2020. Precision surface irrigation with conjunctive water use. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 6(5):75. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-020-00434-3]
Surface irrigation ; Water use ; Conjunctive use ; Irrigation methods ; Furrow irrigation ; Border irrigation ; Groundwater irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Irrigation systems ; Canals ; Performance indexes ; Crops ; Evapotranspiration ; Cotton ; Wheat ; Precipitation ; Farmers ; Modelling / Pakistan / Indus Basin Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049931)
(1.37 MB)
The Indus Basin Irrigation System is characterized as a gravity surface irrigation system, with minimal on-line or off-line storage and limited distribution control. An important characteristic is the limited water availability. On field irrigation within the Indus Basin Irrigation System is almost entirely using surface irrigation and only very few farms adopting pressurized irrigation systems. The objective of the warabandi management system that characterizes the Indus Basin Irrigation System is to distribute the limited available water as equitably as possible. This research evaluates surface irrigation under furrow and border strip irrigation using canal water and groundwater conjunctively. This paper presents results from a numerical model and field observations, to examine the precision surface irrigation paradigm within the water supply constraints imposed by the warabandi system of the Indus Basin Irrigation System. We conclude that laser grading within the IBIS is achievable at a modest cost and effort. Our findings suggest that the improved laser-graded profile persists for at least three crop seasons. Furrow irrigation can attain a high performance using either available canal or groundwater with low quarter distribution uniformity and low quarter application efficiency as performance indicators. Border irrigation can also attain a high performance provided irrigation is changed to fortnightly. Model predictions of advance curve and low quarter distribution uniformity are compared to field observations and in-situ measurement.
12 Anwar, Arif A.; Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif. 2021. Routing field channels through a tertiary unit with heterogeneous fields. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 147(9):04021040. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001592]
Irrigation systems ; Canals ; Open channels ; Water delivery ; Linear programming ; Models ; Water user associations ; Irrigation scheduling ; Costs ; Farmers / Pakistan / Indus Basin Irrigation System / Gomal Zam Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050548)
(5.35 MB)
The extensive irrigation systems of South Asia are predominately a hierarchy of canals delivering water to a tertiary unit. A network of field channels transfers water within the tertiary unit to the field where it is applied using surface irrigation. The network of field channels within a tertiary unit is often left to the farmers/farmer associations to construct, maintain, and operate. This paper develops a mathematical model/algorithm for routing the field channel along the existing field boundaries such that every field is serviced by a field channel and minimizing the total length of the field channel as a proxy measure of the cost of construction of field channels. The models developed in this paper are formulated as integer programs, implemented in a general-purpose solver. The model is applied to a tertiary unit of the Gomal Zam Irrigation System in Pakistan and shows that for this particular application, the optimized total length of field channels is 9,463 m compared with 11,313 m when an expert judgment is used, a reduction of 1,850 m (20%).
13 Ali, S.; Liu, D.; Fu, Q.; Cheema, M. J. M.; Pham, Q. B.; Rahaman, Md. M.; Dang, T. D.; Anh, D. T. 2021. Improving the resolution of GRACE data for spatio-temporal groundwater storage assessment. Remote Sensing, 13(17):3513. (Special Issue: Remote Sensing and Modelling of Water Storage Dynamics from Bedrock to Atmosphere) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173513]
Groundwater assessment ; Water storage ; Irrigation systems ; Aquifers ; Groundwater table ; Soil moisture ; Evapotranspiration ; Runoff ; Models ; Satellites ; Neural networks / Pakistan / Sindh / Punjab / Indus Basin Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050649)
(9.12 MB) (9.12 MB)
Groundwater has a significant contribution to water storage and is considered to be one of the sources for agricultural irrigation; industrial; and domestic water use. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite provides a unique opportunity to evaluate terrestrial water storage (TWS) and groundwater storage (GWS) at a large spatial scale. However; the coarse resolution of GRACE limits its ability to investigate the water storage change at a small scale. It is; therefore; needed to improve the resolution of GRACE data at a spatial scale applicable for regional-level studies. In this study; a machine-learning-based downscaling random forest model (RFM) and artificial neural network (ANN) model were developed to downscale GRACE data (TWS and GWS) from 1° to a higher resolution (0.25°). The spatial maps of downscaled TWS and GWS were generated over the Indus basin irrigation system (IBIS). Variations in TWS of GRACE in combination with geospatial variables; including digital elevation model (DEM), slope; aspect; and hydrological variables; including soil moisture; evapotranspiration; rainfall; surface runoff; canopy water; and temperature; were used. The geospatial and hydrological variables could potentially contribute to; or correlate with; GRACE TWS. The RFM outperformed the ANN model and results show Pearson correlation coefficient (R) (0.97), root mean square error (RMSE) (11.83 mm), mean absolute error (MAE) (7.71 mm), and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) (0.94) while comparing with the training dataset from 2003 to 2016. These results indicate the suitability of RFM to downscale GRACE data at a regional scale. The downscaled GWS data were analyzed; and we observed that the region has lost GWS of about -9.54 ± 1.27 km3 at the rate of -0.68 ± 0.09 km3/year from 2003 to 2016. The validation results showed that R between downscaled GWS and observational wells GWS are 0.67 and 0.77 at seasonal and annual scales with a confidence level of 95%, respectively. It can; therefore; be concluded that the RFM has the potential to downscale GRACE data at a spatial scale suitable to predict GWS at regional scales.
14 Waqas, M. M.; Waseem, M.; Ali, S.; Hopman, J. W.; Awan, Usman Khalid; Shah, S. H. H.; Shah, A. N. 2022. Capturing spatial variability of factors affecting the water allocation plans—a geo-informatics approach for large irrigation schemes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(54):81418-81429. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20912-9]
Irrigation schemes ; Water allocation ; Plans ; Spatial variation ; Geostatistics ; Geographical information systems ; Remote sensing ; Irrigation water ; Cropping patterns ; Soil texture ; Soil salinity ; Groundwater level ; Water quality ; Irrigation systems ; Canals / Pakistan / Indus Basin Irrigation System / Lower Chenab Canal Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051314)
(1.81 MB)
The livelihoods of poor people living in rural areas of Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) of Pakistan depend largely on irrigated agriculture. Water duties in IBIS are mainly calculated based on crop-specific evapotranspiration. Recent studies show that ignoring the spatial variability of factors affecting the crop water requirements can affect the crop production. The objective of the current study is thus to identify the factors which can affect the water duties in IBIS, map these factors by GIS, and then develop the irrigation response units (IRUs), an area representing the unique combinations of factors affecting the gross irrigation requirements (GIR). The Lower Chenab Canal (LCC) irrigation scheme, the largest irrigation scheme of the IBIS, is selected as a case. Groundwater quality, groundwater levels, soil salinity, soil texture, and crop types are identified as the main factors for IRUs. GIS along with gamma design software GS + was used to delineate the IRUs in the large irrigation scheme. This resulted in a total of 84 IRUs in the large irrigation scheme based on similar biophysical factors. This study provided the empathy of suitable tactics to increase water management and productivity in LCC. It will be conceivable to investigate a whole irrigation canal command in parts (considering the field-level variations) and to give definite tactics for management.
Powered by DB/Text WebPublisher, from
