Your search found 12 records
1 Collick, A. S.; Easton, Z. M.; Ashagrie, T.; Biruk, B.; Tilahun, S.; Adgo, E.; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Zeleke, G.; Steenhuis, T. S. 2009. A simple semi-distributed water balance model for the Ethiopian highlands. Hydrological Processes, 23:3718-3727. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7517]
Rainfall-runoff relationships ; Soil water ; Water balance ; Models ; Calibration ; Hydrology ; River basins ; Watersheds ; Climate / Ethiopia / Sudan / Egypt / Nile Basin / Upper Nile Basin / Yeku Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042577)
(0.31 MB)
The discharge of the Nile River is highly dependent on the flow generated in the highlands of Ethiopia. However, little is known about the local (i.e. small scale) watershed hydrological response, due in part to a lack of long duration, continuous hydrological data. The goal of this paper was to develop a realistic, simple model that is useful as a tool for planning watershed management and conservation activities so that the effects of local interventions on stream flow can be predicted at a larger scale. The developed model is semi-distributed in that it divides the watershed into different regions that become hydrologically active given different amounts of effective cumulative rainfall after the start of the rainy season. A separate water balance is run for each of the hydrologic regions using rainfall and potential evaporation as the major inputs. Watershed parameters that were calibrated included the amount of water required before each region becomes hydrologically active, the fraction of soil water that becomes runoff and subsurface flow, and aquifer characteristics, Model validation indicated that daily discharge values were predicted reasonably well with Nash Sutcliffe values ranging from 0Ð56 to 0Ð78. Despite the large distance between the test watersheds, the input parameter values for the watershed characteristic were remarkably similar for the humid highlands, indicating that the model could be used to predict discharge in un-gauged basins in the region. As expected, the watershed in the semi-arid region behaved somewhat differently than the other three watersheds. Good quality precipitation data, even for short durations, were key to the effective modelling of runoff in the highland watersheds.
2 Dagnew, D.; Guzman, C.; Zegeye, A.; Tebebu, T.; Akal, A.; Mekuria, Wolde; Ayana, E.; Tilahun, S.; Steenhuis, T. 2015. Effectiveness and sustainability of large scale soil and water conservation interventions in the sub-humid Ethiopian highlands: evidence from Debre Mawi watershed [Abstract only] Paper presented at the 10th Alexander von Humboldt Conference 2015 on Water-Food-Energy River and Society in the Tropics. EGU Topical Conference Series, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 18-20 November 2015. 1p.
Soil conservation ; Water conservation ; Humid climate ; Watersheds ; Highlands ; Sustainability ; Runoff ; Gully erosion ; Sediment / Ethiopia / Ethiopian Highlands / Debre Mawi Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047343)
http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/AvH10/AvH10-18-2.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047343.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047343.pdf
(0.04 MB) (39.04 KB)
Using measured runoff and sediment monitoring, the effectiveness of large scale soil and water conservation (SWC) implementations are analyzed from a five year (2010-2014) study, in the 95 ha Debre Mawi watershed and four nested sub-watersheds. Under the large scale government led SWC program, terraces with infiltration furrows were installed in 2012. The results indicate that runoff, sediment loads and sediment yields decreased significantly after the implementation of SWC practices. Sediment loads were reduced mainly because of the reduced runoff. Though sediment concentration decreased in the sub-watersheds, it decreased only marginally for the main watershed because of the entrainment of loose soil from the collapse of unstable banks of gullies. Infiltration furrows were effective in collecting runoff and suspended sediment (from rills) on the hillsides where Nitisols dominate (very deep, well-drained, permeable soils where rain water could infiltrate easily). But, on the saturated flat bottom lands and fields dominated by vertisols (that form wide-deep cracks during the dry season and swell during the rainy season), infiltration was restricted and conservation practices became conduits for carrying excess rainfall. Our continuous observations and photo monitoring of bunds on Nitisols and saturated bottomlands indicate that installing soil bunds on these areas caused the collapse of soil bunds in to the furrows. The soil from the collapsed bund is then easily washed away in a concentrated runoff and further initiated gullies in the Debre Mawi watershed. Large scale soil and water conservation interventions have short term effectiveness of reducing runoff and sediment loads. However, long term benefits can only be sustained with continuous maintenance of uphill infiltration furrows, as most ditches are filled up with sediments within two-three years. In addition, large scale soil and water conservation interventions should give priority to gully treatments, should consider local soil types and saturation dynamics to install bunds in the sub-humid Ethiopian highlands.
3 Schmitter, Petra; Haileslassie, Amare; Nakawuka, Prossie; Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Tesema, M.; Tegegne, D.; Abdela, M.; Yilak, D. L.; Tilahun, S.; Ayana, M.; Langan, Simon. 2016. The importance of Ethiopian soils in irrigation and overall watershed management [Abstract only] Paper presented at the Strategic Forum on Sustainable development in Africa: Opportunities and Pitfalls for Universities and NGO’s, Heverlee, Belgium, 15 January 2016. 1p.
Watershed management ; Irrigation methods ; Surface irrigation ; Groundwater irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Water quality ; Water management ; Soil sampling ; Soil moisture ; Agronomic practices ; Crop production ; Tillage / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047383)
(0.01 MB)
Irrigation has a large potential to increase agricultural output and yield per unit area. However, the long term sustainability increased production, together with degradation of the soils (and associated water bodies) in irrigated areas may be irreparably damaged by inappropriate watering schedules. In Ethiopia, surface and groundwater irrigation has been promoted intensively throughout the country. While many projects focus on individual or scheme level water access, very little is known about the sustainability of irrigation in Ethiopia. Aside, from water quantity the quality of irrigation water has a significant impact on soil stability and its chemical properties. In the Ziway, a very important irrigation area in Oromia, soils are increasingly becoming sodic due to the large irrigation quantities and the poor water quality. The International Water Management Institute focusses through various research for development projects on improving irrigation water management, increasing groundwater recharge and assessing the environmental impact of irrigation for various soils throughout the Amhara, Oromia and SNNPR region. Irrigation scheduling tools have been introduced at individual and scheme based small holder farms for the irrigation of high value horticultural and fodder crops to improve water and crop productivity and reduce nutrient leaching. Simultaneously groundwater recharge experiments were carried out using deep tillage and soil & water conservation practices in the rainy season. In these studies, soils are sampled, irrigation quantified, soil moisture measured and standard agronomic practices monitored. Additionally, socio-economic data are being collected on household composition, land holding, labor involved in as well as income generated by the various technologies. Preliminary results showed that crop productivity was not effect while reducing water between 18-35% as function of the prevailing soil types. For the groundwater recharge studies lowest runoff values and highest crop productivity values were observed in the deep tillage plots compared to zero and normal tillage. The socio-economic as well as biophysical data are used in field as well as watershed models to assess the environmental and economic impact of various irrigation scenarios throughout the agro-ecological zones.
4 Schmitter, Petra; Haileslassie, Amare; Desalegn, Y.; Tilahun, S.; Langan, Simon; Barron, Jennie. 2016. Improving on-farm water management by introducing wetting front detectors to small scale irrigators in Ethiopia [Abstract only] Paper presented at the Annual Tropical and Subtropical Agricultural and Natural Resource Management (Tropentag) Conference on Solidarity in a Competing World - Fair Use of Resources, Vienna, Austria, 18-21 September 2016. 1p.
Water management ; Water productivity ; Water distribution ; Water user associations ; Small scale systems ; Irrigation scheduling ; Irrigation equipment ; Wetting front ; Crop production ; Cereal crops ; Vegetables ; Agroecology ; Farmers ; Soil conditioners ; Farm management / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047872)
Smallholder irrigation to improve food security in the dry season as well as economic and demographic growth within Ethiopia is developing rapidly. However, the long term sustainability of increased irrigated production, together with degradation of soils (and associated water bodies) may be irreparably damaged by inappropriate watering schedules. In irrigation schemes, over-irrigation results in periodic water scarcity issues and in some cases sodicity. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether using wetting front detectors (WFD), a simple mechanical irrigation advice tool, would give farmers the right knowledge on when and how much to irrigate. Therefore, improving sustainable on-farm water management without negatively affecting crop and water productivity while fostering a more equitable water distribution within the scheme. The study, conducted in different regions of Ethiopia, covered various agro-ecological zones and soil conditions with over 200 farmers irrigating cereals or vegetables. Farmers and water user associations were trained on using the WFD to irrigate and distribute water within the scheme. Irrigation and crop performance was evaluated against control plots, having the same crop variety and management but traditional irrigation practices. Reduction in applied irrigation volume due to the WFD differed within and between sites due to furrow length, soil texture and farmer experience. Although yield increases were highly variable between farmers due to differences in farm management and crop variety cultivated, there was a positive effect of WFD on water productivity. Water productivity on average increased by 9 % whereas yields for the different crops increased between 13 and 17 %. In some cases the volume of water saved could double the cropped area. The reduction of irrigation events, when using the WFD, led to labour saving (up to 11 working days per ha) and fuel saving (between 50 and 150 US$ per ha). In both sites, farmers positively evaluated the scheduling tool, acknowledging that they learned to save water without negatively impacting crop productivity. The study showed that by providing access to when and how much to irrigate, farmers can positively adjust their on-farm water management resulting in more sustainable usage of their natural resources.
5 Schmitter, Petra; Gebrehaweria, Gebregziabher; Tilahun, S.; Lefore, Nicole; Barron, Jennie. 2017. Assessing the effects of smallholder intensification through improved water management beyond “Business as Usual”: a multi-facet lens on sustainability [Abstract only] Paper presented at the Annual Tropical and Subtropical Agricultural and Natural Resource Management (Tropentag) Conference on Future Agriculture: Social-ecological transitions and bio-cultural shifts, Bonn, Germany, 20 - 22 September 2017. 1p.
Smallholders ; Intensification ; Water management ; Water requirements ; Irrigation water ; Irrigation practices ; Sustainability ; Manual operation ; Small scale farming ; Solar energy ; Manual pumps / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048308)
In sub-Saharan Africa small scale irrigation is developing rapidly. Whilst emphasis for development is mainly placed on water resource availability and access for irrigation, less attention is paid to adoption of water lifting and management technologies, its relation to irrigation labour, profits and long term soil fertility. The dynamics of both the nutrient and the production cycle can be significantly affected when new water lifting and management practices are introduced. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of different water lifting (solar, manual and fuel pumps) as well as water management methods on irrigation labour, nutrient balances and profits under supplementary and full irrigation practices of vegetables in two regions of Ethiopia. Farmers were grouped into four water management treatments: irrigation based on soil moisture monitoring, using a mechanical scheduling device (i.e. FullStop), standard crop water requirements (CWR) and traditional farmers practice (FARM). Results show that manual water lifting devices are profitable under supplementary irrigation but require best management packages, such as optimal irrigation scheduling, to boost production per ha. This in combination with viable market prices could ensure that small scale irrigation remains profitable when full irrigation is supplied. One of the main explanatory variables is the irrigation labour which is often forgotten to be a significant costing factor. Solar PV pump technologies show a high potential for Ethiopia as the labour reduced by 38% compared to manual water lifting devices. When farmers had access to irrigation information, vegetable production using manual water lifting technologies turned into a profitable business as long as its effect on irrigation labour translated into proportional yield increases. For example, farmers increased irrigation for onion by 42% resulting in yield increases by 85%. However, the effect of irrigation scheduling on crop – water productivity and profits were highly variable depending on the fertiliser farmers used. Results show the importance of a recommended water management and fertiliser package to ensure sustainable intensification through irrigation development achieving crop productivity and profits gains whilst reducing potential environmental effects.
6 Assefa, T.; Jha, M.; Reyes, M.; Tilahun, S.; Worqlul, A. W. 2019. Experimental evaluation of conservation agriculture with drip irrigation for water productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Water, 11(3):1-13. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030530]
Conservation agriculture ; Water productivity ; Drip irrigation ; Evaluation ; Water management ; Irrigation water ; Water use ; Sustainable agriculture ; Intensification ; Crop yield ; Farmers / Africa South of Sahara / Ethiopia / Ghana / Dangishita / Robit / Yemu
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049153)
(10.10 MB) (10.1 MB)
A field-scale experimental study was conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa (Ethiopia and Ghana) to examine the effects of conservation agriculture (CA) with drip irrigation system on water productivity in vegetable home gardens. CA here refers to minimum soil disturbance (no-till), year-round organic mulch cover, and diverse cropping in the rotation. A total of 28 farmers (13 farmers in Ethiopia and 15 farmers in Ghana) participated in this experiment. The experimental setup was a paired ‘t’ design on a 100 m2 plot; where half of the plot was assigned to CA and the other half to conventional tillage (CT), both under drip irrigation system. Irrigation water use and crop yield were monitored for three seasons in Ethiopia and one season in Ghana for vegetable production including garlic, onion, cabbage, tomato, and sweet potato. Irrigation water use was substantially lower under CA, 18% to 45.6%, with a substantial increase in crop yields, 9% to about two-fold, when compared with CT practice for the various vegetables. Crop yields and irrigation water uses were combined into one metric, water productivity, for the statistical analysis on the effect of CA with drip irrigation system. One-tailed paired ‘t’ test statistical analysis was used to examine if the mean water productivity in CA is higher than that of CT. Water productivity was found to be significantly improved (a = 0.05) under the CA practice; 100%, 120%, 222%, 33%, and 49% for garlic, onion, tomato, cabbage, and sweet potato respectively. This could be due to the improvement of soil quality and structure due to CA practice, adding nutrients to the soil and sticking soil particles together (increase soil aggregates). Irrigation water productivity for tomato under CA (5.17 kg m-3 in CA as compared to 1.61 kg m-3 in CT) is found to be highest when compared to water productivity for the other vegetables. The mulch cover provided protection for the tomatoes from direct contact with the soil and minimized the chances of soil-borne diseases. Adapting to CA practices with drip irrigation in vegetable home gardens is, therefore, a feasible strategy to improve water use efficiency, and to intensify crop yield, which directly contributes towards the sustainability of livelihoods of smallholder farmers in the region.
7 Beyene, A. A.; Verhoest, N. E. C.; Tilahun, S.; Alamirew, T.; Adgo, E.; Nyssen, J. 2019. Irrigation efficiency and shallow groundwater in anisotropic floodplain soils near Lake Tana, Ethiopia. Irrigation and Drainage, 68(2):365-378. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2320]
Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation efficiency ; Floodplains ; Groundwater table ; Groundwater recharge ; Water levels ; Surface water ; Soil chemicophysical properties ; Soil moisture ; Evapotranspiration / Ethiopia / Lake Tana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049344)
(0.81 MB)
Field experiments were conducted (December 2014 to May 2015) in a small irrigation scheme (60 ha) to study the effect of flood irrigation on anisotropic soils with shallow groundwater in the Lake Tana floodplains of Ethiopia. Irrigation (470 ± 33 mm) was measured using V-notches; rainfall did not occur, and the groundwater table was monitored daily using piezometers to estimate recharge from irrigated onion fields using the groundwater table fluctuation method. Recharge was influenced by applied irrigation amount, groundwater table depth, seasonal temperature variations, irrigation application efficiency and crop growth stages. The decreased deep percolation during the hottest periods and peak growth stages negatively influenced the reduction in groundwater decline caused by irrigation. The soil anisotropy also played a major role in the recharge amount: despite clay dominance in the topsoils, rapid groundwater table rises (0.02–0.56 m) were due to the presence of granular and blocky structures. Recharge was also influenced by irrigation efficiency, indicating higher recharge during periods of lower efficiency. The seasonal recharge was 34–46% of applied irrigation and there is much room for improving irrigation efficiency which is only 46 (±12) to 51 (±17)%.
8 Endrie, B.; Schmitter, Petra; Haileslassie, Amare; Desalegn, Y.; Chali, A.; Tilahun, S.; Barron, Jennie. 2019. Feeding hungry and thirsty soils increases yield and protects the environment: some results of a Wetting Front Detectors (WFD) experiment in LIVES [Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders]. In Mekonnen, K.; Yasabu, S.; Gebremedhin, B.; Woldemeskel, E.; Tegegne, A.; Thorne, P. (Eds.). Proceedings of a Workshop and Exhibition on Promoting Productivity and Market Access Technologies and Approaches to Improve Farm Income and Livelihoods in Ethiopia: Lessons from Action Research Projects, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 8-9 December 2016. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). pp.13-17.
Irrigation schemes ; Water management ; Wetting front ; Experimentation ; Reservoirs ; Fertilizer application ; Crop yield ; Soils ; Farmers ; Agricultural practices / Ethiopia / Koga Irrigation scheme / Meki Irrigation scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049335)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/102356/AR_proceedings_2019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049335.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049335.pdf
(0.16 MB) (6.23 MB)
9 Assefa, T.; Jha, M.; Reyes, M.; Worqlul, A. W.; Doro, L.; Tilahun, S.. 2020. Conservation agriculture with drip irrigation: effects on soil quality and crop yield in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 75(2):209-217. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.75.2.209]
Conservation agriculture ; Drip irrigation ; Soil quality ; Crop yield ; Forecasting ; Agricultural policy ; Conventional tillage ; Crop production ; Environmental modelling / Africa South of Sahara / United Republic of Tanzania / Ghana / Ethiopia / Dangishita / Robit / Yemu / Mkindo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049628)
(0.66 MB)
The traditional agriculture production system in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) caused significant soil erosion and degradation of soil quality. In addition, dependability of rainfall for irrigation needs limits the crop production. Advanced agricultural practices are thus needed at the local level to sustain the livelihood of smallholder farmers in the region. In this study, conservation agriculture (CA) practice with drip irrigation technology was compared (using field experiments and watershed modeling) with the traditional conventional tillage (CT) practice for its potential in improving soil quality and crop productivity in the region. Biophysical data were collected (2015 to 2017) from a total of 43 paired plots (CA and CT) at four study sites in SSA: Dangishita and Robit in Ethiopia, Yemu in Ghana, and Mkindo in Tanzania. The Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model was calibrated and validated with reasonable efficiency in simulating crop yields for both CA and CT practices; average PBIAS =±12% and =±11%, for CA and CT. The impact of the CA system on soil quality (soil carbon [C] and nitrogen [N]) was analyzed based on the well-tested model prediction results. The total C and N were increased under CA across the study sites on average by 6% and 4.1%, when compared to CT over the study period. Both the experiment and model prediction showed that crop yield was significantly improved by CA—on average 37.4% increases across the sites when compared to CT. Conservation agriculture with drip irrigation was an efficient local strategy to improve crop production in the region while enhancing the ecosystem.
10 Bogale, A.; Aynalem, D.; Adem, A.; Mekuria, Wolde; Tilahun, S.. 2020. Spatial and temporal variability of soil loss in gully erosion in Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Applied Water Science, 10(5):106. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01193-4]
Gully erosion ; Soil loss ; Soil conservation ; Water conservation ; Spatial variation ; Groundwater assessment ; Groundwater table ; Stream flow ; Sediment ; Watersheds ; Catchment areas ; Highlands / Ethiopia / Upper Blue Nile Basin / Chentale Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049937)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13201-020-01193-4.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049937.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049937.pdf
(1.63 MB) (1.63 MB)
Gully erosion has many negative impacts on both cultivated and grazing lands in Ethiopian highlands. The present study was conducted in Chentale watershed, Ethiopia, to quantify the contribution of gully erosion, and to assess its temporal changes. Within the Chentale watershed, we selected a sub-watershed (104.6 ha) and nested gully catchment, and gauged for stream flow and sediment concentration data in 2015 and 2016. We measured gully dimensions before and after the onset of the rainy season in 2016 to determine soil loss due to gully erosion. The temporal changes of gully expansion were determined by digitizing gully plain area from Google earth images taken in 2005 and 2013. The results support that gullies were expanding at higher rate in recent years. Area covered by gullies in the watershed increased from 1.84 to 3.43 ha between 2005 and 2013, indicating that the proportion of the watershed covered by gullies was nearly doubled in the investigated period. The estimated soil loss from the main watershed and gullies catchment was 6 and 2 t ha-1 year-1 in 2015, and was 7 and 9 t ha-1 year-1 in 2016, respectively. The results support that gullies were the main contributors of soil erosion in the watershed, and that integrated soil and water conservation measures are required to reduce soil erosion.
11 Abera, A.; Verhoest, N. E. C.; Tilahun, S.; Inyang, H.; Nyssen, J. 2021. Assessment of irrigation expansion and implications for water resources by using RS and GIS techniques in the Lake Tana Basin of Ethiopia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(1):13. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08778-1]
Irrigation water ; Water resources ; Remote sensing ; Geographical information systems ; Techniques ; Land use ; Irrigated land ; Farmland ; Land cover ; Water use ; Water management ; Water requirements ; Satellite imagery ; Landsat ; Vegetation index ; Rain ; Evapotranspiration ; Irrigation schemes / Ethiopia / Lake Tana Basin / Abay Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050148)
(5.94 MB)
Understanding irrigation expansion and its implications on water availability is critical for development of decision support tools for sustainable water resources planning. Irrigation expansion in the Lake Tana Basin of Ethiopia from 1986 to 2016 was examined using image classification from thematic maps and remote sensing imagery (Landsat5-8 TM/ETM+, OLI). The soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) imagery was used to identify irrigated cropland based on greenness. Irrigation water consumption was determined by calculating irrigation water requirements of the major crops grown with irrigation and using the estimated irrigated land size of the basin. Irrigated croplands have increased in area from 55 to 65 % in the last past 30 years (from 1986 to 2016). The classification obtained is accurate to the level of 89.6% and Kappa coefficient of 0.83. The Landsat imagery is useful in tracking of the spatiotemporal patterns of irrigated croplands for water management purposes, especially in data deficient areas dotted sparsely by small holder irrigated farms. The results indicated that irrigation consumption in the basin increased from 0.380 km3 year-1 in 1986 to 0.798 km3 year-1 in 2016. It is found that the available water cannot sustain the projected irrigation expansion unless alternative water sources are found. Also, more precise irrigation technologies have to be implemented to minimize water losses.
12 Alaminie, A.; Amarnath, Giriraj; Padhee, Suman; Ghosh, Surajit; Tilahun, S.; Mekonnen, M.; Assefa, G.; Seid, Abdulkarim; Zimale, F.; Jury, M. 2023. Application of advanced Wflow_sbm Model with the CMIP6 climate projection for flood prediction in the data-scarce: Lake-Tana Basin, Ethiopia [Abstract only]. Paper presented at the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria and Online, 24-28 April 2023. 1p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-1113]
Flood forecasting ; Climate change ; Hydrological modelling ; Climate models / Ethiopia / Lake Tana Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051891)
https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU23/EGU23-1113.html?pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051891.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051891.pdf
(0.28 MB) (289 KB)
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