Your search found 66 records
1 Cofie, Olufunke; Agbottah, S.; Strauss, M.; Esseku, H.; Montangero, A.; Awuah, E.; Kone, D. 2006. Solid-liquid separation of faecal sludge using drying beds in Ghana: implications for nutrient recycling in urban agriculture. Water Research, 40(1):75-82.
Solid wastes ; Sewage sludge ; Organic fertilizers ; Recycling ; Public health ; Sanitation ; Urban agriculture ; Developing countries / Ghana
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.86 G200 COF Record No: H038182)
(0.32 MB)
2 Kirkham, M. B. 1983. Elemental content of soil, sorghum and wheat on sludge-injected agricultural land. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 9:281-292.
Sorghum ; Wheat ; Fertilization ; Fertilizers ; Sewage sludge ; Inorganic fertilizers ; Organic fertilizers ; Soil properties / USA / Manhattan / Kansas
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 7693 Record No: H039576)
3 MacLean, K. S.; Robinson, A. R.; MacConnell, H. M. 1987. The effect of sewage-sludge on the heavy metal content of soils and plant tissues. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 18(11):1303-1316.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 7697 Record No: H039580)
4 Cofie, Olufunke O.; Drechsel, Pay; Agbottah, S.; van Veenhuizen, R. 2008. Resource recovery from urban waste: options and challenges for community based composting in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Richards, B. S.; Schafer, A. I. (Eds). Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Sanitation in International Development and Disaster Relief (WSIDDR), Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 28-30 May, 2008. Edinburgh, UK: University of Edinburgh. pp.290-296.
Sanitation ; Public health ; Sewage sludge ; Solid wastes ; Composting ; Waste management / Africa / Africa South of Sahara / Ghana / Ghana / Kenya / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.875 G110 COF Record No: H041517)
Municipal authorities in developing countries are facing immense challenges in managing both solid and liquid waste in a sustainable way. Recycling is not yet high on their agenda although they appreciate the potential of composting for waste volume reduction. This offers an entry point to introduce organic waste recycling as a component of sustainable integrated sanitation which has the potential of a win-win situation by reducing waste flows, ensuring environmental health, supporting food production and creating livelihoods. However, due to several constraints recycling attempts have often a short life time. This paper tries to analyse related reasons by drawing from a larger feasibility study in Ghana and a survey of compost stations in different parts of Africa. It concludes with a framework for the analysis and the planning of recycling interventions in the context of sustainable sanitation, looking in particular at community based options for solid waste and human excreta.
5 Qadir, Manzoor. (Ed.) 2008. Sustainable management of wastewater for agriculture: proceedings of the First Bridging Workshop, Aleppo, Syria, 11-15 November 2007. Aleppo, Syria: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 133p.
Wastewater management ; Crop production ; Rural communities ; Wastewater irrigation ; Water reuse ; Food security ; Sewage sludge ; Heavy metals ; Water quality ; Organic compounds ; Groundwater ; Farming systems ; Polluted soils ; Sanitation / Middle East / Africa / Jordan / Lebanon / Syria / Sudan / Uganda / Pakistan / Kampala / Jordan Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 GG30 QAD Record No: H041867)
http://www.icarda.org/docrep/Books/First_Bridging_Workshop.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041867.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041867.pdf
(1.27 MB) (1.09MB)
6 Al-Zoubi, M. M.; Arslan, A.; Abdelgawad, G.; Pejon, N.; Tabbaa, M.; Jouzdan, O. 2008. Effects of sewage sludge on heavy metal accumulation in soil and plants and on crop productivity in Aleppo governorate. In Qadir, Manzoor (Ed.) 2008. Sustainable management of wastewater for agriculture: proceedings of the First Bridging Workshop, Aleppo, Syria, 11-15 November 2007. Aleppo, Syria: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) pp.57-62.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H040155)
7 Cofie, Olufunke O.; Drechsel, Pay; Agbottah, S.; van Veenhuizen, R. 2008. Resource recovery from urban waste: options and challenges for community based composting in Sub-Saharan Africa. Desalination, 248(1-3):256-261. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.063]
Sanitation ; Excreta ; Public health ; Sewage sludge ; Solid wastes ; Composting ; Waste management / Africa / Africa South of Sahara / Ghana / Kenya / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042369)
(0.33 MB)
Municipal authorities in developing countries are facing immense challenges in managing both solid and liquid waste in a sustainable way. Recycling is not yet high on their agenda although they appreciate the potential of composting for waste volume reduction. This offers an entry point to introduce organic waste recycling as a component of sustainable integrated sanitation which has the potential of a win-win situation by reducing waste flows, ensuring environmental health, supporting food production and creating livelihoods. However, due to several constraints recycling attempts have often a short life time. This paper tries to analyse related reasons by drawing from a larger study in Ghana and a survey of compost stations in different parts of Africa. It concludes with a framework for the analysis and the planning of recycling interventions in the context of sustainable sanitation, looking in particular at community-based options for solid waste and human excreta.
8 Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. (Eds.) 2010. Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC). 404p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Epidemiology ; Sewage sludge ; Excreta ; Diseases ; Vegetables ; Leaf vegetables ; Economic impact ; Wastewater treatment ; Irrigation methods ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042600)
(5.45 MB)
In most developing countries wastewater treatment systems have very low coverage or function poorly, resulting in large-scale water pollution and the use of poor-quality water for crop irrigation, especially in the vicinity of urban centres. This can pose significant risks to public health, particularly where crops are eaten raw. Wastewater Irrigation and Health approaches this serious problem from a practical and realistic perspective, addressing the issues of health risk assessment and reduction in developing country settings. The book therefore complements other books on the topic of wastewater which focus on high-end treatment options and the use of treated wastewater. This book moves the debate forward by covering also the common reality of untreated wastewater, greywater and excreta use. It presents the state-of-the-art on quantitative risk assessment and low-cost options for health risk reduction, from treatment to on-farm and off-farm measures, in support of the multiple barrier approach of the 2006 guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation published by the World Health Organization. The 38 authors and co-authors are international key experts in the field of wastewater irrigation representing a mix of agronomists, engineers, social scientists and public health experts from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. The chapters highlight experiences across the developing world with reference to various case studies from sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Mexico and the Middle East. The book also addresses options for resource recovery and wastewater governance, thus clearly establishes a connection between agriculture, health and sanitation, which is often the missing link in the current discussion on ‘making wastewater an asset’.
9 Jimenez, B.; Drechsel, Pay; Kone, D.; Bahri, Akissa; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Qadir, Manzoor. 2010. Wastewater, sludge and excreta use in developing countries: an overview. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.3-27. (Also in French).
Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Sewage sludge ; Excreta ; Developing countries ; Diseases ; Agriculture ; Crop production
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042601)
(0.23 MB)
After introducing terms and terminology of wastewater, sludge and excreta use, the chapter highlights their global drivers and significance using examples from different parts of the developing world. It is useful in the discussion to differentiate between unplanned use of wastewater resulting from poor sanitation, and planned use which tries to address matters such as economic or physical water scarcity. Both types of wastewater use can have significant socio-economic benefits but also institutional challenges and risks which require different management approaches and, ideally, different guidelines. This diversity makes the current WHO Guidelines, which try to be global in nature, complex to understand and apply. Whilst planned reuse will remain the norm in countries that can afford treatment, most countries in the developing world are likely to continue to use non- or only partially treated wastewater, for as long as sanitation and waste disposal are unable to keep pace with urban population growth. However, there are options to link urban faecal sludge and wastewater management with urban food demands or other forms of resource ecovery that provide opportunities to safely close the nutrient and water loops.
10 Cofie, Olufunke; Kone, D. 2009. Co-composting faecal sludge and organic solid waste, Kumasi, Ghana: case study of sustainable sanitation projects. In Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA). Compilation of 24 SuSanA case studies: pre-print for the 10th SuSanA meeting. Eschborn, Germany: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) pp.21:1-7. (SuSanA Case Studies of Sustainable Sanitation Projects)
Sanitation ; Excreta ; Sewage sludge ; Solid wastes ; Composting ; Techniques ; Organic fertilizers ; Urban agriculture ; Operations ; Maintenance / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042721)
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/book/case_study_book_complete.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042721.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042721.pdf
(0.29 MB)
11 Kuffour, A. R.; Awuah, E.; Anyemedu, F. O. K.; Strauss, M.; Kone, D.; Cofie, Olufunke. 2009. Effect of using different particle sizes of sand as filter media for dewatering faecal sludge. Desalination, 248(1-3):308-314. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.0000.00.000]
Sewage sludge ; Dewatering ; Filtration ; Filters ; Sand ; Nutrients ; Effluents ; Pollution control
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042720)
This research is aimed at investigating the effect of different particle sizes of sand for the dewatering of faecal sludge with respect to the dewatering time, contaminant load in the percolate, rate of clogging and quantity of biosolids produced. Three filter media FM1, FM2 and FM3 were used to dewater the faecal sludge. The experiment was conducted on bench scale consisting of miniature drying beds. Six cycles of dewatering were run where FM1, FM2, and FM3 showed average dewatering times of 10, 10 and 9 days respectively without significant differences (p > 0.05). However the percolate quality showed significant differences between them in the removal of TS, TVS, SS, COD, DCOD and NH3-N with FM1 having the highest removal for each parameter. Accumulation of organic matter in the top 10 cm of the filter bed indicated that FM1 was least likely to clog and it also generated the highest quantity of biosolids.
12 Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. (Eds.) 2010. Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 404p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Epidemiology ; Sewage sludge ; Excreta ; Diseases ; Vegetables ; Leaf vegetables ; Economic impact ; Wastewater treatment ; Irrigation methods ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE c2 Record No: H042759)
In most developing countries wastewater treatment systems have very low coverage or function poorly, resulting in large-scale water pollution and the use of poor-quality water for crop irrigation, especially in the vicinity of urban centres. This can pose significant risks to public health, particularly where crops are eaten raw. Wastewater Irrigation and Health approaches this serious problem from a practical and realistic perspective, addressing the issues of health risk assessment and reduction in developing country settings. The book therefore complements other books on the topic of wastewater which focus on high-end treatment options and the use of treated wastewater. This book moves the debate forward by covering also the common reality of untreated wastewater, greywater and excreta use. It presents the state-of-the-art on quantitative risk assessment and low-cost options for health risk reduction, from treatment to on-farm and off-farm measures, in support of the multiple barrier approach of the 2006 guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation published by the World Health Organization. The 38 authors and co-authors are international key experts in the field of wastewater irrigation representing a mix of agronomists, engineers, social scientists and public health experts from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. The chapters highlight experiences across the developing world with reference to various case studies from sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Mexico and the Middle East. The book also addresses options for resource recovery and wastewater governance, thus clearly establishes a connection between agriculture, health and sanitation, which is often the missing link in the current discussion on ‘making wastewater an asset’.
13 Wolfe, P. 2000. History of wastewater: history shows that healthy urban living depends on comprehensive sanitation technology. In Laughlin, J. (Ed.). World of water 2000: the past, present and future. Supplement to Penn Well Magazines. Tulsa, OK, USA: WaterWorld; Tulsa, OK, USA: Water and Wastewater International. pp.24-36.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 LAU Record No: H043938)
(3.00 MB)
14 Murray, Ashley; Mekala, G. D.; Chen, X. 2011. Evolving policies and the roles of public and private stakeholders in wastewater and faecal-sludge management in India, China and Ghana. Water International, 36(4):491-504. (Special issue on "Wastewater use in agriculture: economics, risks and opportunities" with contributions by IWMI authors). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2011.594868]
Wastewater treatment ; Sanitation ; Public-private cooperation ; Private sector ; Sewage sludge ; Water policy ; Case studies ; Developing countries / India / China / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H044198)
(0.15 MB)
In this article the authors document evolving attitudes, policies and roles of stakeholders in wastewater and faecal-sludge management in India, China and Ghana. In each country there is momentum for expanding not just access to sanitation at the household/community levels, but also for greater treatment and safe end-of-life management of human excreta. Governments are increasingly looking to engage the private sector, but models of engagement that make a compelling business case and instil confidence in cost recovery will have to emerge before the private sector takes an active role in wastewater and faecal sludge treatment in low-income countries.
15 Murray, Ashley; Cofie, Olufunke; Drechsel, Pay. 2011. Efficiency indicators for waste-based business models: fostering private sector participation in wastewater and faecal-sludge management. Water International, 36(4):505-521. (Special issue on "Wastewater use in agriculture: economics, risks and opportunities" with contributions by IWMI authors) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2011.594983]
Waste management ; Wastewater treatment ; Sewage sludge ; Sanitation ; Urban areas ; Private sector ; Public-private cooperation ; Momdels ; Cost recovery ; Decision making ; Efficiency ; Indicators / Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H044199)
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02508060.2011.594983
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044199.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044199.pdf
(0.30 MB) (308.62KB)
Opportunities for public–private partnerships based on cost recovery from the reuse of human waste remain unexplored. In this paper, the authors present four potential business models involving aquaculture, biogas recovery, compost production and the use of faecal sludge as an industrial fuel, and describe their associated financial flows. The business models are based on efficiency indicators that can provide decision support to local authorities and entrepreneurs in choosing options that are best suited to local conditions and needs. The ultimate target should be that a portion of revenues from reuse can help finance less-profitable sections of the sanitation service chain.
16 Okuda, A.; Higa, T. 1997. Purification of wastewater with effective microorganisms and its utilization in agriculture. In Senanayake, Y. D. A.; Sangakkara, U. R. (Eds.). Fifth International Conference on Kyusei Nature Farming, Bangkok, Thailand, 23-26 October 1997. Saraburi, Thailand: Kyusei Nature Farming Center. pp.246-253.
Wastewater treatment ; Microorganisms ; Crop production ; Vegetables ; Sewage sludge ; Fertilizers ; Wastewater irrigation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044402)
(0.13 MB)
The potential of using Effective Microorganisms (EM) to purify waste water, including that of a sewage system, for recycling purposes was evaluated. The studies were extended to examine the potential of using treated sewage sludge as a fertilizer in crop production. Long term application of EM reduced the adverse characteristics of waste water. The quality of the treated water was high, which indicated its potential use for reuse without health hazards. It also enhanced crop growth as measured by its effects on cucumber. Application of EM products to tap water also eliminated the ill effects generally found in chlorinated water. The treated city water was more effective in promoting plant growth. Application of EM to sewage sludge enhanced its value as a fertilizer. Plant growth was enhanced in contrast to application of untreated sludge, which had toxic effects. The value of EM in sanitation programs and the potential of recycling wastes after treatment for nature farming at a low cost is presented on the basis of these studies.
17 Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. 2011. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. In French. [Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries]. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. 440p. (Also in English).
Wastewater irrigation ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Epidemiology ; Sewage sludge ; Excreta ; Diseases ; Vegetables ; Leaf vegetables ; Economic impact ; Wastewater treatment ; Irrigation methods ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044457)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Research_Themes/Theme_3/PDF/French%20book.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044457.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044457.pdf
(5.96 MB) (5.96MB)
In most developing countries wastewater treatment systems have very low coverage or function poorly, resulting in large-scale water pollution and the use of poor-quality water for crop irrigation, especially in the vicinity of urban centres. This can pose significant risks to public health, particularly where crops are eaten raw. Wastewater Irrigation and Health approaches this serious problem from a practical and realistic perspective, addressing the issues of health risk assessment and reduction in developing country settings. The book therefore complements other books on the topic of wastewater which focus on high-end treatment options and the use of treated wastewater. This book moves the debate forward by covering also the common reality of untreated wastewater, greywater and excreta use. It presents the state-of-the-art on quantitative risk assessment and low-cost options for health risk reduction, from treatment to on-farm and off-farm measures, in support of the multiple barrier approach of the 2006 guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation published by the World Health Organization. The 38 authors and co-authors are international key experts in the field of wastewater irrigation representing a mix of agronomists, engineers, social scientists and public health experts from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. The chapters highlight experiences across the developing world with reference to various case studies from sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Mexico and the Middle East. The book also addresses options for resource recovery and wastewater governance, thus clearly establishes a connection between agriculture, health and sanitation, which is often the missing link in the current discussion on ‘making wastewater an asset’.
18 Jimenez, B.; Drechsel, Pay; Kone, D.; Bahri, Akissa; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Qadir, Manzoor. 2011. Utilisation des eaux usees, des boues et des excretas dans les pays en developpement: un apercu. In French. [Wastewater, sludge and excreta use in developing countries: an overview]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.3-29. (Also in English).
Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Sewage sludge ; Excreta ; Developing countries ; Diseases ; Agriculture ; Crop production
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044458)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Research_Themes/Theme_3/PDF/French%20book.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044458.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044458.pdf
(0.88 MB) (5.96MB)
After introducing terms and terminology of wastewater, sludge and excreta use, the chapter highlights their global drivers and significance using examples from different parts of the developing world. It is useful in the discussion to differentiate between unplanned use of wastewater resulting from poor sanitation, and planned use which tries to address matters such as economic or physical water scarcity. Both types of wastewater use can have significant socio-economic benefits but also institutional challenges and risks which require different management approaches and, ideally, different guidelines. This diversity makes the current WHO Guidelines, which try to be global in nature, complex to understand and apply. Whilst planned reuse will remain the norm in countries that can afford treatment, most countries in the developing world are likely to continue to use non- or only partially treated wastewater, for as long as sanitation and waste disposal are unable to keep pace with urban population growth. However, there are options to link urban faecal sludge and wastewater management with urban food demands or other forms of resource ecovery that provide opportunities to safely close the nutrient and water loops.
19 Schobitz, L.; Gebauer, H.; Robbins, D.; Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay; Srikantaiah, V.; Strande, L. 2012. Business model innovations for scaling-up FSM [Faecal Sludge Management] businesses in low- and middle-income countries [Abstract only]. Paper presented at the Second International Faecal Sludge Management Conference, Durban, South Africa, 29 October - 1 November 2012. 1p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045512)
(0.07 MB)
The majority of urban populations in low- and middle-income countries rely on onsite sanitation systems, which produce large amounts of faecal sludge. Collecting and treating faecal sludge could provide a viable business opportunity for private firms or public organizations. Despite the increasing efforts to create sustainable and economically viable businesses in the context of faecal sludge management (FSM), most businesses are still in the mode of securing their existence and maintaining their survival. Success is limited, and businesses have not been able to scale-up. Scaling-up entails reaching a critical mass and being able to cover a certain geographical service area. Scaling-up implies that the business provides reliable emptying services, which are affordable for poor people. An example of scaling-up is that businesses not only provide emptying services, but also faecal sludge treatment and resource recovery. IWMI and Sandec/Eawag are exploring the role of business model innovations in the scaling-up process of faecal sludge management. Our preliminary results suggest two distinct paths on how business model innovations can drive the scaling-up processes: (i) organic business growth; and (ii) replication of micro-enterprises. The first path represents a typical ‘organic’ business growth path. An ‘organic’ business growth means that the FSM enterprise attempts to make a stepwise extension of the business. Critical innovations in the business model refer to the tariff system, business planning and execution, and the market development for value added end-products. As an example, we will present Manila Water in the Philippines, and their success in scaling up FSM. The second path refers to a replication of micro-enterprises. Micro-enterprises are small firms, that specialize in FSM. They are operated with few employees (e.g. entrepreneur, helper, driver). Microenterprises compete with each other, which, in turn, helps lead to affordable prices. To remain profitable, the micro-enterprises have to drive business model innovations. Compared to path one, the business model innovations are not driven by a single organization, but rather through collective actions among the micro-enterprises. Path two illustrates “coopetition”. Coopetition means microenterprises compete to find customers, but cooperate in technology innovation to drive down costs, and innovate treatment technologies and resource recovery. As an example, we will present honeysucker businesses in Bangalore, India. The paper contributes to a better understanding of business challenges in the scaling-up process of FSM. It provides guidance for increasing geographical coverage, enhancing usage of emptying services, and increasing affordability of sanitation services at the household level.
20 Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Drechsel, Pay; Bhardwaj, R. 2012. Reuse applications for treated wastewater and fecal sludge in the capital city of Delhi, India. In US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); National Risk Management Research Laboratory; USAID. 2012 Guidelines for water reuse. Appendix E - International case studies and international regulations. Washington, DC, USA: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); Cincinnati, OH, USA: National Risk Management Research Laboratory; Washington, DC, USA: USAID. pp.E43-E46.
Wastewater treatment ; Water reuse ; Feaces ; Sewage sludge ; Water quality ; Institutions / India / New Delhi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045516)
http://www.waterreuseguidelines.org/images/documents/2012epaguidelines.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045516.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045516.pdf
(0.40 MB) (27.96MB)
Powered by DB/Text WebPublisher, from
