Your search found 5 records
1 Noda, S.; Shimada, M.; Sato, K.; Ouma, J. H.; Thiongo, F. W.; Muhoho, N. D.; Sato, A.; Aoki, Y. 1988. Effect of mass chemotherapy and piped water on numbers of schistosoma haematobium and prevalence in Bulinus globosus in Kwale, Kenya. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 38(3):487-495.
Schistosomiasis ; Waterborne diseases ; Disease vectors ; Water supply ; Pipes ; River basins ; Rain ; Public health / Kenya / Kwale / Pemba River / Kadingo River / Mwachinga Village
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 5907 Record No: H029135)
2 Foster, T.; Hope, R. 2016. A multi-decadal and social-ecological systems analysis of community waterpoint payment behaviours in rural Kenya. Journal of Rural Studies, 47(Part A):85-96. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.026]
Water supply ; Groundwater ; Water users ; User charges ; Rural communities ; Collective action ; Consumer behaviour ; Social aspects ; Ecology ; Manual pumps ; Financial situation ; Income ; Models ; Sustainability ; Households / Africa South of Sahara / Kenya / Kwale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047768)
(1.83 MB)
Community-based financing of rural water supply operation and maintenance is a well-established policy principle in sub-Saharan Africa. Yet evidence from over 90,000 waterpoints in five sub-Saharan African countries suggests a majority of communities fail to establish and sustain a revenue collection system. As a result, insufficient finances to repair waterpoints can lead to lengthy downtimes or abandonment, threatening the health and welfare of millions of water users forced to revert to unsafe or distant alternatives. Applying a social-ecological systems framework to community waterpoints in rural Kenya, we empirically assess the prevalence and determinants of financial contributions among water users. The analysis draws on multi-decadal data covering 229 years' worth of water committee financial records consisting of more than 53,000 household payments. Results reveal that non-payment and late payment are prevalent, and payment behaviours are predicted by groundwater quality, waterpoint location, productive water use, and rainfall season. The findings reflect the socio-ecological nature of waterpoint sustainability in rural sub-Saharan Africa and confirm that households are not always willing and able to pay for an improved water supply. This situation is symptomatic of a fundamental operation and maintenance financing challenge that must be addressed if the Sustainable Development Goal of universal access to safe water is to be achieved.
3 Foster, T.; Hope, R. 2017. Evaluating waterpoint sustainability and access implications of revenue collection approaches in rural Kenya. Water Resources Research, 53(2):1473-1490. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019634]
Water supply ; Rural communities ; Drinking water ; Sustainable development ; Water availability ; Water policy ; Water rates ; Financing ; Manual pumps ; Income generation ; Pricing ; Expenditure ; Operating costs ; Performance evaluation ; Households ; Community involvement / Africa South of Sahara / Kenya / Kwale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048087)
(3.04 MB)
Water policies in many sub-Saharan African countries stipulate that rural communities are responsible for self-financing their waterpoint’s operation and maintenance. In the absence of policy consensus or evidence on optimal payment models, rural communities adopt a diversity of approaches to revenue collection. This study empirically assesses waterpoint sustainability and access outcomes associated with different revenue collection approaches on the south coast of Kenya. The analysis draws on a unique data set comprising financial records spanning 27 years and 100 communities, operational performance indicators for 200 waterpoints, and water source choices for more than 2000 households. Results suggest communities collecting pay-as-you-fetch fees on a volumetric basis generate higher levels of revenue and experience better operational performance than communities charging flat fees. In both cases, financial flows mirror seasonal rainfall peaks and troughs. These outcomes are tempered by evidence that households are more likely to opt for an unimproved drinking water source when a pay-as-you-fetch system is in place. The findings illuminate a possible tension between financial sustainability and universal access. If the Sustainable Development Goal of "safe water for all" is to become a reality, policymakers and practitioners will need to address this issue and ensure rural water services are both sustainable and inclusive.
4 Foster, T. 2017. A critical mass analysis of community-based financing of water services in rural Kenya. Water Resources and Rural Development, 10:1-13. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wrr.2017.04.003]
Water supply ; Communities ; Financing ; Sustainability ; Water rates ; Income ; Water users ; User charges ; Collective action ; Manual pumps ; Rural areas ; Households / Africa South of Sahara / Kenya / Kwale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048435)
(1.07 MB)
Critical mass dynamics have been widely used to explain the initiation and spread of collective behaviours, from protests and political representation, through to vaccinations and adoption of new technologies. For the first time, this study applies critical mass theory to community waterpoint financial contributions in rural sub-Saharan Africa. The presence of critical mass points, cooperative equilibria and self-reinforcing growth dynamics is empirically evaluated through assessment of multi-decadal waterpoint financial records from rural Kenya, comprising 43,020 household payments over a 26 year period. An examination of month-to-month changes in user contribution rates and financial record continuity suggests contribution levels remain relatively stable once more than 60% of water users are paying. Revenue collection systems tend to become unstable and are prone to collapse during the wet season if user contributions drop below a 60% threshold, but appear to be more resilient in dry season with evidence of self-reinforcing growth dynamics when 40–60% of users contribute. Results reveal that some communities are able to sustain their waterpoint over a long period of time even if a moderate proportion of users do not contribute financially. The analysis also highlights the influence of climate patterns on community-based financing, and the fragility of collective behaviours during wetter periods. Further investigation is needed to assess what dynamics emerge in a more representative sample of waterpoints, particularly in the first few years after installation when failures commonly occur.
5 Koehler, J.; Rayner, S.; Katuva, J.; Thomson, P.; Hope, R. 2018. A cultural theory of drinking water risks, values and institutional change. Global Environmental Change, 50:268-277. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.03.006]
Drinking water ; Risk analysis ; Water supply ; Water security ; Institutions ; Sustainable development ; Manual pumps ; Financing ; Rural communities ; Social aspects ; Coastal area / Kenya / Kwale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048837)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937801731258X/pdfft?md5=98a1ca8547d599d905e8c36da68aee52&pid=1-s2.0-S095937801731258X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048837.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048837.pdf
(0.72 MB) (740 KB)
Global progress towards the goal of universal, safely managed drinking water services will be shaped by the dynamic relationship between water risks, values and institutions. We apply Mary Douglas’ cultural theory to rural waterpoint management and discuss its operationalisation in pluralist arrangements through networking different management cultures at scale. The theory is tested in coastal Kenya, an area that typifies the challenges faced across Africa in providing rural communities with safely managed water. Drawing on findings from a longitudinal study of 3500 households, we examine how different management cultures face and manage operational, financial, institutional and environmental risks. This paper makes the case for cooperative solutions across systems where current policy effectively separates communities from the state or markets. The contribution of this research is both a theoretical and empirical case to consider pluralist institutional arrangements that enable risks and responsibilities to be re-conceptualised and re-allocated between the state, market and communities to create value for rural water users.
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