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1 Paul, Johannes G.; Boorsma, J. D.; Sarana, G.; Bollos, I. 2015. Designing local policies and economic instruments to enhance waste management in Bayawan city, Philippines. Paper presented at the International Conference on Solid Wastes 2015, Hong Kong, China, 19-23 May 2015. 4p.
Waste management ; Waste disposal ; Urban wastes ; Solid wastes ; Economic aspects ; Cost recovery ; Financing ; Local government ; Legal aspects ; Stakeholders ; Composting / Philippines / Bayawan City
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047082)
To establish and operate reliable Solid Waste Management (SWM) systems, efficient technologies, stable organizational structures, skilled personnel, sound operational management and appropriate financing concepts are required. In order to sustain such systems, the implementation of suited legal framework conditions and economical instruments are considered as key success factors. Proper financial management allows to determine the real costs of SWM and to design local policies that provide the needed mechanisms to conduct Solid Waste Management on community level and to formulate rules and user fees that are not only acceptable by residents and users but likewise secure participation of stakeholders and transparency for the public [1, 3]. As in other developing countries, financing SWM remains a severe issue also in the Philippines. Cost recovery is an important requirement for sustainable waste management, but it does not always correspond with political priorities, the willingness of the population or the capacities of the administration to implement it. Fees to cover SWM costs are either not asked for, or existing fee mechanism are not effectively implemented or being utilized by the authorities in charge. However, policies that address cost recovery will directly affect the capacity and willingness of service recipients to pay as well as the maximum level of refinancing that can be achieved. The lower the level of cost recovery, the higher the resulting risk of poor services rendered or ultimately service interruptions. Hence, sustainable financing of SWM by local means is imperative. In Bayawan City, Philippines the local government recognized the opportunities arising with establishing a new SWM system as required by national waste legislation [5]. During SWM planning various issues surfaced that were taken up by the local authorities to design 'taylor-made' new local policies that integrate cost recovery mechanism through user fees and revenues for material recovery. Main positive effects of cost recovery resulted from introduction of a prepaid sticker system that requests to pre-pay a fee for collection of residual waste and bio-waste. Besides, the introduction of an environmental fee claimed with the regular water bill propelled cost recovery from initial 3% to more than 15% of annual SWM budget after only 3 years operation of the new system whereas income for the latter is mainly used for cleaning of septic tanks and processing of recovered sludge at the newly established municipal waste management center. Results of this case underline that enhancing SWM systems is possible also in developing countries with innovative technologies and approaches that integrate local conditions and provide suited mechanism to enhance motivation and ownership of local decision-makers and users likewise [2-4].
2 Paul, Johannes G.; Acosta, V. L.; Lange, U. 2015. Experiences and lessons learnt from supporting waste sector development in the Philippines. Paper presented at the International Conference on Solid Wastes 2015, Hong Kong, China, 19-23 May 2015. 4p.
Waste management ; Waste disposal ; Solid wastes ; Urban wastes ; Water resources development ; Legal aspects ; Cost recovery ; Policy making ; Capacity building ; Local government ; Development projects / Philippines
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047083)
As in other developing countries, solid waste management (SWM) remains a crucial environmental issue in the Philippines. In the year 2000, the Philippine Congress released a new waste management legislation, the Philippine Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (Republic Act 9003). This law mandates Local Governments to implement suited measures for waste avoidance, materials recovery and recycling in order to reduce waste disposal and to enhance residual waste management through alternative technologies or sanitary landfills. The total municipal waste generation in the country is estimated at more than 25 Mio tons/year, with organic waste components representing the main fraction with around 50% in cities and up to 70% in rural areas. Although RA 9003 mandates a waste diversion rate of at least 25 % to be realized by municipalities in 2006, most of them fail to implement the waste legislation properly mainly due to budget limitations, lack of know-how and conflicting interests that delay priority setting and political decision-making. In this context, the Philippine government entered into a bilateral official development program with the German government provided through the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) through its development program Solid Waste Management for Local Government Units (SWM4LGUs) during the time period 2005-2012. As part of this program an in-depth and year-long analysis of main factors that relate to success and failures in municipal SWM was conducted. As main outcome of this development program, the National Solid Waste Management Commission integrated these experiences and developed the new National Solid Waste Management Strategy for the years 2012 to 2016 in order to facilitate implementation of RA 9003.
3 Hettiarachchi, Lakshika; Fernando, Sudarshana; Gunawardena, S.; Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Paul, Johannes G.; Grau, Felix. 2016. Strength and disintegration characteristics of compost pellets produced from urban waste in Sri Lanka. Paper presented at the Annual Tropical and Subtropical Agricultural and Natural Resource Management (Tropentag) Conference on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development, Vienna, Austria, 18-21 September 2016. 5p.
Urban wastes ; Composting ; Pellets ; Resource recovery ; Liquid wastes ; Solid wastes ; Nutrients ; Waste treatment ; Fertilizers / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047837)
http://www.tropentag.de/2016/abstracts/links/Paul_gYCioIdz.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047837.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047837.pdf
(347KB)
4 Sinnathamby, V.; Paul, Johannes G.; Dasanayaka, S. W. S. B.; Gunawardena, S. H. P.; Fernando, Sudarshana. 2016. Factors affecting sustainability of municipal solid waste composting projects in Sri Lanka. In University of Moratuwa. Department of Management of Technology. Conference Proceedings of International Conference in Technology Management. Moratuwa, Sri Lanka: University of Moratuwa. Department of Management of Technology. pp.98-103.
Waste management ; Waste treatment ; Urban wastes ; Solid wastes ; Organic wastes ; Composting ; Sustainability ; Value chain ; Developing countries ; Organic fertilizers ; Resource recovery ; Capacity building ; Stakeholders ; Private sector ; Public sector ; Partnerships ; Food production / Sri Lanka / Moratuwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047940)
https://www.mrt.ac.lk/web/sites/default/files/web-page-uploads/iNCOTeM%202016%20Conference%20Proceeding_0.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047940.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047940.pdf
(2.67 MB)
During the past decades, many composting projects have been implemented with the assistance from various donor agencies to address the municipal solid waste (MSW) problem in developing countries, especially in urban areas. However, very few of these projects are sustainable and many were reported as failures, some even closed down and most ofexisting operations rely on heavy subsidies from the Government, foreign funding sources and Local Authorities (LAs). To enhance solid waste management (SWM) an initiative called "Pilisaru" project started in 2008 lead by the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) to develop the infrastructures of LAs for a better S WM system mainly focllsing on composting as an efficient low cost option for treatment of the organic waste fraction. However, the initial assessment of this initiative encountered many issues. Therefore, this study was proposed to identifY main lactors that affect the sustainability of municipal compost plants. The methods used to obtain data for this research comprise, sample survey that involved five selected compost plants operating under LAs in Sri Lanka; a specific lield survey that observed waste segregation activities: and a cl ients perception survey conducted in a super market in Colombo that aimed to assess customers perspective 011 buying and use ofcompost based I"bod products. To supplement the findings ofthese investigations, a complementary literature revie\\ and selected expert interviews were carried out with representative stakeholders. The research findings indicate that most of LAs do not have the needed expertise to design, implement and manage an integrated S WM system that allows efticient operation of compost plants according to recognized standards. Furthermore, it appears that 1110st ofthe compost plants do not manage it full-cost recovery of their O&M cost with the main issues that users are not charged for the provided waste management services and .produced compost can not be marketed successfully, Besides, from the perspective of sustainable operation, need and provision offuture investment is unclear, especially for replacement to maintain an effective operation level. To overcome the emerging weaknesses of the Pilisaru project, it is recommended to provide a continuous capacity building programme for the LAs and involved stakeholders, supported by public awareness programs, especially lor enhanced waste segregation, marketing promotion for compost products as well as technical and financial assistance for relevant stakeholders that need support to perform their tasks in the SW value chain. Furthermore, it is envisioned to revisit the provided SWM policies and to add regulations that built on insights from best SWM practices in Sri Lanka but also from applicable international experiences from other developing countries. This should also include the production of quality compost that meets the fertilizer demands from an agriculture perspective. Lastly, the enhancement of waste segregation practices and involvement of the private sector should be addressed in order to strengthen operations and business performance through enhanced public participation and Private-Public-Partnerships (PPP).
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