Your search found 13 records
1 Anwar, Arif; Haq, Z. U. 2013. Genetic algorithms for the sequential irrigation scheduling problem. Irrigation Science, 31(4):815-829. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-012-0364-y]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H045325)
(0.73 MB)
A sequential irrigation scheduling problem is the problem of preparing a schedule to sequentially service a set of water users. This problem has an analogy with the classical single machine earliness/tardiness scheduling problem in operations research. In previously published work, integer program and heuristics were used to solve sequential irrigation scheduling problems; however, such scheduling problems belong to a class of combinatorial optimization problems known to be computationally demanding (NP-hard). This is widely reported in operations research. Hence, integer program can only be used to solve relatively small problems usually in a research environment where considerable computational resources and time can be allocated to solve a single schedule. For practical applications, metaheuristics such as genetic algorithms (GA), simulated annealing, or tabu search methods need to be used. These need to be formulated carefully and tested thoroughly. The current research is to explore the potential of GA to solve the sequential irrigation scheduling problems. Four GA models are presented that model four different sequential irrigation scenarios. The GA models are tested extensively for a range of problem sizes, and the solution quality is compared against solutions from integer programs and heuristics. The GA is applied to the practical engineering problem of scheduling water scheduling to 94 water users.
2 Shah, Tushaar; Anwar, Arif; Amarasinghe, Upali; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Reddy, Junna Mohan; Molle, Francois; Mukherji, Aditi; Prathapar, Sanmugam A.; Suhardiman, Diana; Qureshi, Asad Sarwar; Wegerich, Kai. 2012. Canal irrigation conundrum: applying contingency theory to irrigation system management in India. IWMI-Tata Water Policy Research Highlight, 25. 9p.
Irrigation systems ; Canal irrigation ; Irrigation management ; History ; Water user associations / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H045400)
(304.1KB)
3 Anwar, Arif; Richards, D. 2013. Is the USA set to dominate accreditation of engineering education and professional qualifications? Proceedings of the ICE - Civil Engineering, 166(CE1):42-48. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1680/cien.12.00012]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045619)
(1.14 MB)
This paper examines mutual recognition of professional engineering qualifications and the globalisation of accreditation of engineering education by US organisation ABET. Scrutiny of the Washington Accord on mutual recognition and a recent attempt to gain ABET accreditation for a UK civil engineering degree programme highlights differences between ABET and the UK Engineering Council. The ambiguity of the Washington Accord also means it may be interpreted differently by signatories. It is suggested that ABET accreditation and the US professional engineer (PE) qualification may become the de-facto global standard due to lack of significant competition from the UK or Europe.
4 Ahmad, Z.; Asad, E. U.; Muhammad, A.; Ahmad, Waqas; Anwar, Arif. 2013. Development of a low-power smart water meter for discharges in Indus Basin irrigation networks. In Shaikh, F. K.; Chowdhry, B. S.; Ammari, H. M.; Uqaili, M. A.; Shah, A. (Eds.). Wireless sensor networks for developing countries. Revised selected papers of the 1st International Symposium on Wireless Sensor Networks for Developing Countries (WSN4DC) 2013, Jamshoro, Pakistan, 24-26 April 2013. New York, NY, USA: Springer. pp.1-6. (Communications in Computer and Information Science 366)
River basins ; Hydrometry ; Sensors ; Water management ; Irrigation development / Pakistan / Indus Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046217)
(2.84 MB)
To improve the sampling frequency of water diversion to distributary canals and to improve equity of distribution and data handling we have developed a smart electronic water meter based on ultrasonic sensors and GPRS modem to frequently record and transmit the water diversion data to a centralized server. The server processes the data to extract useful information for example seasonal cumulative water deliveries and discharge time series. The Wireless Sensor Node (WSN) inspired design is extremely low-power, field deployable and scalable with respect to cost and numbers. This paper, reports the first steps towards practical realization of a smart water grid in the Indus river basin, conceptualized by the authors in previous theoretical studies.
5 Ahmad, Waqas; Fatima, A.; Awan, U. K.; Anwar, Arif. 2014. Analysis of long term meteorological trends in the middle and lower Indus Basin of Pakistan: a non-parametric statistical approach. Global and Planetary Change, 122:282-291. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.09.007]
Climate change ; Rain ; Air temperature ; River basins ; Meteorological factors ; Parametric programming ; Case studies / Pakistan / Indus Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046663)
(1.09 MB)
The Indus basin of Pakistan is vulnerable to climate change which would directly affect the livelihoods of poor people engaged in irrigated agriculture. The situation could be worse in middle and lower part of this basin which occupies 90% of the irrigated area. The objective of this research is to analyze the long term meteorological trends in the middle and lower parts of Indus basin of Pakistan. We used monthly data from 1971 to 2010 and applied non-parametric seasonal Kendal test for trend detection in combination with seasonal Kendall slope estimator to quantify the magnitude of trends. The meteorological parameters considered were mean maximum and mean minimum air temperature, and rainfall from 12 meteorological stations located in the study region. We examined the reliability and spatial integrity of data by mass-curve analysis and spatial correlation matrices, respectively. Analysis was performed for four seasons (spring—March to May, summer—June to August, fall—September to November and winter—December to February). The results show that max. temperature has an average increasing trend of magnitude +0.16, +0.03, 0.0 and +0.04 °C/decade during all the four seasons, respectively. The average trend of min. temperature during the four seasons also increases with magnitude of +0.29, +0.12, +0.36 and +0.36 °C/decade, respectively. Persistence of the increasing trend is more pronounced in the min. temperature as compared to the max. temperature on annual basis. Analysis of rainfall data has not shown any noteworthy trend during winter, fall and on annual basis. However during spring and summer season, the rainfall trends vary from -1.15 to +0.93 and -3.86 to +2.46 mm/decade, respectively. It is further revealed that rainfall trends during all seasons are statistically non-significant. Overall the study area is under a significant warming trend with no changes in rainfall.
6 Anwar, Arif; Ali Shah, Muhammad Azeem; Aslam, Muhammad. 2014. Modernizing a public irrigation scheme: a case study of Pakistan’s Hakra Canal Scheme. In India. Central Board of Irrigation and Power. Proceedings of the Seminar on Reforms in Management of Public Irrigation System, Bangalore, India, 30-31 October 2014. New Delhi, India: Central Board of Irrigation and Power. pp.35-43.
Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation water ; Canals ; Groundwater ; Water resources ; Wells ; Tube wells ; Farmers ; Information and communication technologies (ICTs) ; Case studies / Pakistan / Punjab / Shakra Canal Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046825)
7 Ringler, C.; Anwar, Arif. (Eds.) 2015. Water for food security: challenges for Pakistan. Oxon, UK: Routledge. 173p. (Routledge Special Issue on Water Policy and Governance)
Food security ; Irrigation management ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigated farming ; Canals ; Energy consumption ; Watershed management ; Surface water ; Water market ; Catchment areas ; Institutional development ; Legal aspects ; Climate change ; Adaptation ; Drought ; Precipitation ; Economic aspects ; Impact assessment ; River basins / Pakistan / Punjab / Mangla / Indus Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046846)
(0.26 MB)
8 Ringler, C.; Anwar, Arif. 2015. Water for food security: challenges for Pakistan. In Ringler, C.; Anwar, Arif (Eds.). Water for food security: challenges for Pakistan. Oxon, UK: Routledge. pp.1-10.
Food security ; Water management ; Water resources ; Water demand ; Agriculture ; Irrigation management ; River basins ; Institutional development / Pakistan / Indus River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046847)
(1.13 MB)
9 Anwar, Arif; Ul Haq, Z. 2015. An old-new measure of canal water inequity. In Ringler, C.; Anwar, Arif (Eds.). Water for food security: challenges for Pakistan. Oxon, UK: Routledge. pp.32-47. (Routledge Special Issue on Water Policy and Governance)
Irrigation management ; Irrigation canals ; Irrigated land ; Performance indexes ; Equity ; Case studies / Pakistan / Punjab / Warabandi Canal System / Hakra Branch Canal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046849)
(1.19 MB)
10 Anwar, Arif; Richards, D. J. 2015. The Washington Accord and U.S. licensing boards. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 141(4):1-6. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000246]
Legal aspects ; Agreements ; Standardizing ; Licences ; Regulations ; Policy making ; Educational needs / USA / Washington
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046902)
The Washington Accord known as a mutual recognition agreement between national engineering regulatory bodies was signed in 1989 by six founding signatories. Through this mutual recognition agreement the signatories recognize that the formal educational programs accredited by the respective signatories are substantially equivalent. The stated objective of the Washington Accord is to ease the path of engineering graduates to professional registration or licensing in different jurisdictions. Since 1989, the signatories to theWashington Accord has increased threefold with an additional five countries as currently provisional signatories. This rapid expansion is a reflection of the need for international recognition of educational qualifications and competency across borders in an increasingly globalized world. Engineering accreditation bodies, particularly in developing countries, are proactively seeking recognition and mobility of their graduates. Within this context, theWashington Accord celebrates 25 years and charts a course for the next 25 years. This paper examines in detail the position of the U.S. licensing boards on the Washington Accord. It is concluded that with respect to the U.S. licensing boards, the Washington Accord has made only modest inroads in its first 25 years and needs to set a much more ambitious path for the next 25 to achieve truly reciprocal mobility.
11 Awan, U. K.; Anwar, Arif; Ahmad, Waqas; Hafeez, M. 2016. A methodology to estimate equity of canal water and groundwater use at different spatial and temporal scales: a geo-informatics approach. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(5):1-13. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4976-4]
Groundwater extraction ; Groundwater irrigation ; Equity ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation canals ; Water use ; Water scarcity ; Water requirements ; Water demand ; River basins ; Basin irrigation ; Farmers ; Evapotranspiration / Pakistan / India / Indus River Basin / Hakra Branch Canal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047450)
(1.54 MB)
Indus basin irrigation system (IBIS) is one of the largest contiguous irrigation systems of the world. The surface canal water supplies are far less than the crop water demands which lead farmers to use groundwater to cope surface water scarcity. Although many studies in the IBIS are conducted to analyze the equitable distribution of canal water, there is hardly any study which comprehensively analyze the equitable use of canal water and groundwater at different spatial and temporal scales. One of the main reasons is lack of reliable information on the volume of groundwater abstraction. The objective of the current study is to develop an approach for estimating the equity of canal water and groundwater use at different spatial (canal command, distributaries, head, middle and tail end reaches) and temporal (daily, monthly and seasonal) scales of Hakra canal command area of IBIS. Results show that canal water and groundwater use to meet actual evapotranspiration is 34 and 42 %, respectively, which makes groundwater as an integral part of the large canal irrigation schemes of IBIS. The canal water and groundwater use varies significantly during the cropping colander. The maximum groundwater use is during May (51 mm) whereas the maximum canal water use is during August (24 mm). Farmers located at the head end reaches of Hakra canal use 42 % groundwater of total groundwater use whereas farmers located at the middle and tail end reaches use only 35 and 23 %, respectively. The canal water use at the head, middle and tail end reaches is 40, 34 and 26 %, respectively. These results show that the farmers located at the head of Hakra canal command area use more canal water and groundwater as compared to those located at the middle and tail end reaches. This methodology can provide guidelines to water managers in the region for equitable use of both canal water and groundwater.
12 Shah, M. Azeem A.; Anwar, Arif; Ringler, C. 2015. What role can information play in improved equity in Pakistan’s irrigation system?: evidence from an experimental game in Punjab. Ecology and Society, 20(1):1-23. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07368-200151]
Irrigation systems ; Equity ; Surface water ; Water availability ; Water distribution ; Watercourses ; Water resources ; Water supply ; Water allocation ; Monitoring ; River basins ; Decision making / Pakistan / Punjab
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047518)
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol20/iss1/art51/ES-2015-7368.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047518.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047518.pdf
(1.81 MB)
The Indus Basin Irrigation System suffers significant inequity in access to surface water across its millions of users. Information, i.e., monitoring and reporting of water availability, may be of value in improving conditions across the basin, and we investigated this via an experimental game of water distribution in Punjab, Pakistan. We found evidence that flow information allowed players to take more effective action to target overuse, and that overall activities that might bring social disapproval were reduced with information. However, we did not find any overall improvement in equity across the system, suggesting that information on its own might not be sufficient to lead to better water distribution among irrigators.
13 Young, W. J.; Anwar, Arif; Bhatti, Tousif; Borgomeo, Edoardo; Davies, S.; Garthwaite, W. R. III; Gilmont, M.; Leb, C.; Lytton, L.; Makin, Ian; Saeed, B. 2019. Pakistan: getting more from water. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank. 191p. (Water Security Diagnostics)
Water security ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water governance ; Water policy ; Groundwater management ; Agricultural water use ; Water productivity ; Water availability ; Water allocation ; Water balance ; Water demand ; Water quality ; Water extraction ; Institutional reform ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigated sites ; Irrigated farming ; Water supply ; Hydropower ; Energy ; Nexus ; Environmental sustainability ; Legal frameworks ; Law reform ; Infrastructure ; Investment ; Economic aspects ; Financing ; Income ; Sanitation ; Climate change ; Flood control ; Risk reduction ; Planning ; Rivers ; Reservoirs ; Dams ; Sediment ; Political aspects ; Monitoring ; Models / Pakistan / Indus Basin / Punjab / Sindh / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa / Balochistan / Karachi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049423)
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/251191548275645649/pdf/133964-WP-PUBLIC-ADD-SERIES-22-1-2019-18-56-25-W.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049423.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049423.pdf
(9.43 MB) (9.43 MB)
This report builds on prior work to provide a new, comprehensive, and balanced view of water security in Pakistan, stressing the importance of the diverse social, environmental, and economic outcomes from water. The report highlights the complex water issues that Pakistan must tackle to improve water security and sheds new light on conventional assumptions around water. It seeks to elevate water security as an issue critical for national development. The report assesses current water security and identifies important water-related challenges that may hinder progress in economic and human development. It identifies unmitigated water-related risks, as well as opportunities where water can contribute to economic growth and poverty reduction. The report analyzes how the performance and architecture of the water sector are related to broader economic, social, and environmental outcomes. It models alternative economic trajectories to identify where intervention can lead to a more water-secure future. A consideration of water sector architecture and performance and how these determine outcome leads to recommendations for improving aspects of sector performance and adjusting sector architecture for better outcomes. The sector performance analysis considers (a) management of the water resource, (b) delivery of water services, and (c) mitigation of water-related risks. The description of sector architecture considers water governance, infrastructure, and financing.
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