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1 Aye, L.; Nawarathna, B.; George, B.; Nair, S.; Malano, H. 2014. Greenhouse gas emissions of decentralised water supply strategies in peri-urban areas of Sydney. In Maheshwari, B.; Purohit, R.; Malano, H.; Singh, V. P.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. (Eds.). The security of water, food, energy and liveability of cities: challenges and opportunities for peri-urban futures. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.355-363. (Water Science and Technology Library Volume 71)
Greenhouse gases ; Emission ; Water supply ; Decentralization ; Periurban areas ; Effluents ; Wastewater treatment ; Water reuse ; Rainwater ; Water harvesting ; Drinking water / Australia / Sydney
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047046)
Quantification of greenhouse gas emissions for decentralised water supply systems is essential for water policy development, decision making and implementation of these systems. Two potential water supply strategies ‘Effluent Reuse’ and ‘Stormwater Harvesting’ applicable for the planned growth centre development of Western Sydney were developed. The associated energy intensities and operational greenhouse gas emissions of these two strategies were quantified by using the factors and methods prescribed by the Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency National Greenhouse Accounts Factors, 2011. It was found that in terms of operational greenhouse gas emissions, stormwater harvesting performs marginally better than effluent reuse while the cost of stormwater harvesting is expected to be about four times cheaper than effluent reuse in Australia.
2 Acharya, S.; George, B.; Aye, L.; Nair, S.; Nawarathna, B.; Malano, H. 2015. Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emission analysis of groundwater-based irrigation systems. Irrigation and Drainage, 64(3):408-418. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.1896]
Greenhouse gases ; Emission ; Energy consumption ; Life cycle analysis ; Irrigation systems ; Groundwater irrigation ; Pumping ; Water distribution ; Flood irrigation ; Drip irrigation ; Centre pivot irrigation ; Tube wells ; Drilling equipment ; Models / India / Australia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047438)
(0.45 MB)
The reliance on groundwater for irrigation is increasing in Australia and India, which is causing concerns to policy makers about energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, it is important to quantify the GHG emissions of all components of the groundwater-based irrigation systems, over the entire life cycle to develop more environmentally friendly groundwater management strategies. This study identified and analysed energy use and GHG emissions associated with different components in the supply chain of groundwater-based irrigation systems. An existing GHG emissions and energy-accounting framework was adapted to enhance its capabilities by considering drilling techniques, water distribution and irrigation application methods. The results of this study highlighted that embodied and direct GHG emissions from drilling tube wells were higher in the Musi catchment, India, compared to South Australia. The study also highlighted that GHG emissions associated with water conveyance were higher for concrete and plastic-lined channels than unlined channels. Drip irrigation systems in both countries were found to have more GHG emissions than gravity-fed systems. Centre pivot systems were found to be emitting more than the drip systems in South Australia. We conclude that different components of the system have an impact on total GHG emissions and energy consumption for both countries. Any change in the most commonly used methods of drilling bore wells, water distribution in channels, and the irrigation methods, will have distinct impacts on energy consumption rates and GHG emissions. The developed conceptual framework provided a systematic complete analysis of the energy-consuming and GHG-emitting components associated with groundwater-based irrigation systems. Policy makers and decision makers may use the developed framework to compare different system components to develop strategies that have minimal impact on the environment.
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